Da dqng hda thu nhgp cua cac ho gia dinh Khmer 6 vung nong thon dong bang
song Ctru Long
DIEP THANH TUNG LAM THI MY LAN DLTONG THI TUYET ANH PHAMVUBANG
ghiin cdu ndy s^ dung chi sd'da dang hoa Simpson's Diversity Index de do lUdng mtic dp da dang hoa thu nhdp vd md hinh hoi quy Tobit kiem duyet de ddnh gid cdc yiu to dnh hUdng din da dang hoa thu nhdp cua 390 hp gia dinh Khmer d viing nong thdn dong bang sdng C^u Long.
Tfl k h o a : thu nhap, da dang hoa, Simpson's Diversity Index, Tobit.
1. Gidi t h i d u
Tfing trudng k i n h td vfi giam ngheo cua Viet N a m da dat dUdc nhflng thfinh tUu fi'n tUdng, giam tfl 58% vao ddu thfip ky 1990 xudng 14,5% n a m 2008 vfi dudi 10% vao nfim 2010. Tuy nhien, cd sU khfic biet dang ke trong t h a n h tflu giam ngheo gifla cfic vung mien. Ty le nghdo nfim 2012 cua vflng Tfiy Bae lfi 58,7%, eao nhfi't so vdi cac vflng trong ea nudc. Trong dd ty Id ngheo nfim 2012 eua vflng dong b a n g sdng Crfu Long (DBSCL) la 16,2% (Tdng cue Thdng ke, 2014).
5 khu vflc DBSCL, ngfldi K h m e r lfi nhdm dfin tdc thieu sd cd sd lUdng ddng nha't so vdi cac dfin tdc t h i e u sd'khac. Theo ke't qua Tdng dieu t r a dfin sd va nhfi d nfim 2009 (Tdng cue Thdng ke, 2010), d DBSCL cd t r e n 17 t r i e u ngUdi vfi 53 d a n toe (khdng bao gom ngUdi nUde ngofii sdng t a i Vidt Nam), trong dd, dfin tdc Khmer cd sd' lUdng ddng thfl 2 (sau ngudi Kinh) vdi t r e n 1,1 trieu ngfldi, (xfi'p xi 1 trieu ngudi Khmer dang sdng d k h u vUc ndng thdn). Ngudi Khmer sdng phfin bd chu ydu d vung DBSCL, t a p t r u n g cao nhfi't 5 cac t i n h Soe Trfing (397.014 ngfldi), T r a Vinh (317.203
ngfldi) va Kign G i a n g (210.899 ngfldi) (Tdng cue Thdng kg, 2010). Cae hd ngfldi Khmer, ve ed ban, cd dieu kidn k i n h t d k e m p h a t t r i e n so vdi eae hd ngfldi Kinh vfi nguon sinh ke e h u yeu dfla vfio san xufi't ndng ngMep (Nguyen T h i A n h vfi N g u y i n Thi Nghia, 2014). Viec p h u thudc nhidu vao san xufi't ndng nghiep cd t h d dfin dg'n nMdu r u i ro mfi hd ngudi K h m e r p h a i doi mat. Nhidu nghign cflu dfi chi r a r a n g , da dang hda t h u nhfip la phfldng thflc tao sinh k d bdn vflng cua hd (Ralitza Dimova va Kunal Sen, 2010), la chien Ifldc cdn t h i e t de t a n g t h u nhfip va giam ngheo (Ibrahim H., R a h m a n S. A., E n v u l u s E. E. va Oyewole S. 0 . , 2009); giup td'i t h i e u hda eae bien ddng vd t h u nhfip vfi giam t h i e u r u i ro (Awudu Abdulai va A n n a CroleRees, 2001), (Adebeyo C. 0 . , Akogwu G. 0 . vfi Yisa E.
S., 2012), ddng thdi, gdp p h d n t a n g phue ldi cua hd (Naznin S u l t a n a , Md. Ellas Hossain vfi Md. K h a i r u l Islam, 2015). Nhflng va'n de ve k i n h t e cd t h e l a n g u y d n n h a n cua cfic
Diep Thanh Tiing, TS.; Lam Thi My Lan, TS.;
Duong Thi Tuytft Anh, ThS.; Pham Vii Blng, ThS., Tnrdng dai hoc Tra Vinh.
