T A P C H I K H O A H O C - s r i T ^ / ^ m - ? || 1 6 7
MOT SO HAN CHE PHAT SINH Tlf YEU TO NGON N G O KHI DfCH TAC P H A M VAN HOC HAN QUOC
SANG TIENG VIET
Ha Minh Thanh'
Trudng Dgi hoc Khoa hocXd hdi vd Nhdn vdn
Tom tdt: O cdc nude khdc, ngdnh nghien cuu ve dich thudt, hay cdn ggi Id phe binh dich thual (Literature Translation Criticism) dugc phdt trien nhu mdt ngdnh hoc thudt rieng biet, cd tinh ddc thit; nhung d Viet Nam, dieu ndy chua dugc quan tdm dung muc. Nghien cieu ve dich thudt vd hoat ddng dich thudt ldc phdm vdn hoc Hdn Quoc sang tieng Viet vdn con nhieu hgn che, chit yiu tic yeu td ngon ngic. Bdi viet chi ra cdc hgn che thudng gap ndy trong cdc bdn dich tieng Viet mdt sd tieu thuyet vd truyin ngdn can dgi cita Hdn Qudc da xudt bdn gdn ddy.
Tie khda: phi binh dich ihudt, vdn hoc Hdn Qudc, yeu td ngdn ngu:, hgn che
1. D A T V A N D £
Hien moi quan he gan ket tot dep hem 20 nam giira Viet Nam va Han Quoc dang ngay cang pbat trian toan dien, sau rpng. Hudng tdi sy phat trien theo chiau sau nay, giao luu van hoa, van hpc dugc coi la mot trong nhimg ITnh vyc trudc hat can duge quan tam. Vdi sir ho trg eiia Han Quoc, ehii yeu la ciia Vien dich thuat \'an hpc Han Quoc, hien da co gan 90 an pham d cae the loai lien quan den van hpc Han Quoc dugc dich va xuat ban d Viet Nam. Thanh qua c6 y nghTa nay da giiip cho doe gia Viet Nam, cho nhung ngudi hpc tap va nghian cuu vt Han Quoc noi chung va van hpc Han Quoc noi riang it nhiau co dugc cai nhin tong the cung nhu dugc tiep xiic true tiep vdi van hpc Han Quoc. Tuy nhian, nghian eini ve dich thuat tac pham van hpc Han Quoc sang tiang Viet van con nhiau han che
0 mgt so quoc gia tran tha gidi, nganh nghien cuu ve dich thuat, hay con gpi la pha bmh dich thuat (Literature Translation Criticism) duge phat trien nhu mpt nganh hgc thuat riang biet, nhung d Viet Nam diau nay chua dugc quan tam diing mire. Pha binh dich thuat van hpc thudng dugc noi dan khi luan ban ve chat lugng ban dich tac phim van bpc, tuy
' Nhan bai ngay 16.01.2017: giri phan bien, chinh siia va dityei dang ngay 20.02 2017 Lien he lac gia: Ha Minh Thanh; Email: [email protected]
168 II T R U a N G BAI HOC T H U S O HA NOI
vay, viec danh gia va phe binh tac pham dich cua nguai khac la viec khong de. Ngucri phe binh dich thuat neu khong thong hieu can ke ca hai nen van hoa, hai ngon ngO; khong so sanh, d(3i chieu, chi ra cai dugc va chua dugfC cua ban dich voi nguyen tac... thi icho co the lam cong tac phe binh djch thuat. Trong bai viet nay, chung toi chi ban den mpt so kho khan, ban ch8 xuat phat tit yeu to ngon ngir ma cac dich gia thuang phai gap khi dich cac tac ph^m van hoc Han Quoc ra tieng Viet, giai han trong mot so ban dich cac tieu thuyet, truyen ngan can dai Han Quoc da xuat biin thai gian gan day.
2. NQI DUNG
Dau moc phan ki Van hoc can dai Han Quoc dupe tinh tir cai each Giap Ngp 1894 den truac giai phong 1945. Day dupe coi la thai id ma van hpc Han Quoc co nhieu thay doi, phat trien nhiit trong Hch su viin hpc Han Quoc. Cac nghien cuu ve viin hpc thai ki nay luon dugc quan tam, chu trpng. Viet Nam va Han Quoc buoc vao thai ki can dai voi thoi gian mong tu nhu nhau. deu trai qua nhimg thang tram lich sir co nhieu net tuang d6ng nhu nhau nen trong ITnh vuc van hpc cting co nhieu lien he thu vi. Tuy nhien, ngon ngir va van phong trong cac tac pham van hpc can dai Han Qu6c co su khac biet nhjt dinh so vdi van hpc a thM diem hien tai nen viec dpc hilu va bien dich chiing kho hon dich cac tac pham hien dai gan day.
Cac han che xuat phat tir yeu t6 ngon ngii trong viec dich cac tac phim van hpc Han Quoc ra tieng Viet dugc dua ra duoi day rSt thuang gap, khong d6i vdi rieng ca nhan dich gia nao, tac pham nao. Cac truang hpp cu thi mil chung toi chi ra va trich din dudi day chi la cac vi du thudng th§y nhat.
