DOI GIO HU cun €MILV BRONTC
"Ddi gio hu" (Wuthering Heights) xuat ban nam 1847. "Doi gio hii" chinh Id viing que ma Emily Bronte dugc sinh ra, ldn len vd giii ndm xuong tan d dd. "Wuthering" Id mpt tinh ngir tinh le giau y nghTa, nd md td su nao dpng khi quyen biia vay vi tri ngdi nha khi trdi gidng bao.
Cdu chuyen tinb yeu bay nhat ciia mpi thdi dai duge nha van xdy dung d nai ndy, mpt viing que heo lanh quanh nam am thap suong mil, bao tuyet ngap ddng vang iang trong biin lay. Day la la noi dng Patrick Bronte, cha de ciia 6 dua con. trong dd ed cd con gai thii 5 - Emily Bronte (1818 - 1848) liic do mdi len 2 tuoi, dua ea gia dinh den sdng d lang Hawortb nam ben nhiing cdnh ddng hoang ciia hat Yorkshire, miln bdc nudc Anh.
Emily Bronte cimg bon ehi gdi va mpt em trai (Banweil) ldn len d day, da trdi qua tuoi au tho ben egnh bd ed cd hg hang xa din giiip viec cho bd eon dng Bronte vi vg dng sdm qua ddi, chi mgt nam sau ngay dpn vl nai nay.
Khdng khi dm dam, the lucmg liic nao ciing ngng ne, dm thap, nhao nhoet biin lay trong "Ddi gid hii" Id bdt ngudn tir day.
PGS.TS. Le Dinh Cue CTV. Tgp chi Nghien citu Chiiu Au
Me chet khi mdi 38 tudi. Vai nam sau hai chi gdi dau la Maria va Elizabeth ngudi len 10, ngudi 12 tudi ciing lai chet vi benh lao. Nha chi cd mgt eon trai duy nhat thi sdm sa vdo ed bac vd nghien nggp. Branwell nghien bach phien nang, trudc khi chet d3 gay cho cha va cac chi bao nhifiu la sau mudn va cay dang. Cd khi Ifin con nghien, mat tri nhd, Branwell cam ca dao nhgn lao vao giet bd. Emily limg tan tinh chdm soc em, nudi dudng em nhung rdi bat luc. Nam 1848 gia dinh Bronte cang roi vao am dam.
Branwell duge cac chi cham sdc nuoi dudng chu dao nhung benh tinh ngay cdng tram trpng ban, anh da ehit. Dam tang lang Ie vd dau budn ay ciing ddng thdi lam Emily bi nhudm benh edm lanh. La la ba khdng chiu udng thudc, ehiia benh, ciing khdng chiu nghi ngoi ma lao vao vilt lach.
Ba edm Iang, sdng nhu mdt cai bdng cho den gdn ngay ra di, ba thay do vdy, trang diem can than trong can ho rQ rugi va hai thd nhpc nhdn. Ngay 19 thang 12 nam do nha van da chit. Cd em gai Ann ciing theo chi sau 5 thdng dua tang chi.
Sinh ra trong mot gia dinh ngheo, khong cd dieu kien an hpc tir tl. Me chit liic con tre, chi chit ylu, em frai nghien ngap, ca nha sdng trong sy u dm cua nha thuang tam thin.
Ca ddi minh Emily it cd dilu kien di xa, ba
^^i gio hu... 55
chi giam minh d ngdi Idng heo ldnh, it gap ngudi qua lai, it dugc tifip xiie vdi xa hdi, dii nudc Anh the ky XIX la mdt qudc gia frai rdng khdp dia eau. Ngoai nhirng cdnh ddng bao la long gid vimg Yorkshire qufi minh, ba chi mdt lan di lam gia su d ddi Law gdn thi trdn Hilifax, chi dugc 6 thang ba bd ve que vi... nhd nhd. Cd le mdi trudng sdng da tao cho Emily mgt ban tinh fram lang, mdt cudc song khep kin. Ngudi ciing thdi, gdn giii gia dinh Patrick Bronte ciing cho hay, bd sdng hoi lap di, khdng hda ddng vao mgi ngudi xung quanh, ke ca nhiing ngudi gan giii.
