LICH SU* - KHAO CO - DANTQ^ns/v,
Giao due Nho hoc diroi thoi chiia Nguyen
T r i n h T h i H a *
Tdm tdt: Trong hai thi ^ XVII, XVIII ciing vdi qua ttinh md rgng phgm vi lanh tho xuing phia nam, xac lgp quyen tg trj tr6n mgt vimg lanh tho rgng ldn, ding thdi vdi mong muon tuyin chgn dpi ngu quan lai phyc vy cho bg miy chinh quyin thong qua con dudng gido dye khoa cd, cdc chiia Nguyin dd th^rc hi?n nhieu chinh sdch khac nhau nhu md trudng d^mg ldp, xay dung chuong ttinh hpc tgp, xip ddt giao quan, thyc hi^n cac che dg dai ngg dh dgng vien khuyen khich hp ca ve vat chat ldn tinh than...
Nhd vay, sy nghi?p gido due Nho hgc d thdi ky ndy da dgt dugc mgt so ket qua nhat djnh, gdp phan quan trpng vao sy phat ttien cua nen van hda dan tgc.
Tit khda: Giao dye; ttilu dai quan chii; chua Nguyin.
1. M d d a u
Nam 1558, Nguyin Hoang (1524-1613) dugc Trjnh Kilm c h i p thugn cu vdo Idm Trin thu vimg Thugn Hda, da cung nhfing
"ngudi bg khdc ddng huang d Tdng San vd nhfing ngudi nghta dung xd Thanh Hoa"*'* di vdo nhdm chdc d viing dat ndy, d i n g thdi tung budc xdc Igp chinh quyin cda ddng hg Nguyen d phia nam (Ddng Trong) doi trgng vdi ddng hg Trinh d Ddng Ngodi. S\r phdn cdt ve m^t chinh tri (vua Le chda Trfnh a Ddng Ngodi, chua Nguyin a Ddng Trong ttong hai t h i k-^
XVII, XVIII) d^t ra cho chinh quyin chua Nguyen phdi th\rc hien nhung chinh sdch phu hgp d l gdy dung co dd cda minh tt^n tat cd cdc Iinh v\rc kinh t l , chinh tri, quan svr, vdn hda. Th\rc t l , ttong han 200 ndm ldm chu vdng dit Ddng Trong (1558 - 1777), nin "cdng nghigp" cua cdc chua Nguyen gdy d\mg nen khdng phdi la nhd, thgm chi den ngdy nay, khi nhin nhgn ddnh gid chung ta van thdy nhung gid tri va ddng gdp to Idn _ cua cdc chua Nguyen, trong dd cd ITnh v\rc gido dye Nho hgc.
Mdc dd phdi den nua d i u the k^ XVII, cdc chua Nguyin mdi bdt ddu quan tdm den vigc xdy d\mg nen gido due theo Idi Nho hgc d l ddo tao va tuy6n chgn dgi ngii quan lai cd trinh dg phuc vy cho bd may chinh quyen; nhung nen gido dye Nho hgc it Dang Trong trong hai t h i ky XVII, XVIII da dugc dinh hinh, dat duoc m$t sd ket qud nhdt dinh vd gdp phdn quan trgng vdo su phdt trien chung ciia nen vdn hda ddn tgc.
Vdy nen gido due Nho hgc dudi thdi trj vi cdc chua Nguyen dd dien ra nhu thi ndo?
Bdi vilt se gdp phdn ldm rd vdn d l do.
2. M d t n r d n g d u n g ldp 2.1. He tkSng truorng cong
Sau khi tiep quan vung dit mdi, ben cgnh nhihig viec Idm mang tinh chat thiet I ^ t)g may cai tri, cdc chua Nguyen cung bit dau chu ^ den van d6 xdy dyng giao due, ddo t ^ nhan tai cho dit nudc thdng qua con dudng '** Th^c sT, Vifn Su hpc, Vi0n Hin mm Khoa hpc xa hOi Vi?tNam. DT: 0976897199.
Email: [email protected].
'" Qu6c sil quSn trieu Nguyin (2004). Dgi Nam tkfc inc. t.l, Nxb Giio dye, H4N$i, tr.28.