2.1. Han che do dac tryng gian luoc thanh phSn cau trong ti^ng Han
Ve CO ban, theo su phan biet vi mat loai hinh mang tinh hinh thai luan thi tiSng Viet la ngon ngir don lap. cdn tieng Han thupc loai hinh ngdn ngir ch5p dinh. Niu chiSu theo tir dien ma hieu thi ngon ngir dan lap la loai hinh ngon ngu khdng cd su thay ddi d dudi tir hay tiep tir khi tham gia hoat ddng ngir phap. Trong cac nude Ddng A thi tiSng Viet va tieng Trung thudc vao ioai hinh ngdn ngir nay. Cdn tiSng Han va tidng Nhat lai thupc vao ngon ngu chap dinh, trong dd cac y nghia ngii phap ciia tit dugc thi hien tuy theo su kit hgp ciia tir gdc vdi tilp tit. Nlu nhin vao trat tu ciiu thi tilng Han theo tuSn tu co ban: "Chu ngu + bd ngii + VI ngir-, cdn trong tilng Viet thi tuSn tu Sy la: "Chii ngu + vi ngir + bd ngu". Su khac nhau can ban nay dan din nhilu kho khiin trong bien dich khi xac dinh cac thanh phan ciiu o nhirng cau phirc. Cd thi ndi, ngoai dac dilm chung la ciing thupc nin van hda Han van, ciing he thdng chit bilu am ra thi tinh lien quan giOa tilng Viet va tilng Han
T A P C H I K H D A HDC - BO 13/2Q17 i ^^^
hSu nhu khdng co. Do vay, trade khi xet dSn cac ySu t6 anh huong den chat lucmg dich thuat tac phim van hgc nhir b6i canh Uch su, van hoa, chinh tri... chiing ta cin xet den yeu to ngon ngG. Vi ylu t6 nay mang tinh quy6t dinh nhit tdi do chinh xac khi dich tac phSm.
Bo qua cac hien tugng ngii p h ^ ma sir am hiSu va thanh thuc v6 nd phu thupc vao kha ruing ngdn ngii cua mdi dich gia, d day ngudi viSt chi tap trung vao mpt v&i de la hien tugng gian luge thanh phin cSu trong tiSng Han, trong dd, gian luge chu ngii dugc coi la m6t trong nhiing d$c tnmg. Didu nay khac vdi nfaiSu ngon ngft khac tren the gidi, trong do CO tieng Vi6t. Hiem cd ngon ngifc nao ma viec luge bd chii ngii lai pho bien nhu tiSng Han.
Theo mpt kit qua nghien curu^ thi trong thi van ndi cua tilng Han cd tdi 75% so cau bi luge bo chii ngft. Doi vdi ngudi nude ngoai ma ti6ng me de khong phai la tieng Han thi diau nay trd thanh vin de gay nen su nham Ian khong nhd.
Trong tilng Han, c3u gian luge chu ngii vin dugc coi la cau hoan chinh ve cu p h ^ . Con tilng Vi6t cimg nhu tilng Anh, phai co chu ngii tiii mdi thanh cau hoan chinh. Trudng hprp gian luge chu ySu chi la ldi ndi tr6ng khong vai nhau trong hgi thoai ngan. Neu xet ve mat cau tnic ngon ngu thi tieng Viet lay chu ngii lam trgng tam, cdn tieng Han lai lay vi ngii lam trong tam. Di cui^ vdi viec giau luge chu ngii thi dai tii nhan xung ngoi thu hai Cling dugc gian luge theo. Xac dinh dimg dai tir nhan xung ngdi thir hai cdn ducrc cho la kho hon ca viec xac dinh chii ngii khi chiing bi gian luge.
Chinh VI v^y, khi dich tac phim van hgc Han Qu6c, cd khdng it tnrdng hgp dich gia khong xac nhan dugc chinh xac cac thanh phin chii ngii va dai tir nhan xung ngoi thii hai.
Chac hin dpc gia quan t3m tdi van hgc Han Quoc se cdn nhd tieu thuyet "Cdy thudng xanh" (1935) ciia nha van Shim-hun dugc dich va xuat ban d Viet Nam vao nam 2007.
"Cay thudng xanh" la noi tdi nhiing loai cSy quanh nam xanh la bat ke thdi tiet. Tac gia mugn hinh anh nay de ndi ve doi ban tre cdng hien het sue minh khi tham gia phong trao khai hoa nong thon. Ho hi sinh hanh phue ca nhan va ca tinh mang trong cdng cuoc ay, gdp phan thiic tinh nhan thiic va cai thien cuoc song kh5n kho ciia ngudi nong dan Han Quoc chiu thong kho dudi che do thuc dan Nhat. Trong tieu thuyet cd chi tiet Dong-hyuk, nhan vat nam chinh bi bat di til. Sau khi d tii ra, anh viet thu cho ngudi yeu cua minh la Young- shin nhan vat nir chinh vdi noi dung nhu sau:
' Choi Myeong-shik, Kim Gwang-soo, Ngifphdp tiing Joseon, Nxb Dai hgc Yien-bien, tr.214 (Z
<nzr3Z>. izQGaaa.2000.214::.)
