Dl SAN KIEN TRUC PHAPd HA NOI
Th.S. KTS Nguyen Hoang Nam Nhom nghien ciki kien tmc Ha Noi can £tai
K
idn tnJc Phdp diu tidn xult hidn d Hd Ndl chfnh Id nhOng cdng trinh dUpc xdy dyng trong khu Nhupng dja cd vi tri ven sdng Mdng tdkhu vyc bdo tdng Lich sCltdi gin Luong Vdn hidn nay. Cle ngdl nhd d dly dupe xdy dpng tiong hai ndm 1875-1876 deu dupc td chdc m^t deh dem giln theo chd thuydt cdng ning duy If vdfl m|l bdng hlnh ehd nh^t ed hdnh lang r^ng bao quanh nhlm chdng lai d i ning ndng gay git eda khi h$u nhidt ddi bdn dja. Nhdng ng^ nhi theo kidu kidn tnJc Tidn thye ddn ndy cdn dupe dp dung trong vide xiy dpng doanh tr^i eho qudn ddi Phdp sau khi hp cho phi hdy hlu nhu todn bd thdnh Hd N$i vdo ndm 1886, ngdy nay ta vdo cdn thiy mdt sd ngdi nhd loai ndy trong thdnh n$l, ddc bidt Id khu vyc gin Cdt Cd nay dOng Idm Bdo tdng QuIn sy Vidt Nam.Tdi khi ngudi Phdp tidn hdnh edng cude xdy dyng, md mang Hd Ndi nhlm bidn ndi dly thdnh thd phd eda todn xd Odng Duong nhOng nim diu thd k^ 20, cd rit nhidu edng trinh dupc xiy dyng theo phong cdch kidn trOc Tin ed didn, mdt phong deh dang rit thinh hdnh d Phdp mong mudn phgc hdi nhung gid tri eda kidn trdc cd didn Hy Lap- La Ml, eoi dly Id dinh didm cOa ngdn ngdvd hlnh tupng kidn tnJc 0^1 didn Idn nhlt eda h1nh loai kidn trde niy d Hd N^l Id bd ba edng trinh tidu bidu cho chfnh quydn thye ddn gdm Dinh todn quydn (nay td Phd Chd tjch), DinhThdng xd (nay la Nhd khdeh chfnh phd trdn phd Ngd Quydn) vd Tda i n (nay Id trg sd Tda dn nhdn ddn tdi cao d phd Ly Thudng Kidt). M$e dd ed nhdng didm khdc bidt trong phuong cdch xCf ly kidn trdc, song d ba tod nhd ndy ddu d^t tdi dd hodn my vdi vd hodnh trlng trong hlnh khdi ktdn trdc, ty id hdi hda trdn cdc mdt ddng cdng ede hoa tidt trang trf theo hlnh thde ed dien dupe sddgng mdt deh d n trpng vd thye sy trd thdnh bidu lupng eda quydn lye. Cdng vdi cdc edng trinh hinh ehinh, phong deh l i n cd didn edn dupe dp dgng trong thidt kd de edng trinh kinh td, vin hda nhU bUu didn, tn^ sd cdng ty hda xa (nay l i trg sdTdng Ildn dodn lao ddng Vidt Nam trdn phdTrin Hung O^o), ga Hdng cd, khdeh san Metiopole vd die bidt Id Nhd hdt tdn, m$t tdng hda eua kidn mle. didu khie, inh sing vd dm
thanh hodn h i a
Cdng trong nhdng nam diu thd kji 20, rit nhieu ngUdi Phap mang d gla dlnh sang Hd Ndi Idm dn, sinh sdng. Khi mdi sang xd sd thude dja ndy, hp vln ning Idng vdi ndi nhd qud huong vd do vdy hp mong mudn dUOc sdng trong nhung ngdi nhd gidp hp nhd vd qud huong l>dn qudn.
Td dd nhung ngdi bidt thu mang phong edeh kidn trde edc dja phuong khdc nhau d Phdp dupe xdy dpng trdn edc khu phd mdi eda Hd Ndi. Bidt thy phong cdch midn Bic nude Phdp vdi bp mdi da didn cd dd ddc Idn dupe to didm thdm bifi nhdng thdp nhd ho§c dng khdi cao, bidt thy phong deh midn Nam nude Phap vdi he thdng eda rdng md cung cdc hdng hidn, t>an cdng 1dm tdng vd sang trpng tao nha.Tuy mang phong edeh kien tnlic cdc dia phUdng khdc nhau d Phdp nhung khi dupe xdy dyng trong dnh sle thidn nhidn eda Hd Ndi, d c biet thy ndy dU^g nhu trd ndn duydn ddng hem, ndn nd htm. Ngdy nay, ndu thi bd trdn cde dUdng Ld Hdng Phong, Didn Bidn Phd, Trin Phu ...ngudi Hd Ndi vd du khdeh vln ed thd thudng ngoan ve dep nguyen gdc cua d c bidt thy loai ndy.