NghiSn cdu Knh tesd 4(467) - Th^g 4/2017
73
Da dang hoa thu nhfp ...
vSn d6~ vl xa hoi. Mot nghien cflu gin day cua Oxfam (Oxjfam, 2013) cho thSTy, dang ton tai moi lien h6 gifla sil bift Mnh dang gia tang vi dich chuyin cSu triic xa hoi, tac d6ng den niSm tin xa hpi va niem tin cua nguSi dto vao thi ch6'. BSit binh ding gia tang c6 the Ik nguyen nhto dto den cac he luy ve chinh tri, xa hoi trong pham vi toto vung.
2. Phiidng phap nghien cilu 2.1. Bo ludng da dqng hoa thu nhap Dl do luSng sU da dang trong nguon thu nhap cua ho, mot so chi so dudc st[ dung thucing xuySn trong cac nghiSn cflu, bao gom chi BO GINI (Javier Escobal, 2001), (Malek va Usami, 2009), chi so' Simpson (Ibrahim H. va cong sU, 2009), (Minot, Epprecht, Anh va Trung, 2006), (Bernard A.
S. A., Samuael A. va Edward E. O., 2014), (Naznin Sultana vk cong sfl, 2015), Shannon equitability index (Stefan Schwarze va Manfred Zeller, 2005), Shannon-Weaver index (Minot va c6ng sfl, 2006) va Herfindahl index (Adebeyo C. 0. va cpng sfl, 2012). Nghito cflu nay sfl dung chi so' Simpson de do Iflbng da dang h6a thu nhap nhu mpt de xu^'t ban diu, viec lfla chpn chi so^ CO thi dudc dilu chinh tfly thu5c vto dfl lieu thu thap thflc te. Ve cd ban chi so Simpson (Simpson's Diversity Index - SDI) sfl dung thuSit toto di do lfldng da d^ng hoa, btog ting binh phudng cua cac loai hinh thu nh^p:
D=J^pf
(1)Trong do, p la ty trpng cua cac hinh thflc thu nh^p khac nhau cua hp. Tuy nhito, chi BO SDI thUcIng dfldc thi hito dfldi dang 1- D, dl dam bao rang SDI se c6 gia tri trong khotog tfl 0 dto 1.
s c ; = 1 •
Irf
Khi do, neu gia tri SDI htog 0, thu nh&p cua hp phu thupc vao mpt nguto thu nh^p duy nhit, neu gia tri SDI bling 1, thu nh&p cua h6 da dang h6a d mflc cao nh&'t.
2.2. Phdn tich cdc yg'u to tdc ddng den da dqng hoa thu nhap Dl phan tich cac yto to tac d6ng dto da dfing hoa thu nh&p, chi so SDI dflpc sfl dung nhu bito phu thu6c dl fldc Ifldng t&c dfing cua cac bito ngoai sinh bang mfit phan tich hoi quy. Cac ky thuat hoi quy pho bito phu hdp vdi muc tito nay cfi thi bao glm: OLS (Ibrahim H. v& ctog sfl, 2009), (Jianmei Zhao va Peter J. Barry, 2013); Multinomial logit (Wanyama M. va cpng sU, 2010), Quantile regression (Jianmei Zhao va Peter J. Barry, 2013); Conditional fixed effects logit model (Awudu Abdulai v i Anna CroleRees, 2001); hay Tobit regression (Malek va Usami, 2009), (Stefan Schwarze va Manfred Zeller, 2005), (Bernard A. S. A. v& ctog sfl, 2014), (Wanyama M. vk cpng sfl, 2010), (Adebeyo C. 0. va cpng sfl, 2012).
Nghito cflu nay sfl dung mfi hinh hoi quy Tobit kilm duyet (censored regression model) dl do Ifltog tac dtog cua cac yeu tS' dto chi s^ da dang hfia thu n h | p SDI (vfii chto tren cua mfi hinh hoi quy 1& 1 va chto dufii la 0 tfldng flng vfii gia tri tfii da va toi thilu cua SDI). Mfi hinh dfldc mfi ta cu thi nhu sau:
S= lifS'>l
^S' ifO<S'<l (3)
(2)
vai Xl, Xj X„ lln lUdt la cac bito dpc lap; u la sai so vdi gia dinh phto phfii chuan. S* la bito gia tfldng flng vfii gia trj SDI k j vpng va S la bito t h i hito gia tri thflc cua SDI. Cac bito dfic lip dudc dien giai J nghia qua btog 1.