Sfing trong khdng gian xa hdi ehdt hep, chi cd nhiing cdnh ddng vd thung liing hoang so day suong mu va long gid la bat tan, mdy chi em gai nha Bronte quay quan ben nhau dfi dpc sach va tudng tugng nfin nhiing thfi gidi than tifin. Hp mai me dpc sach va tap vifit van. Emily va em gai Arme cd nhifiu cudn so tay day nhiing ghi chep vd franh ty ve vfi m§t xir sd thdn tien, ve nhiing cupe phieu Iuu ly ky ciia trifiu dinh va than dan cii Gondaland do tri tudng tudng ciia hp nghT ra.
Hai chi em Charlotte va Branwell thi lai vifit ve xir sd Angria do hg hu cau. Tranh ve, ghi chep, vdn vd tha ciia may chj em vira ngay thg vira phdng tiing sau nay dugc tap hgp lgi va hp xudt ban mgt tap tha vdi biit danh la Curre, Ellis vd Acton Bell. Ca cudn tieu thuyet vT dgi Doi gio hd dugc in sau dd mdt ndm ciing cd ten tac gid la EHis Bell. Sau khi Emily Bronte ehit, chj gai Charlottle Bronte tdi ban vd lay lai tfin cho Emily Bronte.
Nha ngheo, chi mdt minh dng bd di lam nudi cd nhd. Mdy chi em ldn nghT den chuyen md ldp hgc tai gia dfi cd them thu nhap nhung khdn ndi chua ai qua trudng ldp dao tao su phgm nao ca nen quanh viing chdng ai cho con den hpc ca. Chariot vd Emily phai sang Brussels de hpc tieng Diic va su phgm. O day Emily vira hoc vira dgy tieng Anh eho hgc sinh tieu hgc. Trong thdi gian do, d que nba lai xay ra mdt dam tang niia. Ba cd qua ddi. The la Emily lai phdi khan gdi qua mudp ve Hawortb de chdm sdc dan em va dng bd eiing dang bj bfinh.
Cd le do eiing qudn va bfi tac trong cudc sdng va nghe nghiep nen ca may ehi em edn lai trong gia dinh Patrick Bronte lao vao viet van dfi mong cd dugc chiit lien sinh sdng.
Trong difiu kien va hoan canh eo le ay, Emily ngoai thai gian cham sdc gia dinh va em trai, chi biet thu minh lai, an minh trong dam me rieng la viel van, lam tho. Emily va CO em gdi Arme bi mat vifit tho chung nhau, ca chi gdi Charlotte ngudi cd tdi van tho thye su cung khdng hay biet. Rdi cd lan Emily dm phai ndm du&ng benh, bat ngd chi Cbarlott Bronte phdt hien ra lap ban thdo tho viet tay dudi giudng nam ciia Emily. Vi bi chi gai phdt hien, Emily gian doi ehi, each mdt, khdng choi vdi chi mpt thdi gian dai.
Cbarlott phai nhiin minh, chieu chudng em vd dugc hai cd em gai cho xem tap ban thao.
Hda ra la tha. Nhieu bai rdt kha. Vay la Charlott thuylt phuc hai ed em ciing minh In chung mgt tap tho (1845) vdi nhan de Poem
56 NGHIEN CGU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°10 (157).2013
"Tuyin tho cua Currer, Ellis va Acton Bell"
- md ddu cho sy nghiep van chuang cua 3 cbi em gai nha Bronte. Mgt hifin tupng ky lg ciia van hgc Anh. Tac gia tap tha mang tren dan dng nhung ngudi dpc van nhdn ra chir cdi dau ciia mdi ten Id triing vdi ten that cua cdc tac gia. C: Charlott. E: Emily. A: Anne.
Va nii thay, da ngheo, ba ehi em edn phai vay mugn, nhin an bd tien tiii ra in tho nhung chang ban dugc cudn nao, ehi eo ong dai ly mua hd cho mdt cudn va mpt cudn khac la cd mdt ngudi biet hodn canh gia dinh Bronte ma thucmg hai mua giup.
Tap Poem roi vao im lang va lang quen.