74
Gido dye Nho hgc dudi thdi chua Nguyen
giao due vd khoa cd Nho hgc. Syr quan tam ndy du(;rc thi hign khd rd qua ldi ndi, chi du cua cac chda Nguyin dd ban ra. Chua Nguyin Hodng tung ndi "Trdi sinh chu ttidng, ttilu dinh cd ngudi gidi"*^'. Tuy nhien, do dilu kign cdn nhilu khd khan nen tren thuc tl chiia Nguyen Hoang chua cd chinh sdch ciang nhu vi^c lam cu thi nao dli vdi giao due vd khoa cd. Vdo ndm 1765, khi vda len ngdi, chda Nguyen Phuc Thuin (1765 - 1775) dd ban chilu dai xd ttong thien hg, ttong chilu ndy cd mgt dogn vilt thi hi^n tu ttrdng dl cao hgc thuylt Khing Tu nhu sau: "Kinh Xudn Thu dl mudn ddi khudn phdp, day phdi nghiem chmh td ddu... muon tdi dugrc Thanh Chu thjnh ddc (ddi Thdnh vuong nhd Chu Id m^t ddi thjnh trj), cin phdi nhd Hing phgm cdch ngdn (ThiSn hing phgm ttong Kinh Thu, nSu ciru trii dl day phdp Idn trj nudc)"'"'*.
Vigc cdc chiia Nguyin cd thdnh Idp d Dang Trong mgt ngdi trudng cdng mang tim vdc qudc gia nhu Qudc Tii Gidm d kinh do Thdng Long hay khdng rdt it tu li^u dl cdp din. Nhung it nhit cdc tu li^u Ijch su cimg cho bilt, dudi ddi chiia Nguyen Phdc Chu (1691 -1725) cd dl cdp din chu ttuong xay dyng trudng Quic hgc de thu hdt ngudi tuin tu vao hgc, phyc vy cho myc dich ddo tao nhan tdi. Dilu ndy dugc thi hign rit cy thi qua kiln nghj cua Thiin su Thich Dgi Sdn*"**
vl vigc Igp trudng hgc bli dudng nhan tai, lay dgo hpc cua Khong Tu Iam gdc ttong ngi dung gjdo dye "Khong Thdnh Id ding "Vgn thi su bilu", Tu Thu Ngu Kinh chep du phuong phdp ttj the tu thdn, chung ta phdi rdng sire ldm theo, xix sy mdi cd thi hgp 1^.
Nay nhd vua nen d\mg nha Quoc hgc, tdn thd Khdng Thdnh, tdng trfi sdch nho; mdi cdc nha Iy hgc danh nho ra Idm thiy dl gidng minh dgo thdnh. Td Vuong Thi hi.
con em cac dgi thdn, cho den nhdn dan tuan tu deu cho vao hgc; rdi bdy each thi hach, de phdn biet ban thua; nung due lau ngdy, ty nhien mgi ngudi hieu biet cuong thudng luan ly; tri dgo chinh dai, ddn ddn trd nen mgt nudc van minh"*^l Chua Nguyen Phdc Chu cd cho xay dyng nhd Qudc hgc tiieo kien nghi cua Thiin su Thich Dgi Sdn hay khdng? Vdn dl nay khdng thdy chinh su ghi chep lai, nhung ro rdng nhu cau xay dung mdt nen gido due, khoa cu d vung ddt Ddng Trong theo dien che nhu vung Dang Ngodi dd ducrc chu f din.
Trong Lai tua cua cudn Phii bien tgp IIAC cda L6 Quy Don'** cd vilt mdt doan lien
'^' Dgi Viit sic ky todn thu (1993), ban djch ciia Hotog van Ua, Ngo The Long, t.3, Nxb Khoa hgc xS h^i, HA Npi, tr.210.
Nguyin Ho&ng sinh n3m 1524,14 con thi^ ciia NguySn Kim. Nam 1SS8, sau khi d^n hoi 'j kiln Nguyin Binh KhiSm v4 nhfr chj 14 Ngpc Bao xin Trjnh Kiem cho v4o t r ^ thu miSn dSt Thu$n Qu4ng, dng da d6ng dinh £r x9[
Ai Tu thupc huy|n Tri?u Phong ngay nay, Iiic niy 6ng m<5i 34 tuoi.
*^* Qu6c su quin trieu Nguyen (2004), Sdd, 1.1, tr. 170.
