LONG TRI - DAN TRI TRONG CAU TRUC KHU TRUNG TAM HOANG THANH THANG LONG - DONG KINH
NGUYl&N QUANG NGOC*
Long Tri la Thim Rdng ciia tda difn Can Nguydn - Thidn An thdi Ly - Trin, edn Dan Tri la Thim Rdng eiia tda difn Kinh Thidn thdi Ld, xet eho ciing ehi la tdn goi hong eie thdi ky lich sii khac nhau eiia Thim Rdng tda difn d vi tri trung tim va giii vai hd quan hong nhi't trong toan bd hf thd'ng din dai eung difn thanh Thing Long - Ddng Kinh tii diu thd'ky XI eho ddh cud'i thd'ky XVm. Khu vUe Long Tri - Dan Tri ed thd' hfdng dudng vdi khu vvCc tif Thim Rdng didn Kinh Thidn dd'n cijfa phia hong Doan Mdn, d i dude ban giao eho Trung tim Bao tdn di tieh Cd Loa va thanh ed' Ha Ndi quan ly. Tuy nhidn, edng vife diiu ha sUu tim hf lifu va khai quit khao cd' hoe lai dudng nhu chua trid'n khai dUde bao nhidu. Cac cdng trinh nghidn eiiu vl thanh Thing Long hiu nhu eung khdng ma'y quan tam ddh khu vUe nay. Bai vid't eiia chung tdi dudi day ehi la tip hdp mdt sd'tu lidu cd lidn quan vdi hy vong cd thd gdp phin nhin difn bude diu di tieh quan trong bac nha't hong Cirn thanh Thing Long nghin nim tudi.
1. Long Tri hong khu trung tam cua Long thinh thdi Ly, Tran
Nim 1010, Ly Thai Td' quyd't dinh ddi kinh dd tif Hoa Lu ra tiianh Dai La "ed rdng vang hifn ldn d thuyin ngU, nhin dd dd'i tdn thanh goi la thanh Thing Long" (Dai Vift sU ky toan thu 1993). Ckxg eho "xiy dung cac eung difn hong kinh thanh Thing Long, phia trude dung difn Can Nguydn lam ehd coi chiu, bdn ta lam difn Tip Hiln, bdn hiiu dung difn Giang Vd. Lai md eua Phi Long thdng vdi eung Nghdnh Xuin, eiia Dan Phudng thdng vdi eiia Uy Viln, hudng ehinh nam dung didn Cao Minh, diu ed Thim Rdng (Long Tri), hong Thim Rdng ed hanh lang d i n ra xung quanh bd'n phia.,,". Tu lifu nay eho hay Long Tri la Thim Rdng difn Can Nguydn dUdc dung ngay ttf n i m d i u tidn dinh dd Thing Long (nam 1010) va eau tnic Long Tri khdng ehi ed cae bie Thim Rdng nhU tdn goi eiia nd, ma cdn cd ea mdt khu quang trUdng rdng ed hanh lang bao xung quanh. Thdi ky d i u dinh dd, bdn canh difn Can Nguydn, mdt sd' difn khac cd cae bic Thim Rdng eung diu dude goi chung la Long Tn. Tuy nhidn ehi it liu sau, ngay hong ddi vua Ly Thai Td', Long Tn da dude xac dinh la mdt dia danh danh ridng eho khu vue Thim Rdng difn Can Nguydn va quang trudng cimg cic cdng trinh kid'n tinic hudc didn. Sach Dai Viit si/ky toan thi/chep vao thing 6 n i m 1028, nghia la khi Ly Thai Td' vifa qua ddi, Ly Thai Tdng mdi ldn ngdi, da cho "li'y he lam niii Van Tud'Nam
' GS.TS. Vien Viet Nam hoc va Khoa hoc phat trie'n Viet Nam
88 Khdo cd hpc, sd 4/2010 Sdn d Long Tri" dd' mimg sinh nhit dng (goi la tid't Thidn Thanh). Quy md eua tid't Thidn Thanh theo md ta eiia sach la ri't ldn (Dai Vift sii ky toan thu 1993).
Cd the' vi la tda ehinh didn, d vi tri eao nha't, lai su dung nhilu kim loai trong xay dung va ed nhilu cay ed thu, ndn didn Can Nguyen lidn tuc bi set danh. Ly Thai Td' da phai nhilu lin chuyd'n vi hi coi chiu, ndn khi mdi ldn ngdi, Ly Thai Tdng hoan toan ba't life da quyd't dinh phi bo difn, san phing nIn. Thd'nhung theo nhu sii eu, vi rdng thin vin hifn d nIn difn ma Ly Thai Tdng khdng thd khdng nhd dd'n tuydn ngdn eiia vua cha trong Chid'u ddi dd va thUe tin: "dd la dat td't, diic ldn hung thinh, d ehd ehinh giifa hdi da't" (Dai Vift sii ky toan thu 1993).