Phong deh kien trde dja phUcmg Phdp edn Inh hudng tdfi vide xdy dpng eac trUdng hoc thdi ky ndy nhu trudng Albert Saraut gin ddi didn Dinh Todn quydn (nay Id try sd Ban ddi ngoai TW], trudng Nd hpc Phdp (nay la trg sd Bd TU phdp trdn phd Tran Phd), trUdng Phan Olnh Phdng, trudng Trin Phd vd die bidt Id trudng Budi (Chu Van An), mdt md hlnh sU pham ddc trUng eda Hi Ndi vdi nhdng ngdi nha mdi ngdi dupe trang tri nhe nhdng nhung tinh xao dupe xay dUng trong mdt khudn vidn dly cdy xanh tin id.
Chuong trinh khai thle thude dia lln thd 2 eua ngUdi Phap tU nhdng nam 1920 tao didu kien cho nhidu doanh nghiep md mang vide diu tu xdy dung tru sd giao djch, nha miy, xi nghidp d Hd Ndl. Sd lUpng ngUdi Phdp tdi dly tdm vide ngdy dng nhieu nen cdc trudng hpc, bdnh vidn, eda hang eung dupc xiy diAng them.
Cdng thdi gian nay d Phdp vd d c nUdc Au My dang thinh hdnh mdt trdo luU kidn trde mdi - Kidn true Art Deco dua trdn eo sd thim my lip thd, tAi bde tinh hoa my vd sy rudm ri trong deh trang ttf cua de trdo lUu kidn trde trude
do.y tudng thiet kemdi ndy hodn todn phd hpp vdi nhung edng trinh kinh te mang tinh edng ndng cao ndn nhanh ehdng duoe syddn nhin nhidt tinh eda edc nhd diu tU bit ddng sin d Hd Ndi Idc biy gid.
Ngdy nay khi dao quanh khu vuc Hd guom, chdng ta van ed thd d m nhdn ndt dep eda nhdng cdng trinh Art [3eeo xdy dyng td nhung ndm 1920-1930. Trg sd Quy tin dgng bit d$ng sin tai ngd tU Tring Tidn- Dinh Tidn Hodng vdi khdi hlnh khde khodn eiing nhdng hing eda rdng md kdt hpp edng nhdng ehi tidt kidn true nhidt ddi nhu hing hidn lip kfnh ehe mu^ ning d ting mdt, ddn hoa trdn mil. Bdn e^nh dd id BUu didn Qude td (trude day l i tn^ sd phdng Thucmg mai) vdi dUdng eong duydn ddng t^i khu vpc ehinh sdnh, dudng eong ndy edn dUpc nhan manh bdi hang cdt vdt cao qua cd ba ting nha edng hd thdng eda lip kinh lly dnh sdng hinh vudng, hinh trdn mang ddm tinh chit eda kien true hidn dai md vln nhe nhdng, bay bdng.