**' Thiin su Thfch Bai S4n 14 mpt trong nhOng vj Thien SIT n6t tiing khong clii v l P h ^ gi4o m4 c6n noi tiing c4 v l thi hpa thoi ky cudi nh4 Minh d ^ nh4 Thanh ciia Tning Qu6c. Tiing tSm cua ong khong chi noi 6 vung Lu&ng Quang v4 kinh th4nh Trung Quoc m4 c6n din tin Vi|t Nam v4 dupe chua Nguyin thinh mfri din V i ^ Nam. N5m 1695, ong din Quang Nam, Vift Nam, khi ij dSy Thiin su D^i San dupe chua Nguyen r ^ coi trpng, ^ a o phd cho vi|c khdi phyc l^i Ph|t gi4o ii D ^ g Trong. C( dja vj mOt Qu6c sir, Thiin su Dai Sin c6n mong muon Nguyin Phuc Chu 14m nen ca do nh4 Nguyen. Vi v4y, ong da viet sd tSu trinh chda Nguyen gdm 4 dieu, npi dung t | p trung v4o ba diem chfnh:
chinh danh, quan sy, dao tao nhSn t4i cho dat nudc.
**' Thich D^i San (1963), Hdi ngogi ky su. Vi?n dai hpc Hui, Uy ban phien djch sii li^u Vift Nam, tr.53.
*** V4o nam 1776, sau khi quan Trinh v4o dSnh chilm Thu^n Hda - Phii Xuan, LS QuJ Ddn dupe giO chuc Hi?p tran Tham tdn Quan co. Tai day, dng da bi6n so^n cudn sach Phu bien tgp lifc ghi ch^p l^i cac van de v l dilu kipn ty nhien, kinh t l , vSn hda x3 hpi cua viing dSt Dang Trong.
Tgp chi Khoa hgc xd hgi Vi?t Nam, so 10(95) - 2015 quan din co sd giao dye ggi Id Hgc Cung:
"Ngdy t l Dmh ( l i t l Khdng Tu hdng ndm), tdi than d i n Hgc Cung xem l l , hgc ttd din hgc cd din vai tram ngudi, tdi ciing cung hg gidng hgc ludn vdn, khuyin.khich day bdo dn cin Idm"'''. Dogn van tuy ngdn ngdi nhung chda dung mgt sd thdng tin rit quy v6 ngdi trudng Qudc hgc d viing ddt Dang Trong dudi thdi tti vi cac chua Nguyen. Nlu hgc ttd cd din vdi tram ngudi nhu Le Quy Ddn mi^u td thi chdc hdn quy md xdy dyng cda ttudng Hgc Cung luc do khdng phdi Id nhd, mdc dd phdi d i n triiu Tdy Son (1788 - 1801) khdi niem eo quan gido due todn qudc mdi bdt ddu manh nha ttd Igi sau may ttam ndm Nam Bac phan tranh vd ndi chien''.
Qudc iii" qudn trieu Nguyen cdn cho bi6t, chda Nguyin cung cho xdy dyng Vdn Miiu d thu phu Phu Xudn d l Idm nai thd Khdng Td vd cdc vj Tien hien. Tuy khdng ndi ro thdi dilm xdy dung Vdn Miiu dien ra khi nao, nhung chinh sd cho bilt: ndm 1692 chua Nguyen Phuc Chu da ra Triiu Son (thugc huygn Huong Trd) xem miiu, m u i n md rdng them nen sai sda Igi. Din ndm 1770, chua Nguyen Phuc Thudn thiy dia thi Trieu Son am thdp nen sai ddi Vdn Miiu din xdy dung d xd Long Hd. Ddy chinh Id nai Igp Khai Thdnh Tu v l sau.
Dudi thdi qudn Trinh vdo chilm cd Phu Xudn - Thuin Hda (1775 - 1786), r i i nhd Tdy Son Idm chu tai ddy (1788 -1801), Vdn Miiu thdi chua Nguyen Phuc Thudn van gift nguyen tai vi tri cu, thgm chi nd cdn dugc triiu dmh Tdy Son tu b l , tdn tao*^\
Sau khi nhd Tay Son syp dd, nha Nguyen ttd Igi Phu Xudn. Vdo nam 1803, vua Gia Long da din cdo yIt Vdn Miiu tai Idng Long Hd. Tu dd cho din nam 1807, hiu nhu ndm nao nhd vua cimg than hanh len diy t l Ie hai Ian vdo nhung dip "xuan thu nhj ky". Din
nam Gia Loi^ tiid 7 (1808), trieu dmh Nguyen da cho ddi Vdn Mieu ve xd An Ninh phia tay kinh thdnh. Cd Van Mieu tdc la chua Nguy&i da quan tam den vigc hgc vd dgo diic. Sy ki?n ndy rat phu hgp vdi dudng ldi tri quoc an dan theo tu tudng "Cu Nho mg Thich" cua cdc chua Nguyen thdi bay gid.