1 7 0 J TRUClNG BAI HOC THLI BO HA NOI
x*xx'a'g-^^'^'--i-«]'
"Em dd duac tha vd dang tren duang vi nhd. Nhdn duac hai hue thu cd gdi vdo til roi, em rdt lo khi cd bdo cd dy hi mdc benh le phu. Ma Mc ndy lgi h-am cdng nghin viec a trudng hoc nen khdng dn mdt thdi Em mudn Idi chd Young Shin ngay nhung vi Dong Hwa dang di Mdn Chdu khiin me em a nhd lo ling md sinh benh nen em phdi ve nhd ngay. Khi me dd han. em se sdp xip cdng viec rdi din chd Young Shin ngay nen cd khdng phdi ldn ldi dudng xa ra ddn em nhu ldn trudc cung duac a. Bin khi dd, em se gdp vd cd trd se tha ho hdn huyen nhirng chuyen chua the ndi Irong sudt thdi gian vira rdr.
Ngay... thang...
Park Dong Hyuk' Nhu da ndi, day la ngi dung birc thu Dong-hyuk giti cho ngudi yeu ciia minh la Young-shin. Ngay phjn trudc ciia birc thu, trang 299, cd cau kha cu thi, rd rang nhu sau;
"1!-Hlfe=r<i°l «i-&¥!^ll-%H'®l-i-Ai4" (tam dich la: "Cd Baek vol vang bdc buc thu khdng cd ngudi nhan ra."). Dpc gia tinh y se nhan ra ngay ciiu lien ket nay Ididng khdp mach van trong ndi dung buc thu ma dich gia da dich. Tinh hudng kill iiy la Young-shin da mat, cd Baek (nhan vat ma ca Young-sliin va Dong-hyuk deu quen biet) bdc biVc thu ma Dong-hyuk giri cho Young-shin ra xem, chir khdng phai Dong-hyuk giri thu cho cd Baek.
Nguyen nhan dan tien va ciin ban diin den su hieu liim nay la vi chii ngir va dai tu nhan ximg ngdi thir bai trong cau da bi gian lupc loan bd.
Birc thu Dong-hyuk giti cho Young-shin, ngudi nhan va ngudi giri dil qua rd rang, nen dil cd gian lupc chu ngir va dai tir nhan ximg ngdi thir hai thi ngudi Han Qudc v§n khdng ihiiy cd van de gi khi dpc, tham chi cho day du vao thi se thanh thira, khdng dung van phong Han Qudc. Nhimg theo dac trung ciia tieng Viet thi nhfe dinh phai cd ngdi thir nhat va ngoi thir hai trong trudng hpp nay. Neu la hai ngudi dang yeu nhau thi se dugc dich thanh "anh" va "em". 6 day lai dich theo each xung ho cua trd vdi cd la "cd" va "em", giua Dong-bytik vdi nhan vat Baek trong khi cd khong cd bdt cii lien quan gi trong birc thu nay, cdn Young-shin thi lai trd thanh nhan vat giir vi tri dai tit nhan xung ngdi thu ba. Vi
Trich dSn tir irang 299 trong ban gdctigng Han-y-g^, • ' ' ^ - - ^ T ^ J ,^V'^i,2006.
Trich dan lir trang 380, trong ban dich tiSng Viet: Shim-hun, Ciiy thuang xanh. (Lee Jung Sook va Nguyin Thi Kim Dung dich), - Nxb Hoi Nha van, H., 2007
TAP CHI KHDA HQC - SO 13/aC317 || 171
da hieu sai dai tir nhan xung hi gian luge nen dich ngi dung buc thu khac hoan toan so vdi ban goc. Noi dung l y cSn dugc hilu nhu sau:
"Anh da dugc tha vd dang trin dudng vi nhd. Anh nhan duge hai buc thu md em gin vdo til cho anh, anh rdt lo khi em ndi minh bi mdc binh ti phii. Md luc ndy lgi trdm cdng nghin viec a trudng hgc nen khdng dn mdi thdi. Anh mudn tdi chd em ngay nhicng vl Dong Hwa dang di Mdn Chdu khiin me anh a nhd lo Idng md sinh benh nin anh phdi ve nhd ngay. Khi me da han, anh se sdp xep cdng viec rdi din chd em ngay nin em khdng phdi ldn ldi dudng xa ra ddn anh nhu ldn trudc ddu nhe. Din khi do, gdp nhau thi chiing minh se tha hd hdn huyen nhung chuyen chug the ndi trong suot thdi gian vica rdi".
Ngay... thang...
Park Dong-hyuk cua em N§u doe ky, hilu van phong ciia ngon ngir Han thi se hieu npi dung mang tinh ca nhan giira hai ngudi dang yeu ma ngudi con trai lo lang cho ngudi con gai dang mac benh.
Trong thu, anh eon nhac lai ki niem giiia anh va ngudi yeu hoi anh tdi tham Young-shin, CO da di bg ca mpt quang dudng xa de don anh. Hem niia. phan cuoi hire thu con ghi '"Park Dong-h}'uk eua em". Dong-hyuk la eiia Young-shin chir khong eo li gi lai la ciia co Baek kia. Co the noi day la sai sot dang tiec do loi chii quan ciia ngudi dich ket hgp vdi kho khan khi chu ngii va dai tir nhan xung ngoi thu hai, thii ba bj xac dinh khong chinh xac.
