Y KIEN - TRAO D O I
T O M T A T O E T O A N B A N G S O D O D O A N T H A N G TRQNG DAY HOC GIAI TQAN GO LOI VAN 0 TIEU HOC
O VO ANH TUAN*
T
rong dqy hoc gidi todn cd lai vdn, viec tdm tdt de todn cd y nghia het sue quan trqng.Bdi torn tdt de todn Id each dung sa dd, hinh ve, ngdn ngu, ki hieu ngdn gon de dien td true quan cdc dieu kien cua bdi todn, giup hoc sinh (HS) luqc bd nhung cdi khdng bdn chdt de tap trung vdo bdn chdt todn hoc cua de todn. Nhd dd, cdc em cd the nhin bao quat duqc de todn, tim ra duqc mdi lien he giua cdc dqi luqng, gai y cho cdc em con dudng suy nghi de tim ra each gidi.
Dqy todn d tieu hoc, each tdm tdt hay duqc su dung nhdt Id sa dd doan thdng, nhd sa do doan thdng md cdc du kien vd cdc quan he todn hoc duqc bieu thj true quan han. Ngodi ra dua vdo sa dd torn tdt, HS se hieu rd hon bdn chdt cua dang todn duqc hoc vd biet duqc each phdn biet chung.
Trong bdi viet ndy, chung tdi dua ra mdt so diem luu y khi hudng ddn HS tieu hoc tdm tdt de todn bdng sa do doan thdng:
1. Sa do phai bieu thj dung quan he todn hoc cua dang todn duqc hoc. Thuc re cho thdy, nhieu HS do khdng ndm each bieu thi cdc quan he todn hoc cua cdc dang todn nen ve sa do tdm tdt sai.
Dudi day Id mdt so each bieu thj hay su dung:
1) Quan he so b han sd a n dan vi - dang todn ve «nhieu hern" (Ldp 2):
a I 1
2) Quan he so a it han sd b n dan vj - dang todn ve «i? hon" (Ldp 2): n
a | ^ . - . V . V ^ b| 1
3) Quan he sd b gdp 3 Idn sd a - dang todn
«Gdp mot so len nhieu lan" (Ldp 3):
° I 1
b I 1 1 1
4) Quan he sd a kem so b 3 Idn - dang todn
«Gidm di mot sd Idn" (Ldp 3):
a I — I - + H
b I • 1 5) Dang todn ve « Trung binh cpng" (Ldp 4):
a b c r " " " ' t - " " " " ~ - r " ~ " " " " " " " i k . . _ —* 1 1
?
6) Quan he: tdng cua hai sd a vd b Id S, hieu hai sd b vd a Id mdt sd d ndo dd - dang todn
«77m hai sd khi biet tdng va hieu" (Ldp 4):
a b
7) Quan he: tdng cua hai so a vd b Id S, so a bdng - so b - dang todn «7?m hai sd khi biet tong va ti sd cua hai sd do" (Ldp 4):
a I 1 1 | s
b I 1 1 |J 8) Quan he: hieu cua hai so a vd b Id mot so d ndo dd, sd a bdng - so b - dang todn « Tim hai so khi biet hieu va ti sd cua hai sd do" (Ldp
a I 1 1 d
b i 1 r " ' " ^ i 2. Khi hudng ddn HS torn tdt bdng sa dd doan thdng, GV hudng ddn cdc em diem bdt ddu cua cdc doan thdng phai thdng cot vdi nhau mdi d l so sanh cdc du kien trong bdi todn. Ben canh dd, can chu y den tinh chinh xdc cua cdc doan thdng trong sa do tdm tdt, dd Id: cdc doan thdng bieu
* Truong tieu hpc Thuong Trach - Bo Trach - Quang Binh Tap chi Giao due so 236 <k, 2 - 4/2010
thi cac gia tri trong mpt bai toan phai co sir tuang ung phi) hap, chang han, doan thdng bieu thi 5 qua cam khdng the bdng ^doqn thang bieu thi 7 qua cam. Ddi vdi cdc bdi todn lien quan den ti so, GV can hudng ddn HS cdn cu vdo ti sd de ve sa dd. Chu y cdc doan thdng bieu thi phai duqc chia thdnh cdc phdn bdng nhau ung vdi ti so.
Ngodi ra, GV can luu y cho HS mot sd chi tiet phu nhung khdng kem phdn quan trqng trong sa do dd Id: ddu mdc, dudng cong khdng lien net, each ghi cdc du kien vd dn so cua de todn...
Vi dy: Ldp 2A cd 18 HS nam, sd HS nu ft han sd HS nam 3 ban. Hdi Idp 2A cd bao nhieu HS?