Qua nhfing ghi chep trdn day co thi thiy: cd Ie tgi vung ddt Dang Trong vao khoang g i n cudi thS k^ XVII, chinh quyin chua Nguyen da cho xdy dung mgt ng6i trudng Qudc hgc mang tdn Id Hgc Cung ngay tten thd phd cua minh. Tuy khdng ro thdi gian, dja di6m xdy dung cilng nhu chua cd tu ligu ke cdu ve quy md, kiln tnic cua ngdi trudng ndy, nhung dieu dd dd chdng t6 cdc chda Nguyen thuc su rdt quan tdm dSn xdy dung mdt nen gido dye Nho hgc dl dao tgo vd lua chgn nhan tdi phuc vu cho bg
'" U QuJ Ddn (2007), Pha bien tgp ltic, Nxb Van hda thdng tin, H4 Npi, tr.35.
'** Trong b4i Chiiu lgp hgc do Ngd Thi Nh|m so^ui thao du6i thiri Quang Trun^ (1788 - 1792), xudt hi^n tfr Quoc hpc (Uudng hpc cap quoc gia) ben cfinh ck ttr Phu hpc (truimg hpc d p phii) v4 XS hpc (tnr6ng hpc c4p 14ng x4).
'^* Mpt chiing nhan duong thdi 14 Phan Huy fch, mOt trpng than triiu T3.y Son dS ttaig din thSm khu Vfci Mieu, da iam m0t b4i tha ndi din vifc iy nhan dl E Ddng Vdn Miiu ky kiin (Len Van Miiu, ghi nhOng dieu trong thiy), dng d& vilt trong ph^n nguyen chii ciia b4i tha dy nhu sau: "V3n Miiu d thupng luu sdng Huong, nam tren mdt ngpn doi cao soi bdng xudng ddng sdng. C4c ngpn mii phfa bd bSn kia ch^u vl. Hai ngdi dSn chinh, ben trong thir tirpng diic Thdnh ciing tupng Ttr ph6i ddi mu cdm hot, hai b6n ddng v4 tay b4i vj Th^p triet, nh4 ngo4i b4y bJi vj c4c Tien nho dirpc tdng ty. Bfin ta di?n 14 Siing van, bdn hOu 14 Dyy Le. Cho n4o cQng c6 biln dl vi dirpc sam sua tir ddi trudc, b4y gid chi siia l^i vi trang siic them. Quan Tl tim, Tu nghifp v4 mpi ngudi thay nhau dfin huang. Khi tdi ISn xem, ngam CO ngai Van Miiu, hdng mit nghi chan, c6 quan Tu nghifp miji tr4". Din ttr; Tha vSn Phan Huy Ich (1978), Dtf Am ngdm Ivc t.2. Nxb Khoa hpc xS h§i, H4 NOi, tr.l 16.
76
Gido dye Nho hgc dudi thdi chiia Nguyen
mdy chinh quyin. Vl chdc ndng, nhiem vy cua Hgc Cung chdc chin cung gidng nhu trudng Quic Td Gidm d Ddng Ngodi: vua la noi luu gifi vdn khdc, sdch vilt, m In sach, vira la noi gidng dgy dgo sdch Thanh hidn de "md con duong siing Nho thinh vugmg cho mudn ddi". Do dd, thdnh phin tham gia hgc tgp tgi trudng cdng khd rgng khdng chi ddnh cho cdc Thdi tu, hodng tdn ttong hodng tgc, con em cdc dgi thdn md cd nhfing ngudi dan tuin tu, cd hpc hgnh ciing dugc sung hgc.
Tgi thu phu ddng dd cua cdc chua Nguyen cdn xuit hign mgt h§ tiling ttirdng hgc khac, ma qua ghi ch^p cua Giao si Borri khi din Dang Trong ndm 1621 ggi Id hg thing tnrdng "Dai hgc". Theo md ta cua Borri thi: "Xd Dang Trong cd nhilu trudng Dai hgc frong do cd cdc gidng vien vd cac d p bdc dugc cit nhdc len theo Ioi khoa cd, cung nhu d Tdu"*"'\ Cd thi h0 thing trudng hgc ndy tuong t\r nhu cdc trudng quan phuang (do cac quan md) d kinh do Thdng Long nhu Chieu Vdn Quan, Tu Lam cyc, Trung Thu gidm lam noi hgc tap danh cho con chdu quan vidn hoang tgc.