Khi chil ngij la eac ngoi thii nhat, thii hai va ca ngoi thu ba bi dich sang mot ngudi khac thi duang nhien noi dung cua cau se khac di, nhieu trudng hgp khien cho ngi dung lien quan bi anh hudng nang ne, khong ehi mpt phan ma tdi toan bp tac pham. Day la mpt vi du khac uong truyen ngan Taraj'i thupc Tuyin tdp tniyen ngdn Kim You-jeong.
'^Ophong do, cd chi gdi dugc co dgt biit danh Tolxtoi chac ciing dang nhdm nghiin mdt vd ngdi thu lu trudc cdi ban.''"
Trong ban tieng Han thi co gai co ten Aiko da dat biet danh cho em trai ciia chi hang xom la Tolxtoi, chu khong phai dat biet danh cho chi bang xom la Tolxtoi nhu trong ban dich. Truyen ke ve nhimg ngudi ngheo kho ciing thue nha trong mpt khu Uo khong the toi tan hem. Trong do. co co nang Aiko lam nghe ban dam nhung lai co chiit tam hon lang
' Trich dan til trang 94 trong ban g6c ti^ng Han: ^^^^L ^^^^^-^ ^ ^ t S l - ^ ^ ^ j . ^.^^%:% A^-An.
2 0 0 3 . : £ A i ^ ^ 7 l - % i - 7 l ^ , 2 0 0 3 .
^ Trich din tir trang 232 Irong ban dich tieng Viet Kim You-jeong, Tuyen tdp intyen ngan Kim You-jeong.
(Lee Jung Sook va Nguyin Thj Kim Dung dich), - N x b Hoi Nha van. H . . 2 0 I 1 .
172 II T R U d N G BAI HOC T H O O 6 HA NOI
man, ngSm thich anh chang hang xom 6m yeu benh tat nhung co chut tai van chuang. Vdi CO thi anh ehang do tai hoa tua nhu nha van n6i tieng ngudi Nga Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy. Con ba chi cua chang do la cong nhan trong xudng may, euge s6ng khon kho lai phai nuoi them eau em nha van nua mita 6m nhom khien chi ta lu6n cau ban. Chi rieng dilu nay thoi, nlu dpc gia luu tam thi dii khong biet tieng Han eilng se nhan ngay ra r5ng cau dich nay khong chuan xac.
Sy nhAm Bn, thilu chinh xac nay that tai hai, do dich sai ngoi thit ba ma tat ea nhimg noi dung sau do co lien quan din nhan vat ngudi em kia bi hoan doi het sang cho co chi.
Tinh cam ma Aiko danh cho anh chang chi biet dpc sach va viet lach trong phong t6i lai thanh ra la danh eho ngudi chi cua chang do. Tolstoy "hoa than" thanh phu nil, mgt ngudi cong nhan lao dgng ngheo kh6, cau eo suot ngay vi met moi, vi tien va vi vira gian vira thuang cau em trai 6m yeu. Ca mgt ngi dung rat dai trong truyen ngan da bj sai lech qua xa vdi ban goc, no khien cho cau chuyen trd nen gugng gao, lam mat di gia tri ciia tac pham.
Mpt vi du khac trong truyen ngan Chuyin miia thupc tuyen tap truyen ngan Khi hoa kieu mgeh nd cua Lee Hyo-suk la minh chimg cho viec xac dinh sai dai tu ngoi thir ba dong vai tro tan ngiJ trong cau lam anh hudng ldn den chat lugng ban dich.
TT: "Tiin thi lay giitm em miing nude sgch a giing ludn nhe. "
Thinh thodng Bobea cung hay kit thuc ldi bdng cdu noi mang ve phdn doi.
"Minh khdng the ddo dudi ddt dugc, anh nhd miic vi cho em miing nude sdng sgch nhg "^.
Neu so sanh vdi ban g6e thi ban djch doan trich tren eo ngi dung hoan toan sai biet vdi nhau . Trich din tren la phin md dhx eua truyen ngin vdi npi dung kl vl doi trai gai la Geon va Bo-be chung s6ng vdi nhau, hg mang thai nhung khong gid dira be lai. Gid la luc Geon phai mang virt cai bao thai iy di, co ngudi yeu ten la Bo-be nhSn nhu vdi anh rkg vi
Trich d^an tir trang 133 trong ban gdc tieng H a n : o\S.^, M l ^ ^ ^ - ^ ^ j ,^AAA'iA,20^1 • Trich dan lit trang 95 trong ban dich li^ng Viet: Lee Hyo-seok, Khi hoa kieu mach na, {Huynh Hoa Thuy Tiendich),-Nxb Tre, 2011.
Ngucri Viet tam dich:
"Bang nao cung vay. mmh tha (no) iroi Iren nicdc sach nhe"
Noi roi Bobea kk thiic b k g giong duong nhu: co chiitphan khang.