(!)ng "sai Hiiu ty md rdng quy md, nhim lai phudng hudng ma lam lai, ddi tdn la difn Thidn An. Bdn ta dung difn Tuydn Diic, bdn hiiu dung difn Dien Phiic, thim tirude difn gpi la Long Tri (Thim Rdng). Phia ddng Thim Rdng dat difn Van Minh, phia tiy d i t difn Quang Vu, hai bdn ta hiiu Thim Rdng d i t liu ehudng ddi nhau dd din ehiing ai ed vifc kifn tung oan udng thi danh chudng ldn. Bd'n xung quanh Thim Rdng diu ed hanh lang dd tu hop eac quan va sau quin tiie vf. Phia hude lam difn Phung Thidn, hdn difn dung liu Chinh Dudng lam ndi trdng coi tinh toan gid khic, phia sau lam difn TrUdng Xuin, hdn difn dung gae Long Dd lam ndi nghi ngdi du ngoan. Bdn ngoai d i p mdt lin thanh bao quanh goi la Long Thanh"(Dai Vidt sii ky toan thu 1993, tap I: 254). Mie dii cho dd'n nay vin edn nhilu each giai thich khac nhau vl Hoang thinh, Ci'm thanh. Long thanh, Phudng thanh. Long Phudng thanh... nhung theo ehiing tdi toa Long thanh ma Ly Thai Tdng eho d i p bao quanh nhifng eung difn quam hong nha't kd trdn chi cd the la Cam thanh. Cho du Long thanh ed dude ehiing minh la Ca'm thanh hay Hoang thanh di ehang niia thi eiing khdng ed ai ed thd hoai nghi mdt sU thit ring didn Thidn An cimg vdi Long Tri d vao vi tri trung tim eiia hung tim thanh Thing Long thdi Ly, Trin va vi thd'nd mie nhidn phai n i m d hung tim ciia Ci'm thanh.
Tao moi diiu kidn dd cac hoan canh eo le, cae tidhg ndi oan khui't eiia ngudi din chdn thdn cimg xdm ving dude true tid'p dd'n tai nha vua, vao nam 1033, Ly Thai Tdng cho "diic qua ehudng mdt van can dd d liu ehudng Long Tri" (Dai Vift sii ky toan thu 1993, tap I: 256) va 19 nim sau, nam 1052, dng lai eho "diic ehudng ldn dd d Long Tri cho dan ai ed oan lie gi khdng bay td dUde thi danh chudng iy de tau ldn" (Dai Vift sii ky toan thu 1993, tap L 269)'^'. O vao vi tri bung tim cua Cirn thinh ma vua Ly van dinh ra mdt vi tri die bift, ngay sat difn vua ngu coi chiu dd dit cae phudng tifn tdi Uu va hifu qua nhi't liic dd cho din ehiing dudc tU do dai bay oan khui't, kdu tiiau dd'n nha vua va cung dinh thi qua chinh quyIn a'y la ehinh quyIn ciia dan va vi din. Diy ciing ehinh la gia tri nhan vin, nhin ban eao ea eiia nIn ehinh tri thdi Ly, ma Long Tri la did'm hdi tu va toa sang, la mau hinh die sic va dde dao eiia ci'u tnic khu trung tim quyIn luc chinh tri qude gia. Liu ehudng Long Tri d i di siu vao tim thiic, hd thanh di'u i n thidng Hdng hong ngUdi dan Thing Long. Sif chep, vao miia ddng, thing Mudi nim 1131, tiieo NgU tiln ehi huy sii Vudng Cat tau ldn vua Ly Thin Tdng thi d trude liu chudng bdn ta Long Tri cd da'u vd't thin giang, da'u dai 9 tie 5 phin, rdng 5 ti'e (Dai Vift sii ky toan thu 1993, tap 1:305).
Long Tri la mdt quang hudng ldn n i m ngay trudc ehinh difn eiia nha vua ndn thudng dUde sii dung lam ndi td' chiic cac dai Id eiia vUdng hiiu va ciia di't nude. Hai vudng hiiu Ly Trin diu tdn simg Phat giao ndn cic Id hdi quan hong nhi't eiia qud'c gia tiiudng gin vdi eac nghi Id eiia Phit giao va tid'n hanh dai xa thidn ha. Cd ri't nhilu eac dai Id hdi nay td' chiic tai diy nhu:
N g u y i n Q u a n g Ngpc - Long Tri - Pan Tr? trong c d u true... 89^
- Miia xuin, tiling Gidng nim 1036, vua Ly Thai Tdng eho md hdi d Long Tri khanh thanh pho tUdng phat Dai Nguyf n va dai xa thidn ha (Dai Vift sii ky toan thu 1993, tap I: 258).
- Miia ddng thing Mudi nim 1040, Ly Thai Tdng lai eho md hdi La H i n d Long Tri, dai xa thidn ha, ddng thdi lam Id khanh thanh vife tae hdn nghin pho tUdng Phit, ve hdn nghin biic hanh Phat, lim hdn mdt van la bao phudn (Dai Vift su ky toan thu 1993, t i p I: 262).
- Miia xuin nam 1077, Ly Nhin Tdng cho md hdi Nhin vUdng d difn Thidn An. Diy la hdi tung kinh Phit thuyd't Nhin Vudng Bit Nha Ba La Mat kinh, hong dd ed doan ndi ring vua eac nude eiu nguyf n kinh nay thi mudn dan dude tai quan nan khdi. Trung tim ciia dai Id hdi chinh la sin Long Tri (Dai Vift sii ky toan thu 1993, tip I: 280). Ong edn td' chiic Id hdi Nhin vUdng tUdng tu nhu viy tai Long Tri vao mua ha n i m 1126 (Dai Vift su ky toan thu 1993, tip I: 294)...
- Ciing vao n i m 1126, Ly Nhin Tdng cdn cho "md hdi den Quang Chid'u d Long Tri, xudng ehid'u cho sii thin Chidm Thanh vao xem"(Dai Vift sii ky toan thu 1993, t i p I: 294).
