N H I N RA N U O C N G O A I
TH^C TIEN QUAN L t THEO KET QUA dMOTS£f QUOC GIA OECD
ThS. LE VAN HOA*
1. Trong t h | p ky 80 the ky XX, nhilu qud'c gia thuflc To ehde Hdp tdc Kinh t l vd Phdt t r i l n (OECD) tid'n hdnh ede eli cdch khu vdc edng rOng Idn d l ddp dng nhdng sde dp v l ehinh tri, kinh t l vd xd hOi.
Dl eanh tranh vdi khu vdc td nhdn vd vdi cde nhd nddc khdc, m l i qufl'c gia diu phii chdng minh nhfliig k i t qua t i t hon, do dd, cde nhd nddc lufln tun kiem nhflng khuyd'n khich hd thing d l nhdm eli thiOn k i t qua. Cde khuyd'n khich ndy hddng vdo thuc dly vd ndng cao tinh kinh t l , hiflu Idc, hipu qua vd chat Idpng dich vu, hodc don giin hon, nang cao k i t qui cua nhd nudc. Nhd vdy, quin ly theo k i t qua da trd thdnh mflt yflu t l quan trpng trong cdc chddng trinh eli cdch cua nhilu quic gia, dinh hddng k i t qua vd y thde v l ehi phi dd trd thdnh tidu ehi quan trpng eua nhflng d i cdch ndy.
Nhflng thay doi trong ede ehddng trinh eli d e h ddpc thdc biOn d ede quic gia thuOc OECD b l u h i t deu ed nhflng diem chung Id: tap trung vdo nhitog tidu ehi ddnh gia k i t qui (vi du, hiOu life, biOu qua, chat Idflng dich vu); ehuyin giao tham quyln vd trdch nliiOm quin ly cho cde d p dddi, nhi't Id td trung ddng eho dia phddng; dinh
hddng tdi sd thieh vd nhu clu cua ngddi tiflu dung; sU tham gia cua ede bdn lifln quan; cdi cdch qud trinh ngdn sdch vd hO t h i n g quin ly tdi ehinh; dp dung edc phUcmg phap quan ly hidn dai.
2. Theo nghifln edu v l kinh nghiOm eua mddi qufl'c gia thdnh vidn OECD (Anh, Ca-na-da, Dan Mach, Ha Lan, My, Niu Di-l|n, Thuy Diln, Phdp, Phan Lan, Ot-xtrdy-li-a) dang dp dung quin ly theo ket qui eho thay;
"quan ly theo k i t qui Id mOt dde dilm ehinh trong nhitog n l Idc d i cdch eua mddi qude gia"l. Qua thue t i l n quan ly theo k i t qua d cdc quic gia ndy, ed t h i rut ra mflt sfl' n h | n xet sau:
Mgt Id, cai edeh khu vile cflng d ede quie gia OECD ddpe dinh hddng vd theo hddng d i n bdi d e quye't dinh l | p phdp bode quylt dinh hdnh phdp.
Chang ban, Dao l u | t K i t qui vd Thdc thi Chinh phu (ndm 1993) la mflt trong nhuSng dinh hddng ehinh cho e|i edeh ehinh phu Uflnbang tai My. 0 Anh, sd ra ddi Sdeh TrIng ndm 1995 vl gill thieh t i t bon dii vdi t i l n eua ngddi ddng thue la mOt m i c lich sd quan trpng t h i hipn cam k i t cua Chinh phu dii vdi viOc dp dung l | p
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ngdn sdch va gill thieh nguln hsc. 6t- xtray-li-a dinh hddng chinh cho nhflng thay dli la vifle dp d u n | l | p ngdn sdch diu ra va k i t qua dau ra theo d i n tich.
Hai Id, vide phdt t r i l n quin ly theo k i t qua tudn theo mflt s i nguyfln t i c CO ban, dd la: (1) phdt t r i l n ddpc cdc thdde do kfl't qui tfl't; (2) cdc qufl'c gia phdi xdc dinh ede mue tiflu va phdt trien nhflng thdc t i l n tdong dng vdi cde mue tidu; (3) phdflng phdp tid'p c|n cfl b i n d l thde hidn quan ly theo kd't qua phai ddpe Ida chpn theo nhdng nhu d u vd hodn d n h cua moi ndde; (4) quin ly theo k i t qui phai tao sU khae biflt va p h i i " t r i gid mOt cai gi dd".