"Chang the chon (no) trong Idng ddt. minh hay iha (no) troi a khiic medc song sgch giiim em "
TAP CHf K H D A HDC ~ SD 13/301-7 || 173
chang the ch6n cat cai bao thai i y nen dk nd trdi d khiic song sach. Ngi dung ciia eau dich khong lien quan gi tdi ban g l c do do "phong tac" qua tay cua dich gia. Chinh vi vay ma no ciing kh6ng an nhap vl vdi npi dung trude va sau, khong chuyen tai dugc phan chi tiet quan trgng ciia tac phim. Ngudi viit cho ring ngoai loi sai cua ngudi dich khi khong dich dung dpng til va eac thanh phSn khac thi nguyen nhan sau xa cua sir hieu va dich kh6ng chinh xae nay bat nguon tii viee "no", tuc la cai bao thai kia da bi gian luge.
2.2. Han che do cau true n g u nghia cua tit t r o n g tieng H a n
Khi xem xet tac pham dich thuat, ngudi ta thudng de cap trudc tien tdi nhimg sai sdt phat sinh trong viec dich tir vung ( ^ fl ) do hieu sai ngii nghia. Doi khi c6 nhimg tir hoac cum tir khong thupc vao nhom tir kho nhung van co the bi dich sai do sa xuat. Se la sai lam neu cho rang sai sot vdi tir vung la loi sai nho. Trucmg hpp tir \'ung la tir trong tam bi dich khae vdi nghia trong ban goc thi c6 the gay anh hudng ldn tdi ca npi dung cua tac pham.
Sai sot trong dich tir vung co the chia thanh 2 loi ca ban, mpt la do ngudi dich thieu can trpng, hai la do thieu von ty vung. Trudng hgp do ngudi dich thieu can Uong la khi tir ay khong kho, hoan toan co kha nang dich dugc nhung lai bi hieu nham, hoac vdi tir d6ng am khae ngbla thi eiing bi hieu khong dimg vdi nghia dang dugc de cap.
Trong kho tit vyng tieng Han, co tuong doi nhieu tii dong am khac nghia. Neu nang luc tir vyng kh6ng phong phii, cgng vdi sy thieu than trpng thi rat de hieu sai. 6 truyen ngan Khdng biit nhuc trong Tuyen tap truyen ngan Kim You-jeong, tir dong am khac nghTa
""a"" la "ban dem"' dugc hieu va dich thanh "hat de". Day khong phai la mgt tir kho. Ngay tir khi mdi hgc lieng Han d trinh dp sa cap, ngudi hoc ciing da dugc hpe ve tu dong am khac nghia nay. Ngudi viet cho rang d day ngudi dich da nhat thdi nham lan. Dang tiec la su nham lan nay khien cho ca cau van bi dich sai, khong an nhap vdi npi dung.
"May ra Ihi gieo dugc hgi de trin ddt da thu hogch
Cau chuyen ke ve mpt anh chang toi dau la nha nga dau la giudng, neu hom may man thi ciing CO duge mot dem ngon giac^, lai dugc dich thanh mpt cau vdi nghia hoan toan xa la nhu tren. Cay hat de thi ngudi Han Quoc nao ciing biet vdi dang cay to va cao thupc dong cav lav go chu khong phai loai cay gieo hat r6i thu hoach theo vu nhu hoa mau thong
' Trich din tir trang 161 trong ban goclieng Han: ^J-^;^ '"•i^-^^j ? i ^ l - 4 i ' i . ^^]%=:: J^^tj]^ 200S-
• Trich din tir trang 51 trong ban dich tieng Viet Tuyen lap iruyen ngan Kim You-jeong. (Lee Jung Sook va Nguyen Thi Kim Dung dich).-Nxb Hoi Nha van. H.. 2011.
Nsucri vi^t tam dich la: "DT nhien neu tot so thi ciing timg co dem ngon giac tren khoanh mong mcri thu hoach".
U * II T R U a N G BAI HOC T H U B O HA NDI
thucmg. Qua hat de chin vao mua thu, thucmg ducrc nguoi Han Qu6c dung di ndu mon com thap cam, lam banh Tteok. rang hay luge de an vat... Nhimg d6i voi nguoi Viet Nam thi no khong pho bien lam. Cay hat de hau nhu chi co vung nui phia B5c Viet Nam nen nhiing nguai Viet Nam song a do thi hay dong bang nong thon khong co nliiSu co hpi duoc niiin thay no. DT nhien viec djch sai mot ttr khong qua kho nhu tren la do so sudt cua nguoi dich, do hieu sai dong tir chinh trong cau nhung thii dua ra gia thuyet neu tir "'ri'" khong mang hai nghia la "dem"' va "hat de" nhu vay thi rat co the loi sai nay da khong xay ra.