Lui vd phfa Trdng Tidn, chdng ta cd thd thiy trg sd Ngdn hdng Phdp - Hoa (nay Id tn^ sd Bd cdng thuong) t^i nga tUTrdng Trdn - Ngd Quyen vdi nhung hoa tidt trang tri bing thdp udn tai eda ra vdo chinh eiJng nhdng chi tidt hinh hoa Id dip ndi trdn tufmg chin mdi. Tidp ddn Id Trung tam van hda Phdp (trUde kia Id nhd In IDEO), mpt tde phim kien trdc Art Deeo dly an tUpng vdi hd eda kinh dupe eoi Id ngdn ngd trang tri ehd dao tren mat ehinh dae bidt Id d c eda sd tang 6 dupe edeh didu thanh hinh bdt gide edng de tlm mdi nhd manh ra phia trUde tao ra sy ket thde theo phuong ddng day In tUpng. Vdi chieu cao 6 ting, tda nhd IDEO dUpc coi la edng trinh eao nhat Hd Ndi thdi Phdp thupc Di tdi eudi vudn hoa Ly thdlTd, ehdng ta cd the chidm ngudng vd dep eda mpt cdng trinh kidn trde Art Deco hodn hdo bic nhlt Ha Ndi - tru sd Ngin hang Dong Duong (nay Id trg sd Ngin hing Nha nude] vdi ngdn ngd kien true chu dao l i mdt khdi hdp hinh hoe don giin cung nhdng d eda bd tri mach tac theo phucmg ddng ket hpp vdi mdt hlnh bin trg duoc trang tri bing nhdng ming t u ^ g hoa nhin manh Idi vdo chinh. Cd mpt didu that ddng tide d diy Id tda nha Bich hda Tdng hpp, tnjdc kia mpt cdng trinh Art
03.2012 BnSVKttBIT '
Hinh 5 Ban ve mat (hinh TrUong nQ hoc Phap Ihiet ke nam 1918 Deco sinh ddng b^e nhlt Hd Ndi d l bi phd bd dd xiy Trdng Tidn Plaza ngdy nay. Kien trde M Deco cung dupe the hidn trong thidt kd nhidu bidt thy d Hd Ndi voi d u tnic phi ddng ddi eda edc khdi co bdn t^o ra nhdng hinh khdi kidn true ndng ddng vd ng$p trdn sinh lyc kdt hyp vtA ede hlnh thuc trang tri nhe nhdng bing ttidp eudn, kinh mdu edng ede ddn hoa bing bd tdng cdt thdp ml ehdng ta vdn cdn duoc thudmg ngo^n khi di td trdn ede phd Chua Mot Cdt. Ba huydn Thanh Quan...
Sau m$t thdi gian khai thde nhiimg cdng trinh kidn true mang phong cdch thuIn tdy Chiu Au, ngUdi ta thiy ehdng khdng hodn todn phd hpp vd m|t khi h|u eung nhu tip quan sinh hoat truydn thdng thim my vd dnh quan Hd Ndi. Bdn thin gidi trf thUc Phdp cdng tl^y ring vide dp d$t nhdng gid trj vdn hioa td chfnh qudc vdo mdt xH sd vdn cd truyen thdng vdn hda tir tlu ddi Id khdng the chip nh^n dUpc td dd hlnh thdnh m^t phong each kien true mdt kdt hpp thdnh tUu edng nghd vd vdn hda Phdp vdi truydn thdng vdn hda vd kidn trdc t>dn i^a - phong edeh Kidn trUc Odng Ducmg.
Ddu tidn td tda nhd flat hpc Odng Duong dn ngd phd L;^ Thudng Kidt vdi bd mdi ngdi nhidu Idp hinh t)dt gide ndi t>it d khu vUe trung tdm, mdi ngdi cdn dupe sddgng nhu mdt hinh thuc
kdt thue phUcmg dtJmg cua hai ednh nhd, d tidn sinh phia sau nhd vd phia trdn de eda sd.Tda nhd cdn dupe trang tri bdi rit nhidu hoa vdn ehdtridn dupe blen tlu theo d c hinh thde khdc nhau. Tidp ddn la Bdo tdng Louis Finot (nay Id Bdo ting Lieh sd) xdy dUng ngay phfa sau Nhd hdt Idn vdi ndt ndi b^t Id khdi sinh hlnh bit gide dUdc ehe bdi hd mai ba tdp edng hd eon scm eh^y lidn tge gpi eho ehdng ta lilnh Inh thdp chudng Chda Keo, Thdi Binh, nhung hdng edt kdp ed tai edt edng Id ndt d|c trung eua edng trinh ndy. SdTdi Chfnh Ddng Ducmg (nay id tru sd Bd Ngoai giao] dUoe xdy dyng ngay gin quing tn/dng Ba Dinh ehinh Id mdt trong ntidng dai didn Idn nhlt cua phong deh kien true Ddng Ducmg vdi tip mdi ngdi bdo gdm rit nhidu Idp mil, rat nhidu hinh thde mli dupc xd ly mdt deh nhuln nhuydn. Mdi ngdi lan tda trdn todn bd khdi nhd vdi nhidu hinh thde phong phd: mil bdt gide tren d c thdp, mdi thu hdi t#i de didm kdt thue cdng trinh, mdi tam gide trdn eda md< vd cdc mdi nhd ehe eda sd, dng khdi. Nhic ddn phong edeh kidn trde Ddng Duong ehdng ta khdng thd bd qua Nhi thdCda Bic t9i nga tu Phan Dlnh Phung- Nguydn Bidu, mdt edng trinh tdn gido cd mdt bing, hlnh khdi ducK xdy dung theo phong cdch kidn trde Phuc Hung d Italy nhung cd ddng vd bd ngodi thudn
tdy A Ddng vdi mdt thdp chudng vdt cao dUpc trang tri bing rat nhieu Idp ngdi. Hd thdng tnii ngdi dupc to ehde kdo sudt td gle chudng qua mdi vdm tdi d c khdng gian chfnh vd phg chlnh la net die sle eua edng trinh ndy.