Khdng chap nhan that bgi, ba chi em eang nung nau y chi va quyel tdm hon. Hp giao hen vdi nhau la mdi ngudi viet mdt cudn tilu thuyet, sang nam phai xong, trong khi vilt khong ai duge biet ngudi khde vilt gi. Tdt nhien la nhiing van de ma moi ngudi dinh viel da dugc thai nghen tir trudc. Liic nay Emily dd 28 tuoi, nghTa la ca ba chi em tudi dd Idn, lai da cd thai gian suy nghT, tilp nhan cudc song va sdng trong khdng khi van chuong ciia kho sach gia dinh dl cd thfi giao hen vdi nhau viet tieu thuylt. Vl sau chiing ta biel Doi gio hu dugc Emily Bronte vilt tir thang 10 nam 1945 din thdng 12 nam 1846 thi hoan thanh.
Dau nam 1847, y hen, 3 chi em diu cd ban thao ba cudn tilu thuyfit. Chi ldn Charlott Bronte la Jane Eyre, Emily la Ddi gio hu va em gdi sau ciing Anne Bronte la Agnes Grey. Ba ban thao giii din nha xuit
bdn thi chi cd cudn Jane Eyre dugc chip nhgn. Thang 10 ndm 1847 tieu thuyfit Jane Eyre duge phat hanh va cd tieng vang ldn trong ddi sdng van hgc Anh. Nhifiu nha phe binh van hgc da viet gidi thieu va ca nggi tac pham nay. Mai nhirng ngay cudi ciing ciia thdng 12 nam 1847, hai cudn tieu thuyet eon lgi cua Emily vd Ann mdi dugc in trong sii hiing hd cua nha xuat ban. Ca hai cudn nay duge in trfin gidy xau, ddng xen eau thd, bia trinh bdy thd vd ldi in an day ray timg frang.
Sach in xau vd roi tdm vdo im lang. Vai thang sau cung liic cd den may bai phe binh nhung it ldi khen, chfi thi nhieu, khdng ai phat hien ra nhiing gid tri tuyet vdi cua Ddi gio hu. Ngudi ta vach ra vd phfi phan tinh cdeh man dai, hoang da ciia cdc nhan vat trong tieu thuyet. Cin Iuu y, liic nay nir hodng Victoria da Ien ngdi dugc 10 nam, md ddu mdt ky nguyen thinh vupng cho nudc Anb. Tieu thuylt D6i gio hit ra ddi frong thdi dai Victoria (Vicstoria Age) nhung no in dam diu vet vd tinh thin ciia van hpe Iang man Anh trudc do. Ngudi dge khdng ua la vi khdng hgp gout. Phai din nam 1850, hai nam sau, khi Emily qua ddi, Charlott eho tai bdn vdi tfin that ciia tdc gia la Emily Bronte vdi ldi gidi thieu that hdm siic:
'"Doi gio hu dugc dfio tac frong mot xudng hoang dai bdng nhting dung cu don so, tir chat lieu mdc mac. Nha difiu khde thiy mpt khdi da granit fren mdt canh ddng hoaM vu quanh que. Nhin ky chang thiy tir tang dfi cd thi tao nen mot cai ddu nhu thi nao, mM
^hi giA hu... 57
rg, den diia, hung ban, mdt hinh thfi dugc tao ra it nhat la tir yen td ky vT cudng frdng.
Chdng da lam viee vdi mdt eai dye thd sa va khong theo mau nao ca ngoai nhimg dm bdn cua tam anh tir nhung suy tu ciia ehdng. Vdi thdi gian va lao dpng, khdi da mang hinh ngudi. Va kia nd simg siing diing dd. Dd sg, den diia va cau cd, vira Id tugng dai vira la niii dd. La tugng thi nd khung khiep va gidng nhu quy, la niii da thi dep qua vi nd cd mau xdm diu va phu ldp rfiu ciia ddng hoang va ddm cdy thgch nam vdi nhirng chum hoa hinh qua chudng vd huong thom ngao nggt cua ndp van thiiy chung mpc sal dudi chan gd khdng Id dy"(l)-
"Khong cd nhieu nhiing trang vifit vfi tinh yeu thuyet phuc hon, it bi luy hon Ddi gid bli. Ddy Id cau chuyen ve mdt diia tre khdn khd bi bd roi dem Idng yeu con gai ciia cha nudi cua minh, ciing la eau chuyfin ve nhimg hanh xii hung bao va khd dau khdi ngudn tir nhiing khdt khao ngang frai hp ddnh cho nhau... Dudng nhu Emily Bronte cd the md toang nhiing gi thudc ve con ngudi, va lap day nhiing khoang frdng khdng the nhin thay dugc, bang mgt luong gio mgnh ciia eude ddi" (I) (Wirginia Woolf).