Ba la, mue tiflu eua quan ly theo k i t qui. Cdc quie gia khae nhau ed nhflng mue tidu khdc nhau trong vifle phdt triln, thife hien, theo duel, vd ddnh gid quan ly theo k i t qui. Tuy nhifln, cdc qufl'c gia diu hudng tdi cdc muc tiflu chinh, nhd d i thiOn lifln tuc kflt qua; kilm sodt vd trdch nhidm giai trinh, dde bidt giai trinh vdi ben ngodi; t i l t kidm ngan sdch. Tdng qufl'c gia lai ed sd quan tdm riflng, ehdng ban: Dan Mach, Hd Lan, My, Phan Lan, Thuy Dien, Ot-xtrdy-li-a ehu y nhilu hon den muc tieu quin ly va eli thidn k i t qui thifc thi npi bp; Anh, Niu Di-ldn, Phdp, vd Ot-xtrdy-li-a nhan manh mue tidu trach nhiflm giai trinh va k i l m soat; ngodi ra, Anh, Ca-na-da, My, Niu Di-ldn, P h i n Lan cdn tdp trung ehu ylu vao t i l t kiflm ngdn sdch.
Bdn Id, v l phdong phap t i l p e|n.
Cae qufl'c gia dp dung nhflng phUdng phap tie'p c | n khae nhau de quIn ly theo k i t qui, nhu phddng phdp trfln - xufl'ng, phdeng phdp dddi Idn, phddng phdp todn difln, phdeng phdp
tdng din, phuong phdp khdng chinh thde (dda vdo phdp ludt hidn cd), phddng phdp chinh thde (ban hdnh edc l u | t mdi), phUdng phdp khdng theo t b i thdc, vd phddng phdp hp thing. Vi du, Niu Di-ldn dp dung hodn todn phdeng phdp tren - xudng, todn dipn cd hO t h i n g ; P h i n Lan dp dung phdong phdp dddi - len, tdng d i n vd khflng theo t h i thdc; Anh ket hep phdeng phdp trfln xufl'ng vd dddi - Idn.
Ndm la, eo quan ehiu trdch nhiem vl cai edeh quin ly theo k i t qud.
Nghla Id dda ra nhdng phdeng dn khdc nhau trong vipc thie't l | p cdc khudn kho t i chdc d l thdc bifln nhitog dli mdi eua cde bO bode u^ ban khdc vd edc ed quan quin ly ddc bidt.
ChIng ban, cd quan ehiu trdch nhidm vl eli each qudn ly theo ke't qud d Phdp Id BO Cflng vu vd Cdi cdch nhd nude, Niu Di-ldn Id Uy ban Dich vu Nhd nude, Thuy Diln Id Cd quan Phdt t r i l n hdnh ehinh, Hd Lan Id Bd Danh gid ehinh sdch, P h i n Lan la Vipn Quin ly eflng, Anh la Uy ban Kilm todn, Ot-xtrdy-li-a Id Uy ban Td vd'n eli tbifln quan 1^...
Sdu Id, v l l | p vd phan bo ngdn sdch. Trong q u i n ly theo k i t qua, ngdn saeh ddee ehuyen td dinh hddng dau vao sanp ngdn sdeh theo k i t qua, he t h i n g kd todn theo t i l n mat ddfle ehuyin thdnh hO t h i n g ke' todn clii phi don tich (vdi mpt b I n g edn dii vd bdo cdo hoat dflng) hodc hO t h i n g bdo cdo k i t qui, k i l m todn tdi ehinh vd tudn thu dddc b l sung them bdi kilm todn vd ddnh gid kdt qua. Nhd v|y, lap ngan sdch trd thdnh mflt eflng eu quin ly, khflng ddn gian ehi Id mOt cdng eu ehi tieu.