Trude dd, vao n i m 1121, bia thap Simg thifn didn linh ci chiia Doi (Duy Tidn, Ha Nam) d i md ta kha cu thd va hd't siie ah tifdng vl hdi den Quang Chid'u: "Dung dai cao Quang Chid'u, hudng san tiudc Doan Mdn. Trong ndu mdt edt, ngoai dit biy ting... Lai cd hai toa liu hoa, hong treo chudng vang... Lai cd dai eao that bao, xd'p thanh mdt day, ehinh giiia ed mdt ngon niii vang... Ndc ehe ngdi quy, vach cham hinh rdng. Lai thii nifa ed hai tda nga voi... Lai ta chin phudng bing nam sic, khic bd'n edt bing song huyln. Hai bdn nghin den nha'p nhay, bd'n mit rUe rd vang son. Cd thd goi la hdn xa ehd' dd xUa nay, vUdt h i n sinh thanh tao hoa. Ddn hda vui eiia thidn ha, ddm hd thanh ngay, toa tim muc eiia thd'gian, gia nay he lai"'^'. Hdi den Quang Chid'u la mdt dai Id hdi eiu nguyfn qud'c thai din an, diln ra hong khdng khi mua xuin thidng Hdng va hoanh hang, la bidu hung eiia sif hoa hdn tin ngudng Phit giao (Mit giao) cung dinh va din gian, d i tao ndn net die sic eiia vin hoa d khu hung tim Ci'm Thanh Thing Long thdi Ly.
Die bift, nhilu sif kifn chinh tii, quin su ldn ed lidn quan dd'n van mfnh eiia di't nUde, VUdng hiiu, ri't nliilu cudc hdi hop cae quin nhin v i hdi thi qud'c nhin ea nude thudng didn ra Long Tri:
- Thing 9 n i m 1044, Ly Thai Tdng sau khi danh thing Chidm Thanh hd vl dd'n difn Thidn An d i td chiic "hf c rUdu lam Id mifng ve dd'n ndi" d Long Tri. Diy la dai Id mimg chid'n thing, va "ngay hdm iy, biy tdi ding tii binh hdn 5 nghin tdn va eie thii vang bac chiu bau"
(Dai Vift sii ky toan tiiU 1993, t i p I: 267).
- Miia ddng thing Mudi nim 1119, Ly Nhin Tdng td chiic dai Id xui't quin danh ddng Ma Sa da "hop cae quin nhin ca nUdc the d Long Tri" (Dai Vift sii ky toan thu 1993, t i p 1:290).
- Thing 12/1127, Ly Nhan Tdng qua ddi di ehid'u lap Thai hi Dudng Hoan ldn ngdi bau. Dudng Hoan la eon eiia Simg Hiln hiu, chau goi Nhan Tdng bing bac. Tinh tnfdc dudc tinh hinli phiic tap se xay ra, Dudng Hoan len ngdi va ha Ifnh eho Vii vf Ld Ba Ngoc md eiia nach bdn hiiu difn Thidn An gpi cac quan vao Long Tri xac dinh thai dd trung thanh ciia cae vUdng hiu va eac quan vin vd dd'i vdi nha vua khdng phai chinh ddng va tudi cdn rit he vifa mdi ldn ngdi (Dai Vift sii ky toan tiiU 1993, tip I: 2%).
^ " Khdo cd hpc, sd 4/2010 - Ngay Canh Ngo, n i m 1228, Ly Thin Tdng "ngu difn Thidn An xem qud'c nhin hdi till d Long Tn. N h i n dd xud'ng ehid'u phit quin ao tiln lua trong Ndi phii dd' ban eho" (Dai Vift sii ky toan tiiU 1993, t i p I: 300).
- Miia ddng thing Mudi nam 1138, sau khi Ly Thin Tdng bing h i , Ly Anh Tdng mdi 3 tudi len ngdi, teilu dinli da td chuc Hdi thi qud'c nhin d Long Tri dd' ciing ed' nilm tin vao trieu dinhi mdi iTDai Viet su ky toan thU 1993, t i p I: 311). Tudng tu nhu vay, vao miia thu, thar^ iiay v.Ava 1175, -au khi Anh T^'.A^ qua ddi, Ly Cao Tdng ciing vifa mdi 3 tudi sau cudc d i u tranh rat eing thing trong ndi bd trieu ehinh dudc lip ldn lam vua, trilu dinh td chiic
"hop aiid'c nhin thi d Long Tri" thd hifn ldng hung thanh va ling hd ehinh quyIn mdi eiia Ly Cao Tdng (Dai Viet sU ky toan tiiU 1993, tap 1:326).
- Thing 12 n i m 1225 ehiing kid'n mdt su kifn hy hiiu hong lich sii Vidt Nam didn ra tai difn Thidn An va sin Long Tri: Ly Chidu Hoang md hdi ldn d dien Thidn An, ngu hdn sip bau, cae quan mic trieu phuc vao chiu, lay d dudi sin (Long Tri). Chidu Hoang ben tnit bo ao ngu mdi Trin Canh ldn ngdi Hoang dd" (Dai Vift sii ky toan thu 1993, tap I: 340). Su kifn kd't thiic 217 nam vUdng h i i u Ly va md dau vUcftig hiiu Trin da didn ra xudn se ngay tai difn Thidn An va sin Long Tri.
- Miia ddng, thing 11 n i m 1351, vua Trin Du Tdng "ngu ci difn Thidn An duyft ci'm quin d Long Tri, ban eho Nguydn Trung Ngan mic chid'n bao, ddi mii vd, deo the bai gd, nghidn ving dd duyft cam quin, dinh loai hdn kem" (Dai Vift sii ky toan thU, t i p U: 132). Sif kifn nay eho bid't dia darih Long Tri vin tdn tai cho dd'n cud'i ddi Trin.