74 Nghien cOu Kinh tgs64(4G7) - Thing 4/2017
Da dang hAa Ihu nhap .
BANG 1: Mo t a ca.c bidn t r o n g m o h i n h
T£n bien Cbi s6 da dang hda thu nhflp (SDI) Trinh do ti& hgc CX,) Q u y m 6 h 6 ( X i ) Dien tich d^t n6ng nghiftp pf j) Di&i tich dJft trSng c4y hang nam (K») H6nghfeo(X5)
Sd hflu xe may (Xj) S& hihi di ddng (X,) Tin dung (Xg) Khuyg'n ndng (Xg) Thanh vifin timg di tu (X,(|) V i & g c h u a ( X , | ) Kien Giang (X,j) Sdc Trang (X^)
V nghla
NMn gia tri tOr 0 (chi mOt ngu^n thu nhfip) d^n 1 (miic da dang hoa fliu nhfip cao nha't)
Bi^n gii: 1 nfu chu hd co trinh dd hpc vdh ti^u hpc hoac thfp hern, 0 ng'u trinh dd hoc vfih cao hon ti^u hoc
S6 lucmg thinh vien dang sdng trong gia dinh 1000 m*
1000 m*
Bi^n gia BiSa gia Bi^n gia Bi^n gia
1 ngii cd s6 hd ngheo, 0 ngu khdng cd 1 ngii hd cd sd h ^ xe may, 0 ngu khdng cd 1 ngu hd cd sb hSu dign thoai di ddng, 0 ngii khdng cd 1 ngu cd vay, 0 nfiu khdng cd vay
Bi^n gia: 1 ng'u trong nSm vuta qua hd co tham gia v^o cdc chiiong trinh khuygn nOng, 0 ngu khdng co
Bi^n gia: 1 ngu h6 c6 bSl kf thanh vidn da tCtng di tu 6 chiia, 0 ngu khdng cd
Sd l&i vigng chiia trong nam
Bign gia: 1 ngu hd khao sat b dnh Kien Giang, 0 ngu khdng phai Bign gia: 1 ngu hd khao sat d tinh Sdc Trang, 0 ngii khdng phai Ngudn: Thdng tin khao sat nfim 2016.
2.3. Quy mo mdu vd dia bdn trien khai Dfl heu sd cap diidc sii dung trong nghien ctiu nfiy duoc khao sfit 5 k h u vuc nong thfin cua ba tizih co dfin so'ngudi Khmer 16n n h a t cf DBSCL, bao gom Soe Trang, Tra Vinh vfi Kien Giang. Theo Morris H a m b u r g vfi Andrea Lubov (1985), vdi sai so mfiu 5%, khoang tin cfiy 95%, dm vdi tong thi khoang 1 trigu (xfi'p xi dan so* n g u ^ Khmer cl DBSCL), CO mfiu dUdc xac dinh lfi 384 quan sat. V6i 400 phie'u phong van ho gia dinh Khmer difdc liia chon phong vfi'n, c6 390 phi^u hoan ehinh dUdc chon Ifim cd mfiu ehinh thfic cho nghien ciiu nfiy.
N h a m muc dich so s a n h tUdng do'i vdi so' Ueu thli cfi'p chinh thiic, bang hoi trong nghien ciiu n a y dUdc thig't ke tUdng tU vdi ket cfi'u b a n g hoi cua cupc Dieu t r a miic song ho gia dinh do Tong cue Thong ke thuc hien.
3. Ket q u a v a t h a o l u a n
3.1. Thu nhap vd da dting hoa thu nhap
Ke't qua dieu tra cho thfiy miic t h u nhfip binh quan eua mgt hg gia dinh ngUc!i Khmer d vung n5ng thon ehi dat 67,768 trieu dong/nfim vfio n a m 2016. V6i quy mo ho t r u n g binh co 4,08 thfinh vien/hg, t h u nhfip binh quan/ngucfi chi dat 1,374 trieu d6ng/thang. Ng'u so vdi so' lieu tit cugc Dieu t r a mtic song d a n eii Viet N a m nfim 2012 (GSO, 2012), mtic t h u n h a p b i n h qufin thfim chl thfip hdn mtic t h u nhfip binh qufin/ngucfi/thang ct k h u viic nong t h o n cua ca nudc vao n a m 2012 (1,579 t r i e u dong) vfi thfi'p hon so vdi t h u nhfip binh qufin/ngUdi/thfing cua DBSCL vfio nam 2012 (1,796 trieu dong).