7dm tat.
18 ban HS
-"" 3 ban
? ban Giai thich:
- Neu ta dung mdt doan thdng bieu thi sd HS nam thi so HS nu se duqc bieu thi bdng mdt doan thdng ngdn han.
Van dung tiep can...
(Tiep theo trang 48)
viec chudn bj cdc hoqt ddng dqy hoc. Tuy nhien, vdn dung theo hudng ndy GV Iqi cd nhieu thdi gian han de di sdu phdn tich duqc bdn chdt khdi niem cung nhu md rdng khdi niem vd cd gid tri rdt Idn ddi vdi HS nhu giup phdt trien tu duy vd 6c sdng tqo, phdt trien cdc kl ndng giao tiep, dqt vd gidi quyet van de, phdt trien ndng luc danh gid, ddng thdi, tqo su hung khdi vd hdi Idng.
Tdm Iqi, dqy hoc Di truyen hoc theo hudng tiep can LTKT Id hinh thuc dqy hoc tich cue, phdt huy duqc tinh chu ddng vd sdng tqo cua HS. • Tai lieu tham khao
I. Dinh Quang Bao - Nguyen Due Thanh. Li luan day hoc Sinh hoc (phan dai cuong). NXB Gido due, H. 2006.
2. P. E. Doolittle. "Constructivism and Online Education". 1999. (http://edpsychserver.ed.vt.edu/
workshops/tohel999/text/doo2.pdr)
3. P. E. Doolittle. "Complex Constructivism: A Theoretical Model of Complexity and Cognition ", 2000.
(http://edpsyehserver.ed.vt.edu/research/omplexl.html)
-Tu ddu mut cua doan thdng bieu thi sd HS nu ta keo ddi ra bdng net khdng lien bang doan thdng bieu thi so HS nam. Doan thdng khdng lien net dd duqc bieu thj sd HS nu it han 3 ban.
- Dudng cong khdng lien net ndi hai ddu mut doan thdng bieu thj so HS nam d phia tren ta ghi
/ 8 ban; sd HS nu chua biet nen phia dudi dudng cong khdng lien net bieu thi sd HS nu ta danh?
ban.
- Ddu mdc chua cd hai doan thdng tren ngu y hdi tdng sd HS cua Idp 2A (tdng sd HS nam vd HS nu) Id bao nhieu ban.
3. Tuy nhien, trong thuc te dqy hoc chung ta khdng nen mdy mdc, gap bdi todn ndo cung yeu cdu HS tdm tdt bdng sa dd doan thang. GV cd the hudng ddn HS tdm tdt bdng nhieu hinh thuc khdc nhau tuy tung bdi todn. Han nua, viec hudng ddn HS tdm tdt thudng hay su dung d nhung tiet hinh thdnh kien thuc mdi; nhung bdi todn khd hodc ddi vdi nhung HS chua ndm duqc each giai.
Cdn khi dd hinh thdnh duqc d HS kl ndng gidi todn rdi thi khdng nhdt thiet phai tdm tdt (tru mdt sd bdi todn bdt budc phai tdm tdt mdi duqc giai) de tranh mat thdi gian. •
X a y d u n g E - b o o k . . . (Tiep theo trang 53)
cho cdc gidng vien, SV ngdnh Hda hpc. Day Id mdt viec Idm thiet thuc, cy the hda chu truang day manh ung dyng ICT trong dqy hoc cua Ddng vd Nhd nude ta. •
(I) Tran Trung Ninh - Nguyen Thi Anh Mai - Nguyfin Thi Nga. "Thiet ke e-book nham nang cao hieu qua day hoc hoa hoc 6 trudng trung hoc pho thong". Tap chi Khoa hpc, Trudng DHSP Ha Noi, Volume 53 No 4/2008; tr 24-31.
(2) Nguyen Thuy Hang - Tran Trung Ninh - Pham Thi Binh. "Thiet ke E-Books Hoa hoc ldp 12 (Nang cao) phan kim loai nham ting cudng nang luc tu hoe cho hoc sinh phd thdng" Tap chi Hod hpc vd ung dung.
so 14(98)/2009; tr 38-42.
(3) http://w ww. tuan Vietnam. net/harvard-feaAi-ve- khung-hoang-giao-duc-dai-hoc-vn. Thomas J.
Vallely va Ben Wilkinson, ngay 10/9/2009.
(4) Nghi quyet cua Chinh phu sd 14/2005/NQ-CP ngay 02/11/2005 ve ddi mdi co ban va loan dien giao due dai hoc Viet Nam giai doan 2006-2020.
Tap chi Giao due so 2 3 6 (ki a . 4/201 o)