De cap hg thong trudng hgc ndy, cdn cd ghi chep cda mgt so cuon "Hdi ky" ciia Gido Sl Koffler, thuang nhdn Poivre. Cdc cuIn Hii ky nay diu cho bilt: thdi chda Nguyin cd 1§ chi nhdng vj Thdi td dugc chgn kl ngdi mdi dugc giO: lgi ttong cung, mdi thdy gido day rieng, cdn cdc vj hodng tu khdc sS dugc gui tdi nha cac quan vien dl nudi dn hpc. Cudn "A/o td Hch sit Ddng 7rortg"cua Gido sT Koffler"'' cho bilt: theo tdp tyc thdi dd, khi den 20 tuoi, vj Thi tu dugc chpn dl kl ngdi se dugc dua din d tgi mgt dinh thu rieng bSn cgnh cd mgt vj thiy hgc dugc phong chdc Thdi tu Thdi su, cdng m^t sl thugc hg gom 8 hay 10 Thj ddng, 4 Thdi
gidm, 2 den 3 ddi Iinh, 2 Thu ky, 1 vien quan am hilu vl lugt Ig, cac nghi Ie ttong vuong qudc, cimg nhieu ngudi phyc djch khac*'^*. Cdn trong Hdi ky cua Poivre"^* cd kl rdng: mpt ldn dng din choi nhd m$t vi€n Cai bg, dng ta da g ^ mgt cgu con trai cua chda Vd Vuong dg 11 tudi, hdi ra mdi bilt thdi do, cac chda Nguyen chi gifi lai phu cdu con trai dugc phong The td, vdi nhihig con ttai khdc chiia gdi tai nhd mgt so dgi thin Idm v i ^ trong phd... mdc du phdi bd tien ra nudi dgy cdc vi hodng td ndy, song cdc quan coi day la vinh d\r dugc chua ban cho*'^*. Sdch Phu bien tgp lye cua Ld Quy Ddn ciing cho biet, khi chua Phuc Khodt chdt, cho con thu Id Chudng Vii, tuii hon 20 chuc thdc cho Npi hfiu Y Due hiu nudi gifi lgi khiin thudng cung chu tudng bdn vigc qudn vigc nudc, muin cho ndi nghi$p*'^'.
""' Cristophoro Borri (1998), Xu Dang Trong ndm I62I, Nxb Tp. H 6 Chi Minh, tr.71 - 72.
*"* C6 d?o Jean Koffler sinh nam 1711 6 Praha, 6ng din Nam H i nam 1740 dupe chia Nguyin Phuc Kho4t mdfi 14m ngy y trong cung. Din nam 1755 vl chii trucmg khdng dim% ngufn Phuong TSy nfn dng bj b u ^ riri Phd Xuan, ong sang Bd D4o Nha v4 bj bat, klii b | giam cdm ong vilt cu6n "Md t4 ljch sU D4ng Trong", tiing Phdp 14 Descriplion hislorique de la Cochinchine; 1988 Nam Hd su chl, Bihi Y djch, T9P chl Vdn nghi Hui, sd 1 th4ng 11.
*"* Le Nguyin (2002), Ddi song t^ii cie phd Chiia, trong cuon: Nhd Nguyen vd nhung vdn de ljch sir, Nxb Cdng an nhan dSn, H4 Npi, tr.37.
*"* Pierre Poivre (1719 - 1786) 14 nh4 budn ngudi Phdp din £)4ng Ngo4i lan ddu nam 1742 roi trd^ ve Phdp, dupe Chinh phu Phdp iiy thdc den budn bdn vdi D4ng Trong. Ng4y 20 thdng 8 nam 1749 dng din H^i An. T^i d§y dng muu vdi Truong Phiic Loan xin chda Nguyin cho luu h4nh mpt s6 b^c "con c6" (b^c Mexique) de chia lpi, chiia chudn y nhung khi phdt h4nh th) Ididng ai chju diing c4. Phiic Loan tdm guong doi ldy 3.000 dong nhung khdng chju hodn trd r6i diing quyin du6i Pierre Poivre khdi D4ng Trong,
<'*' LS Nguyin (2002), Sdd, tr.34.
<"> U Quy Ddn (2007), Sdd, U.87.