Dfiy la mgt frong hang fram, hang nghin nhgn dinh, ddnh gid ve Doi gio hii frong khodng thdi gian gin hai the ky qua. Khi xuit ban cu6n tieu thuyet nay, khdng ai, kfi ca Emily Bronte, lai cd thfi hinh dung dugc s6 phgn cua nd. Tir ehd khdng duge du ludn coi frpng, danh gid cao, theo ndm thdng D6i gio hii cang phat 1$ nhung gia tri to ldn ciia
nd, de rdi frd thanh "mdt vien kim cucmg frong kho tang van hpc Anh" (3). Gdn day, nam 2012, kenh truyin hmh UKTV Drama (United Kingdom Television) nude Anh da cd mdt cudc tham dd du luan vfi nhiing tac pham van hpc xuat sac mpi thdi dgi viet vfi tinh yfiu, cd anh hudng den ngudi dpc d thi ky XIX Doi gio hii da duge binh chgn Id tdc pham xudt sac nhat frong 20 ehuyen tinh dep nhat. Dling fren cd Romeo vd Juliet ciia Shakespeare, frfin "Cuon theo chieu gid" eua Margaret Mitchell, nhu vay de thay Doi gio hii qua Id ddng kinh ngac.
Vgy thi cdi gi da tao nfin siic hap dan ky la nhu vay ciia Doi gio hul
Doi gio hu Id cdu chuyen tinh yeu ciia ddi trai gdi ddy ngang frai vd tham vgng nhung bdt thdnh. Mdi linh dd dd difin ra tren nhiing cdnh dong hoang long gid va eay linh nam, gin nhu quanh ndm am thap va mu suong eiia xii Yorshine nudc Anh the ky XIX. Bat diu tir nam 1810 va difin ra trong sudt 20 ndm keo ddi qua 3 the he. Cudn sdeh vifit vfi tinh yeu bi an vd dii dpi eiia mgt cd tifiu thu quy tgc, con gdi eua dng Eamshaw la Catherin. Ngudi eon gai xinh dep, thdng minh, hifin ldnh, giau tinh cdm nhung cd
"mau ndi logn" chdng lai mgi le thdi cua xd hdi ducmg thdi. Hai mat tinh each dy tgo nen mgt tinh yfiu mgnh me, dii dpi. Vira quy phdi vira hoang dai. Nang yfiu bang trdi tim ban ndng thuin phac nhung ciing day ly tri mang ddy ylu td giai cap xa hdi khi lay chdng.
58 NGHIEN CCU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°10 (157).2013
Bdt ddu tir viec dng Eamshaw, chu trang trai Wuthering Heights, ngudi cd vg va hai diia con, mgt frai Hmdley va con gai lit la Catherin di len thdnh phd Liverpool mang theo ve mgt diia con frai md cdi, cii bdt cii bo md ai dd vut frfin he phd. Heathcliff la dira fre thd rdp, ege can vdi ban tinh tu nhien dir tgn, khdng dugc hpe hdnh day dd nen luc nao ciing thd lo vdi mpi ngudi. Ong Eamshaw da rude lay "sao chdi" ve nha nhung lgi rat yfiu thucmg chifiu chudng nd.
Cai gia dinh ne nep, yen binh ldng le giOa triing diep nhirng ngpn ddi va nhiing canh dong hoang vu long gid vd am udt ciia ddt hoang phii tuyet mua ddng bat dau xao trdn bdi tinh yeu va thii han dil dpi. Ba dira tre ldn Ifin theo ngay thang dudi sy chdm bam eiia ba quan gia Nelly Dean - ngudi dan ba do lugng, giau tinh cam va tan tuy.
Catherin eang ldn cang xinh dep, ndng cang cd cam tinh vdi cdi anh chang ngd ngao va hoang dgi Heathcliff va rdi dfin liic ndo do ndng yen anh ta vdi tdt ca su rung dgng cua trdi tim minh, cua ngudi con gai mdi ldn, cdng vdi tinh each ngang tang bat can eua ngudi con gai ndi loan, bat chap mpi ldi khuyen bao ciia cha, anh vd nhiing ngudi than can, kfi cd ba bdo mau Dean Nelly.