Dien tich dfi't binh quan/hg dat 5.103 m^
vdi dien tich dfi't nong nghiep binh qufin la Ngtvena3u Knh t4s4 4(467)-Thing 4/2017
7 5
Da dang h6a thu nhap ..,
4.269 m l Trong so 390 h6 dildc khao s a t co 5,64% hg khong eo dfit, d|ic biet, co xfip xi 50,25% h6 khong co dfit nfing nghigp. Ty lg hg CO dfit nong nghiep thfip nfin ty le t h u nhfip cua hg tiX san xufit nong nghifip cung tUdng dm thfip. Cd eau t h u nhfip cua cfic h6 gia dinb Khmer 6 vung nfing thon DBSCL diia trgn nfim nguon t h u nhfip ehinh vdi ty lfi t ^ g loai t h u nhfip trong tong t h u nhfip eua hg lfi: (1) tr6ng trgt 14,32%; (2) chfin nu6i vfi nuoi tr6ng thuy san 14,28%; (3) viec lam dudc tra cong 65,49%; (4) boat dgng phi nong nghiep khfing diidc t r a cong 3,09%; vfi (5) trd cfip vfi t h u nhfip khac 2,82%. Trong do, cfic vigc Ifim diidc t r a cfing (di Ifim cfing trong linh vi^c nfing nghiep vfi phi nong nghiep, phfin bifit vdi nguon t h u nhfip tti ho^t dong phi nfing nghiep khfing dUde t r a cong nhii tii kinh doanh) chiem ty trong cao nhfi't trong tong t h u nhfip eua hfi. Mgt l l n niia, chiing toi so sfinh vdi kg't qua t\i cugc D i l u t r a mute song dan eU Vifit Nam nfim 2012, ty le nguon thu nhfip cua bfi gia dttnh b vCmg nong thfin Viet Nam bao gom 38,4% tii tien cong, t i l n
liTdng, 30,6% ta s a n xufit nfing nghiep vfi t h u y san trong tong t h u n h ^ p eua hg (Tfing cue Thohg kg, 2012).
Cac so hfiu so sfinh cho thfi!y t h u nhfip vfi cd cfiu t h u nh|ip cua hg gia (Enh K h m e r cl vimg nfing thfin DBSCL con rfit thfip so vdi binh qufin eua k h u viie nong thon trong ea niidc noi ehung va DBSCL noi rifing. Ngofii ra, do t y lg hg co d a t nong nghifip tiidng dm thfip ngn cd cfi'u t h u nhfip eua ho p h u thuge phfin ldn vao cac vific l a m cong, lam thug.
B a n g 2 t r i n h bfiy cac thong kfi ed b a n ve chi so da dang hoa t h u nhfip cua hg. Chi so da dang hda t h u nhfip t r u n g binh la 0,1326. Vdi khoang gifi t r i tii 0 (chi mgt hoat dfing tao t h u nhfip) de'n 1 (miic dfi da dang h6a cao nhfit), ehi so' da d a n g hoa t h u nhfip phan finh r a n g eae hg gia dinh K h m e r 3 vvuig nong thfin DBSCL p h u thuoe vfio mfit so it cfic ngu6n t h u nhfip, d6ng n g b i a vdi vific hg doi m|Lt vdi k h a nfing dfi t^n thUdng cao do bien dfing nguon t h u (Awudu Abdulai vfi Anna CroleRees, 2001), (Adebeyo C. 0 . vfi cgng sii, 2012).
BANG 2: T h o n g k S Chiti^uthunMp
T6ng thu nhap cua he (trifeu d6ng/nam), bao gdm thu tir.