Chiing ta khdng cd tu lifu vl sd' ludng va thanh phin tham gia eac su kifn ehinh tri quan su ldn, nha't la eac dai hdi hay cae hdi thi qud'c nhin didn ra d Long Tri, nhung vin ed thd hinh dung diy la eac cudc tip hdp cae thanh phin rdng rai mang tinh toan qud'c dd bay td ldng trung thanh hay quyd't tim bao vf chd' dd, vUdng trilu, nhi't la hong nhiing liic vin nUde chdng chdnh. Cd nhilu cudc dai tap hdp d Long Tri dd' thd' hifn quyd't tim danh giic hay dd chia vui vdi h i i u dinh va hoang gia nhiing chid'n edng vifa gianh dUde. Diy la mdt net dde dao khac ma dudng nhu ehi ed thUe tin vio din, phd thac van mdnh ciia di't nude eiia vUdng hiiu d siic manh ciia nhan dan mdi dam lam va lam dude nhu thd'. Long Tri vi thd'phai dUde xem la bid'u tUdng la kd't tinh va dinh cao ciia nIn ehinh hi than dan thdi Ly, Trin.
Tai Long Tri, bdn canh cac nghi Id tdn giao, tin ngudng hay chinh tri, quan su, nhilu hoat ddng vui chdi giai tri quy md ldn va hd't siie tU nhidn, sd'ng ddng chng dude td' ehiie nhU vua Ly Thin Tdng vao thing 12 nim 1130 "danh eiu d Long Tri, eho sii nUde Chidm Thanh vao hiu xem"
(Dai Vift sii ky toan thu, tip II: 304); hay miia ha, thing Tu n i m 1149, "ngU c) Long Tri xem bit voi" (Dai Vift sii ky toan thu, tip 11: 317). Ciing ed sU kifn hfdng tu nhu thd'nay didn ra vao ddi Trin, nim 1293, Thudng hoang Trin Nhan Tdng "ngU d difn Thidn An xem di'u voi d Long Tri.
Con voi bdng nhidn sd'ng tiioit, xdng tdi dinh ldn difn" (Dai Vift sii ky toan tiiu, tip II: 69)... Diiu nay eiing phin nao ndi ldn ci'u tnic md va thoang ciia khu Cirn Thanh.
2. Dan Tri hong khu trung tam cua Cimg thanh Dong Kinh thdi Ld
Ngay 15/4/1428 tai tirung tam thanh Ddng Dd (khu v\ic didn Kinh Thidn ngay nay) Ld Ldi chinh tiiiic ldn ngdi Hoang dd'lap ra vUdng tirilu Ld, khdi phuc qude hifu Dai Vidt, dd'i tdn Ddng
N g u y i n Q u a n g Ngpc - Long Tri - Dan Tr? trong c d u trijc... 91 Dd tiianh Ddng Kinh. Qng cho dung difn Van Tho, difn Cin Chanh va xay difn Kinh Thien tren nIn difn Thidn An tnfdc day*'*. Quy md va ca'u tnic thanh Ddng Kinh cac ddi vua Ld Thai Td, Ld Thai Tdng va Ld Nhin Tdng hiu nhu khdng cd sU thay dd'i so vdi thanh Thing Long thdi Ly, Trin.
Ddh Ld Thanh Tdng toa thanh giiia dudc ehinh thiie goi la Hoang Thanh vdi eac quy dinh bao vf chit che va dude thd' chd'hda tiong Qude triiu hinh luit Qng ddng thdi eho xiy dUng lai toa thanh bl thd'hdn, md rdng ra bao li'y toan bd khu vuc tdng Ndi ma di'u tich dd'n ngay nay vin cdn cd thd hinh dung dude tifdng ddi eu thd. Tda thanh bdn tiong ehng dude xiy dung lai hdn quy md toa cam Thanh Thing Long xua, nhung cd nhilu ldp, nhilu eua, tao thanh nhidu d ngin each hdn, gpi la Cung Thanh, vdi quy ehd'bao vf hd't siie nghidm ngit.
Difn Kinh Thidn dung n i m 1428 va dude xiy dung lai quy md hdn vao n i m 1465 (Dai Vift su ky toan thu, t i p II: 404). Cimg vdi vifc xiy dung lai difn Kinh Thidn, Ld Thanh Tdng da eho lam lai Thim Rdng ma di'u tieh edn lai tudng dd'i nguydn ven cho dd'n ngay nay. Thim Rdng difn Kinh Thidn gdm 9 bic cd 4 lan can da chia lam 3 ld'i di ldn difn. Lan can da dUde xiy dung n i m 1467, hai lan can giiia cham khic hinh rdng ud'n khiie, khoe manh, d i u to, simg dai, riu va ldng gay tua tiia, hdng hidn ngang va kidu hanh. Hai lan can bdn cham miy liia va hoa la each difu. Hinh rdng va eac lan can da d diy la mdt sang tao mdi va ciing la dd an hang hi tidu bidu nhi't eiia nghf thuit didu khie Ld sd.
Phia ngoai Thim Rdng, trude diy ehi ed hinh lang dai thi biy gid ed thdm mdt kid'n hiie mdi la difn Thi Trilu. Thi Trilu nhU tdn goi eiia nd la ndi vua ngu ra ehinh difn dd cho quin thin vao hiu, hay ndi danh eho cic quan eao ci'p hong h i i u vao chiu vua. Phia ngoai difn Thi Trilu va hdn phin difn tieh chii yd'u eiia khu quang tnfdng Long Tri xua, biy gid dude ddi gpi la Dan Tri, nhung ehiie ning dudng nhu da ed sU thay ddi. Nd'u Long Tri tnfdc day gid'ng nhu mdt quang hudng ldn td ehiie cac dai Id qud'c gia thi bay gid ehii yd'u ehi dd xet duyf t cac nghi thiie, tid'n hanh thii tue kidm tra kiem soat eie tudng sT chuin bi vao chiu vua.