Bidt thy phong deh kidn trdc Ddng Duong dupe xiy dung khd nhidu d Hd N^l, di$c bidt tdp tnjng d khu vUc xung quanh hd Thidn Quang, tuy nhidn hidn nay hlu hdt d l xudng d p ho$c bj phi bd ehl edn hai ngdi nhd sd 4 L;^ Nam Dd vd 36Trin Phd Id cdn gjd dUpc tinh nguydn bin.
Ode diem eda d e bidt thy niy Id cd cdng ndng hoin todn theo kidu Phip nhung hlnh thde Hdn true lai mang dim chit Vidt vdi bd mdi ngdi dupe do bdi d c con scm g i ed d e gdc mii udn cong Idn f^Ia trdn, d c gdc mdi vd diu ndc dupc trang tri btt d e gd ehd tridn edng vdi de hlnh thule trang vi lly d m hdng td d e hlnh tUpng nghd thult PhUcmg Odng trdn tUdng, trdn eda vd tan can ban cdng eho ehdng ta In tupng rd net vd mdt hlnh thde bidt thy Vidt Nam.
Kidn tnje Phip vdo Hd Ndl trong gin mdt thd ky ita eudi thd ky 19 tdi gin gidd thd k]^ 20), trong tiidi ky md nd dang d?t tdi dfnh eao eda kidn tnic ein dai, da dd 1^1 nhdng diu In manh md eho thdnh phd ndy ddn mde nhidu ngudi d i phdi thdt len ddy chinh Id "Pans eua Phuong Ddng'. Trong ccm ldc dd thi hda, cao ting hda
74BVaT,lBIT 03.2012
^•^J
*
^
C''^s
ii' i j 4 n i , llij'liifiiiliii iiiMiiiiniiiiiiii
Hmh 4 Mut biet ihii phong cadi Oi,i phuong Phap lai nga ba Le Hony Pi Oiei Bien Phii
Hinh 6: M6l biet ihif phong each Ail Deco Iren pho Chua Mot Cm Hinh 7: Mat diing Bai hoc Dong Duong voi nhieu lOp mai ngoi va con son hi'U Phi/ong
Hinh 8- Ca( motif Irani) in Ho<i Viet tren mai dung Bao tang lich 5ij' llruoe kia la Bao tang Louis Finot)
hien nay, kien true Phap 6 Ha Noi ve CD ban van giU duoc gia tri cua no 6 l<hu vuc trung lam nhUng moi de doa dang hien hUu, Mot so cong trinh cong cong va nhieu biet thU co gia t n da bi pha bo mot each khong thuang tiec de xay nha cao tang, nhieu cong trinh bi xuong cap nghiem trong, bi xam lan khong gian den mUc kho nhan ra hinh thai ban dau hay ban nguyen kien true That kho ma ndi rang chung ta da lam tot cong tac bao ton bo phan di san nay trong ihai gian qua, nhung hy uong trong thai gian ldi voi truyen chong ve van hoa va be day ve lich sd, Ha Ndl se tao dung nhung l<e hoach nghien ciiTj, dau t u nhSm bao tdn di san liien true Phap, lam phong phu bd mat kien true thanh phd, xUng dang vdi danh hieu thanh phd cd lich sU
ngan nam, thanh pho cd su ket hop ndi giu qua khU, hien tai va tUOng lai./.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
l.Dang Ihai Hoang- Kien imc Ha N6i the ky XIX - XK NX8 Ha Noi, 1995
I. FTeronobu, Pham Dinh Viet vs tong vi ftao ion di san kien Injc Ha NOI, NXB Xay dung. 1997
3 Tian Hung, Nguyen Quoc Thong. Thang Long - Ha N6i, mufli t h e k y d o t h i i i o a NXBXaydun^JQCM
4. Iran Huy Lieu Lich siJ I h u do Ha Hm. NXB Ha Noi, 2000.
5. Tran Quoc Bao. Nguyen Van Oinh Kien t f u t va guy hoach Ha Noi ihoi Phap ihuoc. NXB Xay dung, 2011