- Tr6ng trot
- Chan nufli, nu6i trdng thuy san - Vific iam duoc tra C6ng
- Hoat ddng phi ndng nghifip khdng duoc tra cdng - Tro cip va thu nhap Ichac
SDI
- SDI cr tinh Kifin Giang - SDI 6 tinh Sdc TrSng - SDI 6 tinh Tra Vinh
c a c c h i s o Sd' quan
sat 390 390 390 390 390 390 390 83 173 134
t h u n h a p c u a h e Trung
binh 67.768
8.669 7.499 49.666 1.490 441 0,1319 0,1023 0,1247 0,1595
Tlj:phanvi 25%
20.300 0 0 542
0 0 0 0 0 0
50%
50.500 0 0 40.250
0 0 0,0105
0 0,0135 0,0476
75%
96.000 3.900 3.100 72.000 0 0 0,2401 0.1897 0.2076 0,3105 Ngudn: Ket qua khao sat nam 2016.
3.2. Cac yeu to dnh hudng den da dqng hoa thu nhdp
Ke't qua p h a n tich hSi quy cho thSfy co 13 Men dgc lap tac dong & mite -j n g h l a den SDI
7 6 N^ii4n cau Kinh tSsS4(467) - ThSng 4/2017
Da dang liAa thu nhap ...
nhu diidc trtnh bay trong bang 3.
BANG 3: KSt qua hol quy Tobit doi v61 chi so da d^ng hoa thu nhap (SDI) Bien ddc lap
Tiinh dd hgc vSh c ^ chii hd dudi ti^u hoc (XJ Quymdho(XJ
Difin tfch d£t ndng nghifip (X3) Difin tich dSt trdng cfty hang nam (XJ Hd ngheo (X,)
S6 hiiu xe may pCg) SdhQudiddng(X,) Tin dung (Xg) Khuyfin ndng (X,) Tiianh vifin tftng di tu (X,o) ViSng chiia (X„) Kifin Giang (X,2) Sdc Trang (X,j) Hangsd Gia tri sigma Sdquansat; = 390 LR chi'(I3) = 95.94 Prob > chi' =0.0000
Hfi s6 hoi quy -0,0668»»
0,0209»
0,0191*»
-0,0217»*
-0,0748»*
0,0344*
0,0210»
0,1345»**
0,0592*
0,0547*
0,0021*
-0,1190***
-0.0630*
-0,1235**
0,2510
Dd Ifich chuin 0,0333 0.0114 0,0085 0.0087 0,0327 0,0182 0,0120 0,0316 0,0339 0,0315 0,0012 0,0417 0,0336 0.0605 0,0132
Gia tri t -2.00
1,82 2,25 -2,50 -2,28 1.89 1,75 4.25 1,75 1,74 1.79 -2,85 -1.87 -2,04
* ldn lugt CO y nghia vdi sai biftt thtfng kfi Ik 10%, 5% vi 1 %.
Ngudn: KSt qua khao s5t nam 2016.
Cac bien dgc Ifip n a y nhin ehung eo the chia thfinh cfic nhom bi^n co dfic d i l m tUdng tli n h u sau:
Nhom cfic bieh mo t a dfic diem nhfin khelu hgc bao g6m bien Xj, Xg. Do'i vdi bien Xi, dau fim cua he so" boi quy hfim y rfing khi trinh do eua chu bg khong phai lfi diidi tieu hgc (noi c ^ h khac, trinh dfi cao hdn tieu hgc), thi vific da dang hoa cac nguon t h u nhfip cua ho cfing cao. Trong khi do, so' lUdng t h a n h vien trong gia dinh cang nhieu tin cang co nhieu nguon t h u nhfip diJdc tao r a trong cd ca'u t h u nhfip eiia ho.
Nhom cac bie'n mo ta dien tich dfi't bao gom bifi'n Xg, X,. Nhin ehung khi dien tich dat nong nghiep cua hg cang ldn t H hg cang c6
k h a nfing da dang hoa t h u nhfip; tuy nhien, nhiing hg c6 difin tich chuyfin canh cfiy hfing nfim cao se khfing de dang t h a y dfi'i sang muc dieh s^ dung khfic (chfing b a n dh.\i chuyen sang cay lau nam) n h ^ m da dang hoa t h u nhfip.
Nhom cfic bien mfi t a dieu kien kinh te' cua hg bao gom bie'n Xg, Xg, X7. Ca ba bien nay deu dfin den cac ke't lufin dong nhfi't rfing nhiing hg co dieu kien kinh te' cfing cao t h i vific da dang hoa nguon t h u n h a p eua hg cang ldn.