Sach Dai Viit si/ky toan thi/cho hay vao nam 1472, nha vua ra quy dinh vl trilu nghi hd vd:
"Cae tudng si hang ngay vao chiu, phai diing sip hang hudc d hai t>dn ddng tiy ngoii cua Doan Mdn; nhiing ngay sdc vong phai dd'n ddi d ngoai ciia Vin Minh Simg Vu, sau ba hdi hdng thi hd'n vao Dan Tri dan bay nghi hUdng, ban tliii chinh tl. Ngudi nao d i m cd' y vi pham, lim mit hang ngii, sau ba hdi hdng vin ehUa ehinh tl thi eac vf Cim y v i Kim ngd bit giii xin hi tdi" (Dai Vift sii ky toan tiiU, tip II: 460). Dd'n thing 8 n i m 1485, nghi tiiiic nay dUde dinh lai eu thd hdn: "Kd tif nay, vao ngay phidn chiu, hdi hd'ng thii nhi't quan hd vf theo thii tu tid'n vao Dan Tri, hdi hdng thii hai, cac quan theo thii tU tid'n vao Dan Tri, khdng dUde dudng ddt hanh di tnfdc, chen li'n ldn xdn. Sau khi hd'ng da danh hdi thii ba ma cic quan cdn d ngoai eiia Chu Tude va sau khi chudng d i danh qua 50 tid'ng rdi ma edn d bdn ta, bdn hiiu ciia Doan Mdn, thi quan coi eiia ngin lai hd't, ty Xa nhin va vf Cam y hie tiu ldn dd himg tri"
(Dai Vift sii ky toan thu, t i p II. Sdd: 495). Thim ehi nha vua edn ra sic ehi ci'm cae quan vao chiu khdng dudc nhd cd't triu, nem ba h i u d ciia va sin Dan Tri (Dai Vift sii ky toan thu, t i p II: 463) dd' duy hi hat tU va vd sinh ndi tdn nghidm.
Thdi Ly, Trin Phat giao phat trie'n, sin Long Tri thudng dude sii dung dd' td chiic cic Id hdi Phit giao. Sang thdi Ld, Phat giao ma't din vai trd v i nhudng chd eho Nho giao, sin Dan Tri trd thanh ndi td chifc cac cudc thi Dinh (hay thi Difn). Ld Thanh Tdng da dinh If rit cu thd:
Cli 3 nim mdt lin td chiic cac ky thi Nho hoc cao ci'p nhi't nay ngay tai sin difn Kinh Thidn
21 , Khdo cd hpc, sd 4/2010 (tiic la sin Dan Tri). Tai diy, nha vua hue tid'p ra dl bai vin sach hdi vl dao tri nUdc va true tid'p tuyd'n chon ngudi hiln tai bd sung vao bd may quan ly di't nude. Sii sach liu nay thudng ehi chep cac cudc thi nay didn ra d sin difn Kinh Thidn ndn ngudi doe khd hinh dung dUde vi tri cu thd' eiia trudng thi Dinh. Rat may la sach Dai Viet si/ky toan thucon chep dudc rd cudc thi nam 1496 "Thing 3 ngay Dinh Dau 19, vua than hanh khao thi d Dan Tri (Sin Rdng) difn Kinh Thidn hdi vl dao tiri nude" (Dai Vift sii ky toan thu, tap II: 514). Dd'n ngay 26, vua eho din cic nhin si vao sin difn Kim Loan, "vua tu xem dung mao tiing ngudi, lay dd 30 ngudi".
Hdm sau, ngay 27 vua ngu d chinh difn (difn Kinh Thidn) lam Id xudng danh.
Ld Xudng danh dudc td chiic ri't hpng thd dd ghi nhin va tuydn dudng thit xiing dang nhiing tai ning Nho hoe hang diu da't nude, Cd thd thdng qua quy trinh td ehiie Id Xudng danh ky thi nim 1481 li'y dd Pham Ddn Ld dd hinh dung vl cudc Id Xudng danh ndi chung va vi tri eiia Dan Tri tiong qua trinh td ehiie Id: "Thing 5, ngay 21, trifu bon Tid'n si Pham Ddn Ld vao tiong Dan Tri (Sin Rdng). Vua ngu difn Kinh Thidn. Cae quan Hdng Id truyin Ifnh goi tdn. Lai bd ban ah mfnh. Ld bd bung bang vang ndi tid'ng nhae, rUde ra ngoai ciia Ddng Hoa heo tdn. Xong rdi ty Mi eiiu dem ngUa td't dua Trang nguydn vl nha" (Dai Vift sii ky toan thu, tap II: 484).
Sang ddi Ld - Trinh vife thi Dinh, Id Xudng danh Tid'n sT, cic nghi thiie ban mii, ao, dai, ban ydn eho Tid'n si va nghi thiic cac Tid'n si lay ta vinh quy vin dude td chiic d Sin Rdng (Dan Tri) difn Kinh Thidn vdi eac nghi thiie hang nghiem, tiong the. Chi ed khac mdt diiu la liic nay bdn canh vua Ld mic i o bao vang ngu toa d didn Thi Trilu, cdn cd chiia Trinh mic io bao tia ngu toa d bdn ta difn. Ld rude bang vang hude diy tif Dan Tri ra heo d eiia Ddng Hoa thi nay chuyd'n vl tireo d eiia nha Thai hoc (Phan Huy Chii 1992:190-193).
3. May nhan xet
3.1. Ban dd ed ve vl thanh Thing Long khdng ed ti'm nao danh da'u vi hi eiia Long Tri hay Dan Tri, nhUng d i u xac dinh rd rang, ehinh xac vi hi eiia toa difn Kinh Thidn d hung tim, tid'p dd'n difn Thi Trilu va Doan Mdn d true chinh tam, hudng bie - nam. Doan Mdn ddng thdi la cua ehinh d phia bdn hong Ci'm thinh.