Tgp chi Khoa hgc xd hgi Vi$t Nam, sd 10(95)-2015 So sdnh, ddi chilu su ^ chep cua Koffler, Poivre vd Le Quy Ddn c d t h i khdng djnh, hg thing trudng "E)ai hgc" ma Borri muin d l c ^ din chmh Id trudng hgc (vdn Id dinh thu cdc quan vien) ddnh cho cdc vi Hodng Thdi td cdng con chdu quan vien. Do vgy, khdi nigm tmdng "E)gi hpc" md Borri nhdc din khdng gidng vdi trudng Dai hgc (chi trudng Dai hgc cd tinh chdt tuong tu nhu Quoc Tu Gidm d Dang Ngoai) md tdc gid Phan Khoang dd nhac den trong Viet su xw- Ddng Trong: "Cdc chua Nguyin khdng lap trudng Dgi hpc cdng md d l ddn gian tuy y Igp tmdng tu dgy hgc"*'*^
0 d p phd, huyen, hg thdng trudng cdng cd dugc xdy dyng hay khdng hien chua cd tu li^u k6 cdu, ngay cd ngudn tu ligu la
"Hii ky" cda ngudi Phuang Tay cung khdng 6.k edp den logi hinh tmdng hpc ndy.
Nhung tten thuc t l d cdc khoa thi Chinh d l ' \ chua Nguyen cd lay hgng At cho Iam Hudn dgo Nho hgc, theo quan chl thdi Ld chdc quan Hudn dgo cd nhiem vy ttdng coi vi^c hgc hdnh d cap dja phuong (chd ylu cap Phu)"^*. Dang Trong thdi dilm ndy cd khodng 20 don vj hdnh chmh kilu nhu vdy, song khdng rd cdc chiia Nguyen md dugc bao nhieu ttudng. Nhung cdn cu vdo sd cdc ki thi Chinh dd thua thdt, sd Idy dd Sinh dd khdng nhieu, ngi dung thi so sai thi chimg td nen gido dye d hg thdng tmdng ndy chua dugc t l chdc chdt che, s l Iugng cac tmdng cdn hgn chl.
2.2. H^ thong trucmg tir - Trudng hgc cua cdc Nho si Tu gifia thi ky XVII trd di, vigc hgc va thi cu theo Idi gido dye Nho hgc d viing dit Ddng Trong mdi bdt d i u cd nhung budc tiln khi xudt hign nhilu trudng tu do cac Nho sT md. Hg Id nhihig ngudi am hilu Nho hpc, cd ngudi do dgt qua khoa cu ra ldm quan, cd
ngudi vi ly do ndo dd hp khdng muin ra Idm quan chpn ldi sdng an ddt md tmdng dgy hpc. Cung cd nguoi bi thdt co Id vgn d que huong cd cuu md dem theo gia dinh di chuyen vao Nam tim chdn nuong than, mo trudng day hpc, gdp phin vdo cdng cugc gido hda cua dja phuang. Ching hgn, Phgm Ddng Xuang (ngudi huygn Huong Tra - Thira Thien Hui), dd dem theo cd gia dinh vdo dinh cu d Gd Rua (giing Son Quy - G6 Cdng - Tien Giang). Tgi ddy dng dd chi^u tap dan chung khai phd dit hoang, md mang san xudt khien noi nay ngay cdng thjnh vugng; ddng thdi vdn Id mgt nha nho, dng da md tmdng dgy hgc thu nhdn rit nhieu mdn smh va dugc tdn Id ^''Kiin Hda Ti&n sinh", sau ndy con trai cua dng Id Pham Dang Long ciing ndi budc nghidp cha lam nghe dgy hgc*'^\
Vdo thi ky XVIII, tgi dmh Qudng Nam c6 ttudng hgc ciia Nho sT Vu Xudn Nimg Id mOt ttong nhung ttudng tu rdt nii tiing dugc sit
"^' Phan Khoang (1969), Vi^l su xu Ddng Trong (1558 -1777), Nhd sdch Khai Trf. Sdi Gdn, tr.500.