Nhom eae bifi'n mo t a k h a n a n g tie'p cfin bao gom bien Xg, Xg. Vific tie'p can nguon von tin d u n g va t h a m gia cfic chiidng t r i n h khuyfi'n nong deu m a n g lai cfic tac dgng
Nghien Ci3U Klnh tesS4(467) • Thing 4/2017 77
Da dang hoa thu nhap ,
tich Clic de'n viec da d a n g h o a t h u nhfip eua hg.
Nhdm cac bien ton giao bao g6m bi^n Xio, X i l . Day la nhom bifi'n dac thii diidc nghien ctiu nay de xufi't di t h e hifin cfic dfic diem ton gifio rieng bifit cua ngudi K h m e r ct DBSCL. Ngfiy nay, d nhi^u hfi gia dinh Khmer v^n duy tri cfic boat dgng gan bo vdi cbila (Phfit gifio ti^u thiia) n h u phong tuc con t r a i tit 12 tudi t r 5 len se vfio chiia t u (co t h e vfii thfing, vfii n a m h a y trgn ddi), de bao hi^u, hgc kinh, hgc chii, hgc ngh^, r e n luyen thfinh ngUcli co trf thiie vfi diic h a n h (Trfin Minh ThUdng, 2013). He sfi'h6i quy eua bien Xio, Xii p h a n finh r a n g viec t h a m gia vfio ddi sfihg ton giao cua ngudi IQimer m a n g lai tae dfing tich ciic d^n vific da dang hda ngu6n t h u nhfip cua hfi.
Nhdm eae bi^n dia 1;^ bao gom bien X12, X13. Day la cac bifi'n gia l a n lUdt t h e hifin hg khao sfit lan lUdt thufic t i n h Kien Giang, Soe Trang hoac con lai (Trfi Vinh). Theo do, vific xufi't hien cua cfic bg dUdc k h a o sat 5 hai tinh Kien Giang vfi Soe T r a n g Ifim giam cbi s6 da dang hoa t h u nhfip. NgUdc lai, trong sfi' ba tinh, cac hg ngiidi K h m e r 3 Trfi Vinh CO mtic da dang hoa t h u nhElp cao hdn cfic hfi b hai tinh eon lai (nhu b a n g 2).
4. K e t l u a n
Dfii vdi ngudi K h m e r d DBSCL, mgt trong nhiing dae d i l m d l tfi'n thUdng lfi vfi'n de t h u nhfip va cd cfiu t h u nhfip cua hg. Cfic ket qua nghien ctiu cho t h a y miic t h u nhfip binh quan cua cae hg gia dinh K h m e r d DBSCL vfin con r a t thfi'p so vdi b i n h qufin ca nude; dong thcfi, p h u thuge rfi't n h i e u vfio nguon t h u nhfip tii viee lam cfing, lam t h u e voh. Ngofii ra, chi so" da dang hda vfi' t h u nhfipcua hg tUdng dSi thfip da t h i hien mtic do dfi to'n thUdng cao, d^ng nghia vdi viee khi xufi't bien cfic bien co' khong mong ddi co t h i Ifim a n h hu6ng nghifim trgng de'n t h u nhfip eua hfi. Khi d a n h gifi cfic ye'u to' tae dgng den mUc do da dang hoa trong t h u nhfip cua hfi, nhin ehung, nhUng hfi co dieu kien kinh t ^ p h a t t r i l n thuctng gfin lifi'n vdi
viee da dang hda n g u 6 n t h u nhfip. Ngoai ra, viee tigp cSin cfic c h i n h sach t i n dung, k h u y g n nfing va t h a m gia cac b o a t dfing tfin giao m a n g lai tfic dgng tich cUc d e n viec da dang h d a t h u nhfip cua hg - mac dit tfi't ca cac t a c dgng n a y co t h i c6 sii khfic biet giiia ba dia phUdng dUdc liia chgn t r o n g viing n g h i e n ctiu./.
TAI Ll|U THAM K H A O
1. Adebeyo C. O., Akogwu G. O. & Yisa E. S.
(2012), Determinants of income diversification among fann households in Kaduna state: Application of Tobit regression model. PAT, 8(2), 1-10.
2. Awudu Abdulai & Anna GoleRees (2001), Detemiinants of income diversification amongst niral households in southern Mali, Food Policy, 26,437-452.
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