Doan Mdn dude khdi dung tif thdi Ly, xiy dung lai vao thdi Ld sd (thd'ky XV) va dUde himg tu siia eh if a ldn vao thdi Nguyin (thd'ky XIX), bao gdm 5 cd'ng vdm xiy theo hinh ehif U ngUdc. Phia trdn ehinh giiia cd'ng ehinh ed gin mdt phid'n da (1,5m x 0,7m) khie hai ehii "Doan Mdn" la nguydn ban tiid'ky XV.
Nim 1999, cae nha khao ed hoe da hdn hanh khai quat d Doan Mdn phit hifn ra di'u vd't dudng viln lit gach da chin hfdng va sin gach tif thdi Ld va con dudng dudc xay dung tif thdi Ly va tu bd, su dung vao thdi Trin. Hoan toan cd thd du doin dude day chinh la con dudng "NgU dao" danh ridng cho vua di tif edng ehinh Doan Mdn vao thing difn JCinh Thidn.
Tu lidu nay eiing gdp phin xac nhin vi tii eiia Doan Mdn khdng ed sU thay ddi tinh tif liic khdi dung eho dd'n ngay nay.
Difn Kinh Thidn dUde xay dung hdn nIn difn Thidn An thdi Ly, Trin, difn Can Nguydn thdi Ly la toa ehinh didn ldn nhit, dep nhat, tiing dUdc coi la "mdt hong nhifng tuyft tie eiia kid'n tnic An Nam". Difn Kinh Thidn eiing nhu didn Can Nguydn, Thidn An trUde day xay dung hdn niii Nimg, dUde coi la d giiia hung tam Trdi Da't, ndi hdi tu khi thidng sdng nui.
Nhu thd', tinh tif nam 1010 eho dd'n nay d i gin hdn 1000 n i m vi tri ciia toa difn chinh thanh Thing Long - Ddng Kinh v i n d nguydn mdt vi tri.
N g u y i n Q u a n g Ngpc - Long Tr? - Pan Tr? trong c d u true... 93
N h a Nguydn thanh lap, chuyd'n kinh dd v l Hud', difn Kinh Thidn trd thanh h i n h cung cho n h a vua Nguydn mdi khi t u i n du ra Bie. Vao n i m 1804, v u a Gia Long d i n h i n Id tuydn p h o n g ciia nha Thanh, k h i n g dinh sU ra ddi ciia vUdng h i i u v i qud'c hifu Vift N a m tai day.
N h i l u su kidn ngoai giao quan tirong ciia tiilu Nguydn d u d e td chiic tai tai difn Kinh Thidn va difn Thi Trilu. N i m 1841, vua Thifu Tri cho x i y dUng tiidm m d t sd edng trinh va ddi gpi la difn Long Thidn. Q n g d d n g thdi eho sua sang lai cae difn Thi Trilu, C i n C h a n h v i cua C h u Tudc... Ngay sau khi chid'm d u d e thanh H a Ndi, quan ddi P h a p da n h a n h chdng bid'n k h u vuc nay t h i n h c i n eii q u i n sU. Difn Kinh Thidn va cae hanh cung x u n g q u a n h bi cai tao thanh Id cd't rdi thanh Sd chi h u y phao binh ciia q u i n ddi Phap. Sau ngay Giai p h d n g Thii dd, k h u vuc difn Kinh Thidn v i n la khu q u i n s u eho dd'n tnfdc ngay dUde ban giao eho thanh p h d Ha Ndi.
P h i n quan trong nhi't ciia difn Kinh Thidn edn tdn tai cho dd'n ngay nay l i n I n difn va 9 bic T h i m Rdng bang da d phia tirUde difn. Ciing khdng thd khdng n h i c d 6 i 7 b i e them rdng nhd hdn d phia sau difn dude tao tic ri't ty mi, cd le v i o khoang cud'i thd'ky XVI d i u thd'ky XVH.
N i n difn Kinh Thidn, T h i m Rdng, Doan Mdn, ti'm bidn da va da'u tieh eon d u d n g NgU dao thdi Ly Trin... khdng ehi la nhiing chiing tich vat chat vd cimg q u y g i i k h i n g dinh sU hifn hifu ciia khu vifc h u n g t i m Ca'm Thanh, ma nd cdn la ed sd d u y nhi't dd kidm ehiing, giam dinh tinh xac thue eiia c i c n g u d n t u lifu ban dd ed, t h u tich ed va d i n gian v l quy m d va ca'u tnic va nhifng sif kifn didn ra h o n g Ci'm Thanh Thang Long, Ddng Kinh, h o n g dd ed Long Tri - Dan Tri.
3.2. Dac bift, h o n g bd'i canh k h i n trUdng c h u i n bi dai Id ky n i f m 1.000 n i m dinh dd Thang Long - Ha Ndi, chiing ta da phat hifn va hdn hanh khai quat quy m d ldn mdt p h i n k h u trung t i m Hoang thanh T h i n g Long d 18 Hoang Difu. Khu di tieh n i m sat phia tay cua toa chinh difn Can Nguydn - Thidn An - Kinh Thidn, liln mach vdi Long Tri - Dan Tri va chi each cdng ehinh bdn h o n g eiia t o i Ci'm t h i n h (cdng Doan Mdn) 170m. Cac n h a Khao cd hoe Vift N a m va qud'c td'da phat hifn h o n g long da't ndi day mdt q u i n thd phd'tieh kid'n hiie eung dinh quy md ldn, ca'u hiic lidn hoan, h i i h o i vdi thidn nhidn sdng n u d e h o n g m d t quy hoach tdng thd thd'ng nhi't va khoa hoc. That hid'm cd mdt ndi nao k h i e h d n di't Vift N a m edn bao tdn dUde ca mdt kho tU lifu vd cimg d a m d i e va phong phii, hd't siic didn hinh va dde dao, hidn t h i n eiia v i n hoa T h i n g Long, v i n minh Dai Vift, hdi tu va kd't tinh nhiing tinh hoa va ban s i c v i n h o i d i n tde Vift N a m .