'"' Dudi thdi chiia Nguyin da md cdc khoa thi sau:
Xu4n thien qu^n thi, Thu vi Hdi thi (gdm hai cdp Chinh do, Hoa Van), Thdm phdng, Tam ty. Trong dd theo chd thfch cua bp Dgi Nam thycc lye phdn Tien biin trang 56 thi Chinh do Id khoa thi lly ngudi thi diiu ra 14m quan, tuong ty nhu thi Huong, thi Hdi d viing Ddng Ngodi. Ph^p thi gom cd ba ngdy (tuong duong 3 ki thi: Ngco> thic nhdi: thi vdn Tir lye 3 bdi;
Ngdy thu hai: thi tho, phu m§i thi m$t bdi; Ngdy thir ba: thi m^t bdi sdch vdn).
''*' Lg Quy Don trong Phit biin Igp ivc, tr.187 cdn ghi them nhifm vy cda chdc quan Huan dgo nhu sau: "14 Hudn d^o, 14 phii L I sinh thi git^ vifc t l ty v a n thdnh va cdc linh ttr cua phu, huyfn". Nhu v$y, chiic quan Hudn d^o dudi thiri chda Nguyin cdn bao gom c4 nhifm vy 14 trdng coi vifc thd cdng d VSn thanh vd Linh tir ciia phii huyfn.
' ' ' ' Nguyen Phiic N ^ i f p (2007), Tiln Giang tmng tam gido dye d Nam B^ niia dau thi trt* XIX, trong cudn: Nam Bg xua vd nay, Nxb Tp. Ho Chi Minh - Tap chi Xua vd Nay, U.340.
78
Gido dye Nho hgc dudi thdi chua Nguyen
sach ca nggi. Vu Xuan Nimg la con trai cua
^^ SI Vu Xudn Suyin dd timg do Huang cdng ddi chua Nguyin Phuc Chu khoa thi At Hgi nam 1695, ldm quan tdi chdc Vdn chdc vien, kiem Gidm trang*^"'. Vu Xuan Nung cung vdi em tt^ la Vu Xuan Dam ddng cda dpc sdch, anh em diu gidi. Nam Mdu Thdn (1728) ddi chua Nguyin Phuc Chu, dng dd Suih dd rdi do Im thy dugc bd Tri huygn.
Ong md ttirdng dgy hgc, hgc ttd cda dng phan Idn thdnh danh, ttong do cd ba ngudi hgc ttd rit noi tiing, dugc m$nh danh Id Trudng An tam phung (ba con phugng d Kinh do), gdm: Trin Phudc Thdnh, Nguyen Dmh Trong, Phan Ddc Thyc^^'*.
Cung trong thdi gian nay, tgi Phd Xudn cd tmdng hpc cua Nho sT Nguyen Dang Dan, mOt ngudi thiy rat ndi tiing d vimg ddt Ddng Trong. Sach Dgi Nam li$t tniydn tiin bien cho bilt: Nguyin Ddng Ddn vdn Id ngudi rit thdng minh, nhd Idu, noi tiing ve mdn if hgc.
Dudi thdi vua Thi Tdn Nguyen Phiic Khodt (1738 - 1765), lly tti cdch tiiu smh do vdi, dng den cua khuyit dang ke sach. Vua khen ngpi ^nh trao quan chdc cho dng nhung dng cd tu chdi, xin vd ldm nhd d nui Thanh Thdy, day hpc trd, mdn sinh thudng cd tdi vdi trdm ngudi, nhilu k6 thanh tyu. Khi dng chit ngudi ddi gpi dng Id Sieu Qudn Tien sinjf^^- Chdu ndi cua dng Id Nguyen Dang Tmdng cung Id mOt Nho sT thdnh danh, Id vi quan trung nghia ddi chda Nguyin Phdc Thuin*"'.
Gia Djnh la vimg dit dugc md mang khd mupn, vi mdi tdi ndm 1698 chda Nguyin Phuc Chu mdi cu Chudng co Nguyen Hfiu Canh vao kmh luge dit Dong Nai - Sdi Gdn Igp nen phu Gia Djnh. Nhung d dd nin gido dye Nho hgc so khai cimg tung budc dugc djnh huih. Trong thi ky XVIII mdnh ddt ndy cung da xuit hi^n hai ngdi tmdng gdn liln vdi ten tuii hai ngirdi tiily gido nii tiing, ddo
tgo dugc nhilu nhdn tai cho dia phuong, dd la tmdng hgc cua thdy Vo Truang Todn vd thiy Dgng DOc Thugt.