Bdy Id, cdc ky t h u | t vd g i i i phdp quin ly theo ke't qud. Cd nhilu ky
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t h u | t quan ly theo k i t qud ddpc phdt trien vd md rpng d l tao ra ddn b i y cho quan ly theo k i t qua hidu Idc hpn, nhd hop d i n g kfl't qud, hpp ding mua, tdeh bipt gida ngifdi mua vd ngddi eung d p , tdeh biOt gifla chdc ndng hoach dinh ehinh saeh va thdc thi ehinh saeh (eung ea'p dich vu), chdflng trinh cheo, quin ly rui ro, dilm chuan, k i l m nghidm thi trddng vd canh tranh, thid't l | p cae thilt c h l vd quin ly nfli bfl, t h i n g nhd't cde ehu trinh chinh sdcli vd thanh l | p edc ed quan td quin phan quyln vd trao quyln, Chang han, Niu Di-ldn ed hpp ding k i t qua gifla bfl trddng va nhd dilu hdnh ngddi cliiu trdch nhipm giai trinh true tifl'p trdde bp trddng. 0 Dan Mach, phdong phdp quan ly hpp ding dupe xem nhd la mflt ddng gdp Idn cho qudn ly theo k i t qui. Hop ding b i n nam k i t hpp cde muc tieu thde hifln ddpe t h o l t h u | n gifla cde ed quan vd cde bfl chu qudn vd ddpc Bl Tdi chinh va bO chu quan gidm sdt hang nam. Dilm chuan Id mflt eflng cji ddpc mOt s i qufl'c gia dp dung, nhd Ot-xtrdy-li-a, Dan Mach, P h i n Lan...
Tdm la, v l hd t h i n g do Iddng kd't qua. NOi dung eiia hp thd'ng do Iddng ke't qua phu thuOe vao tridt ly v l sU thay doi. Cliang han, Niu Di-ldn nhjin manh nhilu hdn vdo eae diu ra, Ot- xtrdy-li-a va My tap trung vdo edc k i t qua diu ra, Dan Mach t | p trung vdo cde k i t qua tai ehinh, chd't Idpng dich vu hodc cdc k h i o sat khdch hang vl sif t h o l man eua khdch hdng. O P h i n Lan sd dung cde khao sat ngddi sd dung bode khdch hdng d l do Iddng k i t qui thdc hien. Tuy nhien, ed mOt s i xu hddng ed t h i n h | n tha'y d cac quie gia la vifle thdc hidn do Iddng k i t qua ngdy edng md rOng vl pham vi (td dia phdeng de'n trung ddng); ngay
edng nhilu linh vde bon (ca cde hoat dflng hdu hinh vd vfl hinh); ngdy cdng chuydn sdu hen d l phuc vu cho nhilu ehde ndng quan ly (ra quylt dinh, kilm sodt, vd trdch nhiem giai trinh bdn trong vd vdi bdn ngodi).
Chin Id, he thfl'ng tbflng tin kfl't qui. 0 ede quoc gia khdc nhau eflng cd edc hfl thfl'ng thflng tin k i t qua khdc nhau, nhdng thddng bao gIm; bd thfl'ng do Iddng kfl't qui (tdc la thflng tin v l cde boat dflng, diu ra, k i t qua diu ra, chat lupng), chu trinh quan ly tdi chinh phu hpp (Idp ngdn sdeh, k l todn, kiem toan, xem xet lai vd ddnh gid), edc CO chfl' bdo eao va tinh trang thflng tin k i t qud (mdc dp cflng khai, bdo eao hang nam, bao cdo ngdn sach, kfl' hoach t i n g t h i , hpp ding kfl't qua), cde cd che sd dung thflng tin kfl't qua ndy d i p ngdn sdeh theo kd't qud vd t r i luong theo k i t qua) vd cde ky t h u | t ho trp qudn ly dinh hddng k i t qud (quan ly rui ro, dilm chuan, thd nghiflm thi trddng vd eanh tranh).
Mudi Id, tra Idong theo k i t qui.
Mflt sdng kiln chung d l cdi thidn k i t qui thiic bidn Id eung d p cde khuyd'n khich tdi cliinh bode sd I n dinh cdng vide cho nhitog ed nhan bode to ehde dat ddpc cde chi tidu k i t qua ed nhdn bode to ehdc. (J Niu Di-ldn, edc nhd dilu hdnh hudng luong theo nhidm ky vd k i t qui theo hpp dong cdng vide eua ngddi dieu hdnli vdi Uy ban Dich vu Nhd ndde. Tai Dan Mach, ngddi lao dflng dddc hddng Idflng vdpt ndng suit vd ed eo e h i ddnh gid dde biOt dfl'i vdi cdc nhd quin ly. O Anh, tra Idflng theo nbiflm ky vd k i t qui eho ngddi dilu hdnh co quan theo hpp dong k i t qua h&ng ndm. BO Tdi ehinh d P h i n Lan thid't l | p he thfl'ng thudng ndng suit theo nhdm g i n vdi k i t qua...