Nguoi anh frai Hindley, trudc tinh cam bd minh danh cho diia con nudi, va tinh cam ciia em gai minh danh cho ke xa la va thd lo ay, da ghen ty va ngay cdng cam ghet con ngudi tir dau den chiem doat tinh cam em gai va cha minh. Xa ban, Hindley da lo lang dfin
viec diia eon nudi bat hao ciia cha minh se la ngudi franh dogt quyen ke thira tai sdn cua anh khi ong cu ndm xudng. Vdi vi fri anh ca trong nha, Hindley khdng tir co hdi nao dl hdnh hg Heathcliff cho bd can ghet. Nhit la 2 nam sau khi dng eu Eamshaw chfit, Huidley eang thii ghet, ciing vdi qudn gia Soseph - mdt ga lue dien, thd bgo vd noi ngpng ngay dem hanh ha Heathcliff.
Cdi anh chang ngd ngao, hoang da, tho keeh nhung ldm muu meo, lam khi con doi tra iy lai dugc long dng Eamshaw vd dugc Catherine che chd. Luc cdn nhd, cimg liia 6, 7 tudi Id linh cam tre con, khi ldn len anh ta yfiu Catherin dien cudng vd sdu ndng. Vi vdy, trude nhiing con gidn, ddn thii ciia Hindley, anh ta bat chap tat ca, chiu dyng tdt ca. Ddi vdi Catherine va Heathliff, mgi ap lyc, du ludn vd thdi dp phdn ddi, phi bang mdi tinh dd chdng la gi ea. Hp sdng va yfiu nhau, bat chdp tat ca. "Mpt frong nhiing fro vui thich nhat la sdm chay ra ddng hoang, va d dd ea ngdy, edn hinh phat sau dd chi la fro cudi". Hg quan quyt ben nhau dfin noi "sy dau ddn nhat cua Catherine la bi cim ra khoi nha, khdng dugc gan Heathliff fren canh ddng cd day hoa thach nam vd tilng chim riu rit chir khdng phai la khdng dugc di le d nha thd mdi budi sang."
Ldn Ifin ben nhau frong tinh yfiu sau sic va dir dpi, Catherin bilt Heathcliff la "ngudi hung bao, nhdn tam vd ich ky", nhu ndng tdm sy vdi cd em chong sau nay la Isabella.
Va ndng cung sdm nh5n ra ngudi yeu ciia
^Si giS hu... 59
ndng la ngudi tham dpc. nhd nhen, ddy thii ban va dang am i, nung ndu y chi fra thu gia dinh nang ma anh ta eho la nhung ke ngang dudng, ngan can tinh yfiu ciia anh ta va Catherine.
Va dil yfiu Heathcliff say dam, dien cudng nhung liic ndo cd gai ngd ngao va thiiy mj Catherin ciing nhd vi tri ciia minh la thupc tang ldp quy tpe. Liic cdn au tho, dii la frong nhiing trd choi tre eon thi ndng van thudng y thiic dugc rang minh la mdt ngudi d mgt dia vi khde. Nang van td ra la bd ehu, chi bdo, bdy ve, day dd Heathcliff, tham chi nhifiu khi "bat tai ngudi hau" Heathcliff trong tro chai eua hai diia tre md Heathcliff phdi d6ng vai ke hau ha.
Vfi tinh nhiing xir su dd ngay cang tich lu trong ldng Heathcliff sy uat lic den cam thil chen lin trong tinh yen cudng dai ciia ga trai tho Id, cdc can d tudi mdi ldn dfi rdi anh la nudi y ehi tra thii. Dia vj xa bdi da la rao cdn ty nhien dfii vdi tinh yeu eiia hg.
Rdi ong cy Eamshaw qua ddi. Ddi vdi Heathcliff, bay gid chi edn tinh yfiu eua Catherine la ly do dl sdng d tren ddi, sdng d trang trgi Dfii gid hii cho dfin ngay ddi bgn Ire lang thang fren dfing hoang va lac vao Irang trai Thrushcross Range cua nha hang xdm - gia dinh Linton.