Khi dich tac pham van hoc Han Quoc sang tieng Viet, cac dich gia con gap mot kho khan nira voi nhimg tir tugng thanh va tugng hinh vi co nhieu truong hgp khong co nghia tuong duong, nen tham chi nguoi dich phai "sang tao" them. Nhung pho bien hon ca co le la nhung trucmg hgp hieu nghia nhimg van kho dich vi chi hieu tir vung don thuan ma khong chu y den "bau khong khi" cua toan tac pham nen khong lira chgn dugc tir "dit" cho ban dich. Truyen ngan " ^ - Q - " tire la diep khue nhac lai cua hai tir "'Xudn Xudn" ciia Kim You-jeong dugc dich la Miia xudn. Miia xuan von chi mua dam choi nay Igc, miia tugng trung cho hi vong, cho su bat dau moi me. Cam xuc nhu reo len ciia "Xudn Xudn" da khong dugc the hien voi cam giac sang khoai, hao himg co pha chut hai hucjc dac trung trong van Kim You-jeong trong tieu de Miia xudn a ban dich tiSng Viet. Nhiiu nha nghien cim Han Quoc cJing da dua ra gia thuySt niu dat tieu ii truyen ngjn la 9-(Miia xudn) thi so phan ciia tac pham se thi nao va di din kit luan rjng khong gi co thi hgp hon
" a n "(Xudn Xudn) Khong it dgc gia va tham chi cac nha nghien ciru Han Qu6c cung nham "-g-^" thanh " ^ " va ngay lap tuc bi chi trich. Chi la mgt danh tir chi ten gpi cua miia xuan, nhung nguoi Han Qulc lai cam nhan nhu mpt tir tirpng thanh, tugng hinh dgc lap khi no dugc lap lai. Nlu chi dich la Miia xudn(^), thi co phSn kho cimg, khong lot ta dugc hieu qua ma tieu dl ciia ban gdc mang lai. Nhu thi, dich la Xudn Xudn vtra chinh xac voi tinh than ciia nguyen tac, vita mang tinh van hgc hem.
Von tir vung phong phii luon la mgt trong nhung muc tieu ciia nguoi hpc ngoai ngu.
Su tich luy nay khong don gian, vi tir vimg khong chi don thujn la hpc thuoc long ma con phai dugc hieu gSn liin vol nhilu ylu tl khac nhu phuong ngu, van hoa va lich sir. Co nhimg tir \amg thuoc ylu tl van hoa ma chi nguoi Han Qulc dimg se gay ra nhimg kho khan khong nho cho nguoi dich khi tim tir tuong duong voi tilng Viet.
f 1 r ^
TAt» C H I ' K H O A HOC - BO 13/2017 [| 175
"~ Benh trgng d nhd thi dang ndng ni md cd bd Sitwon cSng den nhd bd chii qudn rugu, CO le khong tien chdm soc binh nhdn. toi thdy lo hd nin di don day. Nhimg sao bao gui 0 to a nhd hdng d$ nhit?
(gidn luge)
- Gio mdy co gi ddng nggi khong a? MU vdi do khoac da co vg le lo cho roi chu a?
Vdo nha hang bgc nhSt thi chdc bd Suwon cimg dd co mat & ddy rdi. nen cung chd phdi lo. Toi nay dii quy ong rdt ban viec, nhung lau ldm mai co dip, xin mugn thdi ^an cd dem nhe. "^
& vi du trSn, tii "^^"(kinh ngft ciia tir ^ ^ ) cd nghia la '*nha ldn" niu hilu don thuin thi chi mang nghia "nha to" hoac "nha rdng", nhung trong tiiu tiiuyet Ba thi he thi chi ngoi nha ma b6 cua Cho Sang-htm, tire la dng Cho Ui-kwan dang sdng. Ndi mot each khac do la nha cua trudng hg, con tnrdng sinh sdng. Nhung ngudi dich da dich thanh "nha hang de nhat" va "nha hang bSc Dh§.f'. Vi mgt tir hieu sai nhu v$y da dan dSn ca d o ^ trd nen khac xa vdi ban goc va cd ngi dung khdng lien mach.
Mdt trong nhihig khd khan nua ma dich gia thuong gap phai khi dich tac pham van hoc Han Quoc do la phuang ngu. Phuang ngu bat nguon sau xa trong van hoa cda ngdn ng& ban dja nen ngudi d}ch phai rSt vat va de tim hieu ^ic tnmg hay sac thai ciia ngdn ngu ciia mdt tap tiiS hay mdt viing mien nao do khi dich. Nhm^ viec dich phuong ngft tren thuc tl bi coi la "muc tieu khd cd kha nang thuc hien". Vi phuang ngQ- lien kit mat thilt vdi mdi truong mang tinh van hda, ^ a li cua mdt khu vuc nao do d ngdn ngiJ gdc nen khd CO thi tun kilm dugc each bilu M&i tuong tu voi nd d mot ngdn ngiJ klac vdi nen van hda va dia ll hoan toan khac.
D I khSc phuc via dl nay, nhilu dich gia da sur dung each diing ngdn ngfl" khdng phai la ngdn ngii chuin ciia qudc gia, turc la phuong r ^ cua ngdn ngfi duge dich sang n h ^ the hien tinh i ^ e thrift ciia tac phSm va y dd ciia tac gja. Cach nay tuy chi mang tinh tuang ddi va phin nao giiip ddc gia tilp can gin han vdi tac phim. Nhung khi dich c ^ tieu tiiuylt va truyen ngSn can dai Han Qudc, cin chu3n hda phuong ngu, tdc la dich ngdn ngu
TrichdiiitirtFangIl,12troiigbang6ctiSngHan:'g-S-'S, ""Hftj (-a-.*I-).^-f-^K 1994.