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Nhd v|y, dae dilm trung tam n h i t cua edc eli each d mflt s i quie gia thuOe OECD la tap trung vdo vifle d i thifln kd't qua vd bio d i m rang cdc boat dflng cua nha ndde dat ddpc ede k i t qua mong mufl'n; t | p trung vdo k i t qua la muc tiflu quan trpng cua edc cii each. Quin ly theo kfl't qui bao gIm l | p k l hoach theo kfl't qua, l | p ngdn sdeh theo kfl't qui, theo dfli vd ddnh gid theo kfl't qui, sd dung thflng tin k i t qui cho ra quyd't dinh quan ly, trdch nhiem giai trinh vdi bdn ngodi, tao ra vd duy tri Idng tin cua nhdn ddn vdo nhd ndde, t r i Iddng eho ngddi lao dOng vd cdc nhd quin ly. Vide eli thifln ke't qua khu vde edng la mdt ylu t l trung tdm trong vifle duy trt phuc lpi eua edc cd nhan vd k h i ndng canh tranh cua n i n kinh t l . Quin ly theo ke't qui ddpe thde hien thflng qua mOt tap hpp cde cai edeh nham tang quyln td chu qudn ly cho cdc t l ehde cflng;
dli lai edc t l chdc cdng ndy ehiu trdch nhiflm vl k i t qui. Cde to ehdc eflng phai xdc dinh cde muc tieu, chi tieu, do Iddng va bdo cdo kfl't qua tbuc te.
Thdng tin kd't qud ddpe sd dung d l d i thidn vide thie't l | p cdc du tidn eflng va eae chdong trtnh cdng. Cac m i l quan hp trong khu vUc cflng, mil quan he gida nha nude vd edng ehung ddpc dda trdn trdch nhidm giai trtnh ro rdng v l k i t qui.
3. Td thde t i l n xdy ddng hO t h i n g quan ly theo k i t qui d mOt s i ndde thuflc OECD cho tbly:
Thu nhdt, cdc qufl'c gia du d trinh do phdt t r i l n ndo diu ed t h i dp dung be t h i n g quan l;y theo k i t qua vao khu vUe eflng bdi vi qudn ly theo k i t qua Id phdong thdc quan ly ddpc phdt trien ed k l thda ede phdflng thde quin
ly dd phdt trien trong lieh sd; no ra ddi d l ddp dng yeu ciu cua xd hpi vd viOc gia tdng tinh hiOu Idc, hiflu qud, eflng bdng vd trach nhiflm giai trinh trong quin ly nha ndde - ddy Id nhflng mue tiflu mong mufl'n cua nhd nudc dan chu, khflng phu thuflc vao bin chd't cua c h l dfl chinh tri.
Thii hai, vifle xdy difng hp thd'ng quin ly theo k i t qud vdo khu vUe edng eua tdng ndde c i n cd ddfle sif cam k i t chinh tri manh me td d p cao nhat eua nha ndde vd cam k i t ndy ddpe the biOn bang ede quyd't dinh eua cfl quan l i p phdp (Qufl'c hpi) hoac ce quan hdnh phdp (Chinh phu).
ThU ba, xay ddng hd t h i n g quin ly theo kfl't q u i Id mpt eflng viOc Idu ddi vd phai md't ehi phi, c i n phai cd Ip trinh vdi cde bddc di thieh hop, ddi bdi van dung sang tao kinh nghidm eua the gidi phu hep vdi hiOn trang quin ly nhd nUde eua tdng quie gia.
ThU tu, khi xdy ddng hO thfl'ng quan ly theo kd't q u i can p h i i thdc hiOn t i t nhflsng npi dung sau; xdc dinh muc tieu cua quan ly theo k i t qui mOt cdch rfl rdng, eu t h i va hpp ly; xdc dinh phddng phap t i l p c | n phu hpp;
thanh l | p ed quan ehiu trdch nhiOm vl quan ly theo k i t qui; xdc dinh edc ky thudt vd giii phap d l dp dung quin ly theo k i t qua; t h i l t l | p bp edng eu do Iddng k i t qua vd he thfl'ng thflng tin v l k i t qui; ehuyin hd thing Idp vd phdn bo ngan sdeh theo khoan mue sang phan b l ngdn sdch theo k i t qui, hfl t h i n g ke todn t i l n mdt sang ke toan d i n tlcbQ
Chu thich;
1. OECD. In Search of Results: Performance Management Practices, PUMA. 1997, tr. 6.
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