Khi gia dinh Linton bifit Catherin la con nha hang xdm tir le. hp dd bdng bd vfit ihucmg chd cdn vd tdng cd Heathcliff ra khdi nhd thi anh ta tim edch "trdn lai". Anh dd
nhin thay gia dinh Linton bdng bd vit thuang, cho Catherin riia chan bing nudc ndng, vat chanh vao rugu vang cho cd udng,
"Isabella tnit ca mdt dTa banh ga td vao long cd, sau dd hg hong khd vd chai bd tdc dep cua cd vd dua cho cd mdt ddi dep le to tudng, dgt ed Ien ghe cd bdnh xe diy dfin bfin dong Ilia sudi". Vd Heathcliff da nhan ra:
"Cd la mdt tieu thu va hg phan biel ddi xii giiia CO va tdi" (fr. 64).
Trong vd sd nhiing cugc di choi eua ddi ban ngd ngao nay, ddy Id cupc di choi dinh menh. Tir eude di ndy se bat ddu nhiing mam mdng gidng bao cua cupc ddi ca hai ngudi.
Catherin Ian ddu lien budc ra khdi gidi hgn dong kin ciia khu trang trai nhd minh la Doi gid hii. Nang eiing bdt ddu eo nhiing ngudi ban mdi, nhiing quan he mdi ngoai Heathcliff va dam gia nhan nhd minh. Tir cugc dot nhdp vdo trang trgi Thrushcross Range ndy ndng gap mgt chang trai, mpl ngudi gia gido, cd dia vj xa hdi va Id dng cbii tuong lai ciia trang ap Thrushcross Range.
Khdng nhung dep trai ma cdn Id ra lich su.
Chang thanh nifin ndy, Edgar Linton rdi sau nay se budc vao frai tim ndng, frai tim sdi ndi, ndng nhiel, hoang so nhung cung rat ly tri. Tir dd la tinh yeu nay nd, hp se la ddi vg chdng sdng yen lanh khi Catherin ve lam dau d trang dp ndy.
Rdi tir day ciing gieo them mdm thii ban frong long Heathcliff, khdng chi vdi gia dinh Eamshaw ma ca vdi chdng ctia Catherin Id Edgar Linton vd ddng hp Linton.
60 NGHIEN CCfU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°10 (157).2013
Ciing tir day frai tim frong frang vdi tinh yfiu manh liet, sdi ndi va hoang da cua Catherin khdng edn chd duy nhat frong Heathcliff Cai eon ngudi thd Id, cpc can, ich ky ay bat ddu sy han thii, hdn day edng chuan bi am muu va thii doan de fra thii, dfi pha tan hai gia dinh nfi nfip trong dd cd Ddi gid hii da cuu mang nudi duong minh, dfi rdi chiem dogt ca hai trang dp vd chdn viii llnh yfiu ciia minh vdi Catherin frong hoang tan do nat. Khdng rihiing the, de thda man long khao khat fra thii va duy tri tinh yeu vdi ea Catherin khi da chet. Anh ta da ddy dga dfin chet vg minh la Isabella va bien con trai minh thanh cdng cu dfi tra thii. Anh ta dd keo ca the he sau vao ngpn lira thii hdn iy - con trai minh: Linton Heathcliff, eon gdi ciia Catherin la Cathy, chau minh la Harton Eamshaw vd ea bdn thdn minh rdi eiing phdi ty tu bang each tuyet thue - nhin dn ma chit vdi hy vpng la sang the gidi bfin kia se dugc gap Catherin vd linh yeu ciia hp se tifip tuc den hanh phuc.
Ciing nhau sdng dudi mgt mdi nha, tudi au tha eiia Catherin va Heathcliff cd nhilu ky niem sdu sdc, nhung ldn len Heathcliff sdng frong ty ti, thay minh thap kem vl mgi mat. Tir hinh thiic, ve ao quan, ve vi tri xa hgi ciia minh khi so sdnh vdi ban gai Catherin ma anh ta yfiu quy. Rdi eai gi phai den dd dfin. Catherin van yeu thuang ban trai ciia minh tham thilt cho dfin khi khi gap Edgar, con frai nha Linton den ciu hdn. Vdi Edgar rd rang la "vua vai phai liia" vdi nang,
bdi Edgar la ngudi lich su, cd hgc, eon nha gia gido lai la ngudi cd dia vi va cd gia tai frong xd hdi. Catherin ciing cd tinh cam va quy men anh ta, nhat la sau thdi gian 2 nam Id nhirng Ian tham vieng lan nhau. Edgar la ngudi rat quan tam cham sdc Catherin va ciing Id ngudi chiu dyng su ngd ngugc bit can cua nang, ca dire tinh ndi loan, lam liic ndng ndy qua dang cua nang. Catherin da trdi qua nhiing dem ngay suy nghT de lya chpn va quyet dinh.