Trich din tir trang 332,333 trong ban dich tiing VietYom Sang Sop, Ba thih?, (Oh Eun-chun djch), Nxb van hoc, 2006.
17B I T R U a N B BAI HOC THlIl BO HA NOI
dia phucmg thanh ngon ngu chuan va dich dung nghia du chua hay. Dang tiec la nhieu trucmg hpp hilu sai nen dich sai hoan toan so voi ban goc.
Hoa trd, ten mgt truyen ngin trong Tuyin tap truyen ngdn cua Kim You-jeong la vi du diin hmh. Ten tilng Han la cua truyen ngSn nay la # ^f # , nhung ^ Oj^ it day khong chi loai hoa tra no co hoa mau do tia ma chiing ta thuang biit. # «,*'i? trong tac pham nay noi din hoa CO mau vang tuoi ciia cay gimg, tuc la "hoa gimg". Viing Gangwon-do, que huong ciia tac gia ding thcti ciing la bii canh cho nhung tac phSm cua ong gpi hoa gimg la
^ej^, ngSu nhien am gilng voi tir "hoa tra" (Camellia flower) trong ngon ngir chuan.
Nguoi dich da hilu theo nghia thong thudng. Nlu la dgc gia chi dgc truyen de giet thai gian, dpc lucjt qua cho bill ngi dung thi chSc ciing khong dl y nhung neu la nguM nghien cuu tac phim thi se khong bo qua sai sot nay. PhSn cu6i truyen la hinh anh doi ban nam nil thilu nien nga vao giua canh ding hoa " ^ « ! " trong mill huong cay ngao ngat. Tinh cam trong sang va gian di cua doi ban dugc tugng trung bgi " T T ' S J S " mang dam chat nong thon dan gia, khiln nguai dgc mim cugi. Nlu la cay hoa tra thi khgng the co miii huong cay ning ly, cay hoa tra cung khong dugc trIng thanh canh dong, than cay khong mem va nho dl nguoi ta co thi nga vao no. Dich gia da khong de y den 2 chi tiet nay nen dich "hoa gimg" la "hoa tra". Khong dgc chu thich trong ban glc tilng Han va khong tim hieu ky ve tac phim thi kho ma co the dich dung dugc tir nay.
Culi ciing, mpt kho khan nua khong thi xem nhe, dan den nhimg han chi trong dich thuat tac phim van hpc Han Qulc sang tieng Viet la viec phai dich nhirng tit chir Han hoac tir glc Han. C) Viet Nam, sau Cach mang thang Tam. chir quoc ngir, tieng Viet da thay the hoan toan chir Han, tieng Han; con o Han Quoc, sau giai phong may chuc nam van diing ca chii Han va chir viet Hangeul, cho dii xu huong chi dung chir Hangeul ngay cang lan va sire anh huong ciia chir Han ngay cang giam.
Doi vol nguoi Viet Nam khi hpc tieng Han Quoc thi Han tu vira la thuan lgi cung lai vira la kho khan, vi each ghi am, phat am Han tu ciia nguai Han khac cua ngucri Viet nen de gay nham lan. Hien tai 6 Viet Nam, ngoai mpt so rat it nguoi theo hpc chuyen nganh Han Nom, nguoi nghien ciru lich sir hay nhirng nguai hpc tieng Trung Quoc biet chir Han ra thi mgi nguoi binh thucmg deu khong biet chir Han. Ngay ca nhirng nguoi hpc chuyen nganh tieng Han hay Han Quoc hpc ciing da phan khong biet chir Han. Vi the, cac dich gia tre thuong gap nhieu kho khan khi dich van hpc Han Quoc, boi trong cac tac phim van hpc can dai Han Quoc, ti le chu Han CO the noi la day dac. Gan day, cac tac pham dugc in lai CO chil thich hoac thay bang Hangeul theo phien am chir Han, nhung neu khong hilu nghia chir Han thi rat de hieu sai.
TAP CHI KHDA HOC - S a 13/ZD17 || 177
Chiing ta ciing xem mpt vai tii Han xuit hien uong ban dich Trudc phong trdo Manse^
bi hieu sai nghia d l thSy ro kho khan nay cua ngudi dich. ' ^ M ^ ^ ( ^ l ^ ^ l f e ) (u.126) trong ban goc tieng Han d ehii thich s6 14 co ghi chu thich la "Mon my Nhat Ban thudng ban vao ban dem" (^^<^1 5 ^ ^ * ^ ^ ^ ^ ) nhung trong ban dich lai dugc dich la "da qua on boi'' (tr.l62) theo am doc Han Viet. Doc gia se khong hieu "da qua on bdi" trong eau
"Chiec xe ngua pha eanh dem khuya dg qud dn bdi, lam vd man dem hiu quanh, don dpc"
nghia la gi.