Kd't qua khai quat khao ed hoe d 18 Hoang Difu cdn cho p h e p d u d o i n h o n g ldng k h u vifc h u n g t i m H o a n g thanh T h i n g Long ma Long Tri - Dan Tri la m d t tidu didm, i n tang n h i l u di san cue ky q u y gia ciia Ci'm thanh T h i n g Long ehUa bi x i m hai bdi eac cdng trinh kid'n h u e hifn dai. Khao ed hoe k h u vuc Long Tri - Dan Tri se giai m i d u d c n h i l u d i i u h u y l n bi ciia ljch sii - v i n hoa mdt thdi vang son eiia dat nude.
3.3. Long Tri va Dan Tri h o n g e i u tnic vimg Ca'm thanh T h i n g Long - Ddng Kinh tuy Cling mdt vi h i , cimg goi la T h i m Rdng, n h u n g chiic n i n g it n h i l u da cd sif thay ddi. Long Tri thdi Ly la hinh anh t i p h u n g ciia mdt n I n ehinh tii t h i n d i n la ndi dai hdi va dai bay t i m nguyfn eiia cae t i n g ldp n h i n d i n h o n g nude. Chiic n i n g nay khd ed thd tim tha'y d cac toa thanh kinh dd cac n I n quan ehii chuydn ehd'd p h u d n g Ddng k h i c .
Thuc ra h o n g ci'u hiic kinh dd Trang An ddi D u d n g ciing cd Long Tri, n h u n g "tri" d day la cai ao, chu khdng phai la n I n da't hay bac t h i m n h u ci Cain Thanh Thang Long. Long Tri Trang An khdng n i m phia tirUde toa difn chinh trung t i m Ci'm Thanh (difn Thai Cue) ma lai thude v l toa difn phia ta (difn H u n g K h i n h ) , ndn edn d u d e gpi la H u n g Khanh Tri. D i y la
21 Khdo cd hpc, sd 4/2010 m d t tiling canh h o n g kinh tiianh va la mdt h u n g t i m tiiudng n g o a n o i a n h a v u a va H o a n g
^ia, e h u khAng p h a i q u a n g h u d n g didn ra cic Id hdi P h i t giao hay eac nghi Id t i p h d p d i n chiing, dai hdi q u i n n h i n ca n u d e giiia cung dinh*'*'.
Q u i trinh chuyd'n ddi ciia md hinh n h a nude Dai Vidt khoang 5 thd' ky d i u thidn nidn ky thii hai la chuydn d i n tii n h a n u d e theo md hinh q u i n chii P h i t giao sang q u i n chii N h o giao. Ci'u tnic v i ehiie n i n g ciia toa thanh T h i n g Long ciing bid'n ddi theo md h i n h nay. Khu vue Long Tri thdi Ly T r i n d u d c ddi thanh Dan Tri va difn Thi Trilu cd chiic n i n g kid'm h a cae nghi thiie chuan bi vao c h i u vua va td chiie eac cudc thi ciing n h u cac nghi tiiiic ban thUdng, khuyd'n khieh va d l eao giao due N h o hoc. Ridng chiic n i n g thii nhi't cd n h i l u net tUdng ddng vdi td chiie kinh t h a n h N a r a d N h a t Ban. Cd'ng chinh n a m eiia N a r a ciing la cdng Chu Tude (d thanh Thang Long edng C h u Tudc lai n i m phia h o n g va ra't g i n vdi Doan Mdn) va tii cd'ng C h u Tude di t h i n g vao T r i l u D u d n g vifn. D i y la ndi cho cae q u a n e h u i n bi v i o c h i u nha vua.
N h u thd', Trilu D u d n g Vifn h d n c i n ban ciing gid'ng n h u Thi T r i l u didn ci Ddng KirJi. Phia h o n g eiia Trilu D u d n g vifn la Dai Cue difn - toa difn ehinh gid'ng n h u difn Kinh Thidn hay Thidn An, Can Nguydn h o n g Ca'm Thanh T h i n g Long. N e t khac giiia T h i n g Long va Nara chinh la d ehd toa difn chinh va cae toa difn p h u c vu thid't h i i u trUde sau khdng h i thay ddi vi h i , edn Nara chi tdn tai h o n g m d t thdi gian n g i n ma ed dd'n 2 l i n chuydn ddi vi tri eiia Dai Cue difn va Trilu D u d n g vifn. Dd la chua ndi dd'n su chuydn ddi n a y khdng phai la ddi dd, ma chi la ddi vi h i eiia eac toa difn ehinh sang ngay vi tri bdn canh.
Trong ca'u hiie Ca'm thanh T h i n g Long - Ddng Kinh, Doan Mdn la edng quan h o n g nhi't h o n g toan bd hf thd'ng cdng thanh phia n a m va toan bd cac v d n g ciia toa thanh, dUdc xem n h u mdt bidu h u n g ridng eiia t h i n h T h i n g Long, cdn cac cdng Tam Mdn (chd Ky Dai), edng ngoai cimg ciia C i m Thanh hay edng C h u Tudc d phia h o n g Doan Mdn thi h i u n h u khdng d u d e n h i c dd'n, c h i c h i n vai h d eiia chiing m d n h a t n h i l u so vdi Doan Mdn. Trai lai, 6 T r i n g An eiing ed Doan Mdn nhUng h i u n h u khdng mi'y tai lidu n h i c dd'n edng nay. Cdng ehinh ed vai trd quan tirong nha't ciia Ca'm thanh Trang An (ciing nhU Nara) la cd'ng Chu Tude.