Du Heathcliff da gan bd vdi nang tir nhd, hp da yfiu nhau bang tinh cam ty nhifin, ban nang, nhung gid day gia dinh, dia vi xa hpi vd ed sd phdn rdp tam chdng lgi moi tinh vd tu trong sang do. Ciing tir ddy, toan bp thdi gian ciia eude sdng cua hai ngudi yeu nhau da roi vao thii hdn va tuyet vgng, va cai chet chi cd y nghTa bat dau vdi Catherin va Heathcliff khi ve sau hg dugc chfin egnh nhau trong nghla dia, hg mdi dugc tdi ngg.
Boi gio hu trd thanh mdt tac phim bat bli, dugc nhieu ngudi yeu thich bdi: "Khong cd nhieu nhiing trang viet vl tinh yfiu thuyet phuc hem, it bi luy ban Ddi gio hii... Dudng nhu Emily Bronte cd thi md toang nhiing gi thupc ve con ngudi, va lip ddy nhflng khoang frdng khdng thfi nhin thiy dugc, bang mpt lufing gid manh eiia eude ddi"
(Wirginia WooIO-
Ddi gio hii da thi hifin mgt biit phap nghe tiiuat sieu viet, sfi la nhiing tiln dl va ea sd cho eae phuang thirc nghe thugt frong van hgc hien dai d cac thi ky tilp theo (thi
<DMgi6 hu... 61
ky XX va XIX). Chinh Emily Bronte da la ngudi sdm neu len Cdi vo nghia cua cugc d&i trong vdn hgc hien dgi vd Emily Bronte cung la ngudi neu Ifin can hdi va nhin manh den vdn dfi hanh phuc eiia con ngudi trong cupc sdng hiiu ban fren trin thfi. Tinh yen gifla Catherine vd Heathcliff la tinh yfiu ngdy tho, trong trang nhung bi nhung quan niem ve dang cap xa hgi, vi giau cd va ngheo hen va dinh kifin xa hdi ngdn can, dan den sy tra thil khde Het eua Heathcliff vdi tdt ca sy da man, tan bgo nhung rdi chang di din dau.
Cupc ddi nay dii la tinh yeu va thu ban, bao nhieu thi ciing chang ai cd hgnh phiic cd. Chi khi ve the gidi ben kia, tir gia cudc ddi thi may ra mdi cd hgnh phiic.
Heathcliff khi da hoan tat sy tra thu ddc dc mdi nhdn ra rdng thdt la vo nghTa, hdn khong dn nan hdi ban vi nhiing gi da lam va Heathcliff dd quyet dinh nhin an ma chet.
Cling nhu dng gia Santiago frong "Ong gid vd bien cd" cua Hemingway(4). Hy sinh phan diu sudt ddi nhung eon ngudi khdng bao gid dat tdi hanh phiic. Hanh phiic chi la khai niem, hgnh phiic Id ehap nhdn vd sdng het minh bang cudc ddi de rdi tir gid the gidi ndy vTnh vien vd hgnh phiic.
Vdi Ddi gio hu, Emily Bronte da tgo nen mgt thfi gidi rifing cua tinh yfiu va long thil hgn. Emily Bronte da viet ve nhung xue cam sdu sdc nhat frong chieu sau tam tdi ciia ldng ngudi. Chinh vi vay ma Doi gio hd trd thdnh mpt frong nhiing cudn tifiu thuyet vi dgi, bi tiiuang nhit frong sd nhirng tac phim
van hgc thfi gidi vifit ve noi dam me chay bdng ciia con ngudi. Emily Bronte vai hai phuang phdp xdy dimg nhdn vdt, xdy dyng hinh tiigng Heathcliff thd rdp, ty nhifin, hoang da nhu tdng da xam viing nui Yorkshre fro frpi gan ly ma gid hii, friyfit roi khdng thfi bao mdn bing thii phap mieu td true tiep nhdn vgt.
Phuang phap thii hai la qua mieng nguai khac ke, danh gia vd nhdn xet vl anh ta. Ca hai phuong phap ndy dfiu td ra cd hieu qua. Ca hai phuong phap nay deu dua frfin Doi gio hii Id mot tifiu thuyet hu cdu (Fiction) nhung in dam yfiu td ty thuat frong dd; Tir khdng gian hogt dpng cua cac nhan vat, mien hoang vu, dm udt va long gid ciia frang dp Wuthring Height va Thmshcross Range, chinh que nha ciia Emily Bronte.