Ciing hen quan den chii Han, klii dich cum tir ' " e - ^ ' ? 1 " ( 0 . # A ) trong trang 138 d ban goe tieng Han, ngudi dich ciing da nham lan. Neu theo nghia ehu Han thi d day
" 0 " ( s - i l ) CO nghia la "Nhat Ban" + ",f^"('ii-seon) la "Tien" trong chir "Joseon" (Trieu Tien), " A - i n " la "ngudi", tuc la "nhiing ngudi r>Jhat Ban va ngudi Joseon", tue la "Nhat Tien nhan". Nhung ,f^ (Seon) dupe dich gia hieu thanh chii # (thien) nen cum tii a>- dupe dich la "Nhdt thien nhdn"" ( B # A , tr.I79) thi se dupe hieu vdi nghia "ngudi Nhat hien lanh". Do co su da nghTa trong tu goc Han "seon" con mang nghia la "thien". Nhung trong tieu thuyet nay, ngudi Nhat dupe mieu ta la ke thuc dan boc lot c i n len an, khong co ly gi lai dupe eoi la hien lanh ea. Sai sot nay da khien cho v i n de bi hilu khac di, gay kho hieu cho ngudi dpc.
3. K E T L U A N
Nhu da de cap, phe binh dich thuat co nhieu each tiep ean. Ngudi viet da chon each tap trung vao mpt vai han che trong cac ban dich tac pham van hpe Han Quoc sang tieng Viet phat sinh tir yeu to ngon ngu. Ngon ngir neu hieu theo nghia rpng thi khong chi bao gom tir vung, hien tuong ngii phap ma con chua dung trong do nhieu yeu to lien quan tdi van boa, lich sir. Ngudi viet chi tap trung vao mpt so nhung dac trung \ e ngon ngii ciia tieng Han gay nen nhirng han che cho ngudi dich khi dieh tac pham van hpe Han Quoc.
Nhiing han ehe nay la nhirng nhan djnh cua ca nhan ngudi viet sau khi da khao sat mpt so tac pham van hpc can dai Han Quoc bang ca tieng Han va tieng Viet. Tren co sd tim hieu nhimg loi sai sot ma ngudi dich thudng gap, ngudi viei tong hop roi xep loai ehung vao mpt vai trudng hop dien hinh. Cac dan chimg dupe neu ra trong bai viet ehi la nhiing vi du de ngudi doc co the hinh dung de nhat ve nhirng van de dang de cap. Thong qua viec chi ra nhimg kho khan dan den han che trong viec bien dich tac pham van hpc Han Quoc sang
YomSang-seop. Trudc phong trdo Manse. (Le Dang Hoan dich). \ \ b \'an hoc.
( ^ - ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ . • ^ • y " " ^ ^ ^ ' ^ . '•'?>'^-1|^j . ^ ^ ' - 4 ^ I - ^ < ^ 4 . 2005.)
178 I TRUeiNG BAI HOC THlIl B D H A NDI
tilng Viet, nguoi viit mong muln gop phin cai thien nhihig sai sot khong dang co, nhimg sai sot CO thi tranh va djc biet la nang cao y thiic hon vcM nhiWg tnicmg hgp dS xay ra sat sot dl CO nhiing ban dich ngay mpt tot hon.
TAI LI$U THAM KHAO Tai li|u tilng Viet
1 Yom Sang-seop (Le Dang Hoan dich) (2009), Trudc phong trdo Manse, Nxb Van hoc.
2. Ycm Sang Sop (Oh Eun-chun dich) (2006), fid * e ' M , Nxb Van hpc.
3. Kim You-jeong (Lee Jung Sook va Nguyin Thi Kim Dung dich) (2011), Tuyen tap truyin ngdn Kim You-jeong, Nxb Hoi Nha van.
4. Lee Hyo-seok (Huynh Hoa Thuy Ti6n dich) (2011), Khi hoa kiiu mgch nd, Nxb Tre.
5. Shim Hun (Lee Jung Sook va Nguyin Thi Krnl Dung dich) (2007), Cdy thudng xanh, Nxb H6i Nha van.
Tai lien tilng Han
1. s i ^ ^ a j a a , g&i^ s S d , ''eiAiiaj .sa^jii-^i-SAi,2005 2. Sfe^S, •'Hfij (•yffl5h),S^Af, 1994
3. 3 ? ^ a , f a s s a a i - i ^ ^ j ,EAi«&:'ti.*:'ia!,2003 4. OIS^I, f f f l l S ^ a ^ g j ,Sa,t3fj;| SAI, 2007 5. ^ S , r&^^4=j ,S1AI,2006
6. SIS'N,a3!-4'.<S<yCHgS>. 2B012,1-a5!"Al.2000
SOME LIMITATIONS OF LANGUAGE ELEMENT WHILE TRANSLATING WORKS OF KOREAN LITERATURE INTO
VIETNAMESE
Abtract: In some countries, the study of translation, also known as Literature translation criticism was developed as a specific academic field, but this has not been recieved adequate attention in Vietnam. The study of translation and translating works of Korean literature into Vietnamese are still limited, mainly language element. The paper points out some limitations on language element whUe translating modern Korean novels and short stories into Vietnamese.
Keywords: Literature translation criticism, Korean literature, language element, limitation