Chiing tdi ehua bid't h o n g khi xay d u n g kinh thanh T h i n g Long - Ddng Kinh e i e edng h i n h su Ly, T r i n , Ld ed tham khao thanh Nara hay khdng, nhUng vifc hoc t i p va tham khao md hinh thanh Trang An la d i i u c h i c c h i n . N g a y tif thdi Dinh Ld, nhiing n h a thid't kd'kinh dd Hoa Lu ciing da nghi dd'n mdt md hinh Trang An. T h i n g Long - Ddng Dd timg t u coi minh la Trang An thanh lich vdi sU hifn hiiu eiia Ddng T r i n g An, T i y Trang An ci ngay phia ngoai Doan Mdn. Tuy thd', ed thd k h i n g dinh d d i y khdng ed sU sao chep m a y mdc, m a la v i n dung nhiing gi p h u h d p vdi d i i u kifn va hoan canh cu thd' ciia T h i n g Long - Ddng Kinh. Su hoe tap va v i n d u n g nay da tao ndn nhifng net p h o n g phii va s i c thai v i n hoa ddc dao chi cd oi toa thanh Thang Long.
Chii thich
1. Sach Viet su: luac chep sir kien nay vao nam Quy Ty (1053) (Ban djch ctia TrSn Qude Vugng 2005, Nxb. Thuan Hoa: 88).
2. Tho van Ly-Trin, tap I. Nxb. Khoa hoc Xa h6i. Ha N6i: 404-405. H6i den Quang Cm€\i bat dSu duoc to chiic vao mua xuSn, thang Gieng nam 1116 d phia ngoai cira Dai Hung (Viet su luge. Ban dich ciia T r ^ Qu6c Vuong 2005, Nxb. Thuan Hoa: 114), nhung nhihig nam sau do duoc td chiic tai Long Tri.
3. Thuc ra vao nam 1203, vua Ly Cao Tdng da timg cho xay dung cung mdi d phia tay lim dien, trong do co dien Kinh Thien va gae Kinh Thien, nhung dien Kinh Thien nay khOng phai la chinh dien, d mdt vi tri khac va co chiirc ning khdng gidng so vdi dien Thien An.
Nguyin Quang Ngpc - Long Tr? - Pan Tr? trong cdu true... 95^
4. Tham khao: Victor Cunrui Xiong: Sui-Tang Chang'an A Study in the Urban History of Medieval China, Center for Chinse Studies, The University of Michigan, cac so d6 2.1; 2.2; 3.1; 4.3; 4.4; 4.5; 4.6 va cac trang tii 97-105.
TAI LffiU DAN
Dai Viitsi/ky toan thu-1993, tap I. Ban dich. Nxb. Khoa hpc Xa hdi. Ha Ndi: 241, 254, 256, 258, 262, 267, 269, 280, 290, 294, 296, 300,305, 311, 326, 340.
Dai Viit sir ky toan thul993, tap II. Ban dich. Nxb. Khoa hoc Xa hdi. Ha Ndi: 69,132, 304, 317, 404, 460,463, 484, 495, 514.
PHAN HUY CHtJ 1992. Lich triiu hiih chucmg loai chi, tap II, Ban dich. Nxb. Khoa hoc Xa hdi. Ha Ndi: 190-193.
Thct vin Ly-Trin, t i p I. Nxb. Khoa hoc Xa hdi. Ha Ndi: 404-405.
VICTOR CUNRUI XIONG. Sui-Tang Chang'an A Study in the Urban History of Medieval China, Center for Chinse Studies, The University of Michigan, cac sd dd 2.1; 2.2; 3.1; 4.3; 4.4; 4.5;
4.6 va cac tiang tif 97-105.
Vift si/luac 1QQ5. Ban djch ciia Trin Qud'c Vudng. Nxb. Thuin Hoa: 88,114.
LONG TRI - DAN TRI IN THE STRUCTURE OF THE CENTRAL AREA OF
T H A N G L O N G-
E ) 6 N GKINH IMPERL\L CTTADEL
NGUYiN QUANG NGOC Nowhere on the map of Thing Long Imperial citadel is marked as Long Tri - Dan Tri, though it includes clear locations of Kinh Thien, Thi Trieu and Doan Mdn palaces on the central axis, north - south direction. Doan Mdn was also the main gate inside the Forbidden Citadel.
Based on the sites still existing on the ground such as the foundation of Kinh Thidn palace. Them Rong (Dragon terrace), Doan Mdn and the results of the archeological excavation at these sites such as remains of bricks, stone bands bordering the wall base, Le - period brick yard and the "royal" road built in the Ly time and then reconstructed and used in the Tran period, with other documents, the author supposes that Long Tri is Them Rong of Can Nguyen - Thien An palace in the Ly - Tran period, whereas Dan Tri is Them Rdng of Kinh Thien palace in the Ld time, which, after all, are the various names of Them Rdng in the central location from different historical periods, which played the most important role in the system of royal palaces in ThSng Long - Ddng Kinh Imperial citadel from the 9"' century to the 18 century. The area of Long Tri - Dan Tri might be equivalent to the area from Them Rdng of Kinh Thien palace to the area inside Doan Mdn.
Through the Ly, Tran and Le periods, the location of Long Tri - Dan Tri was not changed, but its function was somehow changed.