Khdng khi u sau, dac qudnh phien nao d Doi gid hu cd bdng dang ciia gia dinh cu Patrick Bronte frong dd. Nhiing con ngudi, nhung sd phgn eo le, trd frfiu vd ed bfinh tdt, yfiu menh cua cac nhan vat chinh.
Vdi Dpi gid hu, Emily Bronte la ngudi thay ddi phucmg phap nghe thuat doi thogi frong tieu thuyet bang dpc thogi npi tdm.
Phuang phap nay vfi sau, d the ky XX, se dugc cac nhd van nhu E. Hemingway, S.
Fitzgerald, Cafka,W. Faulkner... sii dung. Ba cung la nha van sang tao nfin Nghe thugt ke chimin vd Truydn trong truyen: CUng mpt luc CO bdn nguoi kfi ehuyen. Ngudi ke chuyen thii nhit Id ba quan gia Dean Nelly.
Ngudi kl chuy?n thu hai la dng Lockhood -
62 NGHIEN Ciiru CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°10 {157).2013
khdch thue nha. Ngudi ke ehuyen thu ba la Catherine va ngudi kfi chuyen thir tu la Isabella kl dudi hinh thiic vilt thu. Nghe thuat ke chuyen theo kieu "truyen trong truyen" kilu blip bfi Nga long frong nhau (Matrioka) cd sire hiit ngudi dgc, rat hap ddn. Can chuyen tinh yeu va thu ban nay hap ddn ban, thuyet phuc Hon bdi chinh ngudi trong cudc kfi lai.
Ciing nhd thii phdp nghe thugt theo kieu 'Uruyen trong truyen" ma ba da tao nen khdi niem m&i ve thai gian. Cung mdt liic tdc gid da cd thfi trinh bdy nhifiu thdi cua thdi gian, qua khii cung hien tai vd tuong lai ciing dugc trinh bay d mdt thdi difim. Khai nifim "dong hien" cua thdi gian nghe thuat dugc cde nhd vdn hifin dai sii dung ngay cang nhieu vd cang hieu qua. Mgt trong nhiing van de nghe thugt quan frgng nhat eua van hgc hifin dai thfi ky XX va XXI Id thdi gian nghfi thuat.
Tir thdi gian 3 chifiu ciia nghfi thuat cd dien da trd nen th&i gian nhieu chieu. Thdi gian tdm ly, thdi gian khdng gian (thdi gian vu try), thdi gian md, thdi gian lang... da xuit hien tii day vdi ddu vet in dam cua Emily Bronte.
Chinh vi vgy, Doi gio hii da tao nen mdt thfi gidi rieng ciia tinh yeu va long thii hdn, Emily Bronte dd vifit vl nhung vin dl xiic cdm nhdt trong chieu sau tam tdi cua long ngudi. Do dd Boi gi& hii frd thanh mdt frong nhung cudn tieu thuyfit vT dgi, bi thuang nhit trong sd nhiing tae phdm van hpc thi gidi
viet vfi ndi dam me chay bdng ciia con ngudi.
Tai lifu tham khao 1. Le Dinh Ciic. Lich su vdn hgc My, Nxb Giao due. H.2001.
2. Phung Van Tuu. Gido trinh vdn hgc phuang Tdy, Nxb Giao dye. 1997.
3. Bui Diic Man. Luac su nu&c Anh, Nxb Tong hgp .TP HCM. 2008.
4. A. Anixt. Istoria literaturii enghlezii.
Traducerea din limba rusa de Leon Levitchi si Preda, Editura stiintifica.Buc. 1965.
5. Brenton, John, English and Continental Literature, Laidlew Brothers Inc., America, 1950.
6. Brovra, Terence, Ireland: A Social and Cultural History, 1922 to the Present, Ithaca, New York, Cornell University Press, 1985.
7. Campbell, Joseph, Myth Worlds, Modem Words, New World Library. Novate, California, 2004.
8. Craig, G. Armour, English Literure (for high school), Ginn and Company, America, 1964.
9. Daiches, David, The Novel and the Modem World, University of Chicago Press, 1939.