Sach Dgi Nam liet truyen tien bien cho bilt: Vo Tradng Todn la mgt Nho sT que d huygn Binh Duong, thdng minh hi6u hgc, kinh sd uln sue. Trong logn Tay Son, dng In cu dgy hpc, hpc trd nhieu ngudi thdnh dat nhu Ngd Tdng Chau, Trjnh Hodi Ddc diu Id danh thin triiu Nguyen'^'".
Ddng Due Thudt Id Nho sT von ngudi huyfn An Phudc (tinh Ninh Thudn ngdy nay), dng la ngudi hgc rdng, tho hay va rat gidi vl Ijch sd, dng d an dgy hgc tgi Binh Thudn, sau dd xin chuyen vdo Gia Djnh.
Khi d Gia Djnh, Trjuh Hodi Ddc, Ngd Nhdn TTnh, Le Quang Djnh, Nguyin Huong deu tdn dng lam thay. Thi hpc d Gia Djnh phdt triln bdt ddu td dng*^^'. Nhu v^y, Vd
*^"* (2005), Dgi Nam Hit truyin, t.l, Tien bien cQa Vifn Sii hpc vd Nxb Thuan I4da, tr.l84, ghi ten cha cua Vfl XuSn Ndng Id Xuan Thoan.
<^" Qu6c sii qu4n triiu Nguyen (2004), Sdd, 1.1, tr.224.
*"• Qu6c Sii qudn triiu Nguyen (1995), Dgi Nam Hit truyin tiin bien, Cao C y Thanh djch, Nxb Khoa hpc xa hdi, Hd N$i, tr.256. Cung theo chu thich ciia sdch ndy thi nui Thanh Thuy co IS cung thu^c huyfn Huong Tr4.
*"' Sdch Dgi Nam Hit truyin tiin biin cho bilt: khi bj Nguyin Huf bdt hai ldn, cd y djnh Idi k6o dng di theo nhung bj cy tuyft tir chdi. Lan thii hai vdo ndm 1776, khi thdnh Sdi Gdn bj thdt thu, dng l^i bj bat, Nguyin Huf hdi dng rdng 'Tien sinh ngdy nay djnh thi ndo", Trudng ndi: "Vifc ngdy hdm nay theo nghTa ta khong thi muu song nfla. Vua nhyc thi bay tdi phdi chit, dd Id phdn sy r6i, cdn hoi Idm ^ ? " . Trudc luc ldm hhih ngodnh m$t ve hucSmg bdc dung y tupng tnmg cho vifc chdu vua ciia ke bdy tdi.
**•" Quoc sii qu4n trifu Nguyin (1995), Sdd, tr.258.
Trjnh Hodi Diic (1765 - 1825), 14 mpt nhd vdn hda ldn, mpt nhd dja phuong chi cd tdm cd ciia vdn hda Vift Nam. Ten tudi ciia ong gdn liln vcii tdc phdm Cia Djnh ihdnh thong chi vilt bang chft Hdn. Trjnh Hodi Diic cdn Id nhd tho ndi tiing cd ve chii Hdn v4 sii dyng chit Ndm.
*"' Qu6c sir qudn triiu Nguyin (1995), Sdd, tr.257.
Tgp chi Khoa hgc xahpi Vi$t Nam, sd 10(95) - 2015
Tmdng Todn vd Ddng Ddc Thugt Id hai nha gido dye ldn, cd hai dng khdng chi cd cdng ddo tao dugc nhieu nhd Nho danh tiing cho vung dit Gia Dinh, ma cdn gdp phin to ldn ttong viec md mang su nghiep gido dye d mdnh dit Gia Dinh ttong budi diu md coi.
Tgi trin Hd TiSn vung ddt tuong ung vdi cdc tuih Kien Giang, Bgc Lieu, Cd Mau ngay nay, da xudt hign tao ddn thi ca diu tien gdp phin md mang nin vdn hpc cua vung dat mdi khai phd, dd Id Chieu Anh cdc. Ndm 1737, Mgc Thien Tu*^*' dugc chua Nguyen Phuc Chu phong cho Idm Dd die ttin Hd TiSn. ThiSn Td dd chia ddt cdc nha thudc, Iva chgn vd bd dung quan ngii, cho dip thdnh liiy, md phd chg dl budn bdn. Ddc bi^t Mgc ThiSn Td dd lap ra Chieu Anh cdc, mua sIm sdch vd, thudng ngdy dng cung cdc nhd nho ludn bdn kinh sdch, xudng hpa thi td, Igi cd tha vjnh 10 cdnh d Hd Tien {Hd TiSn thdp vjnh). Theo Hd Tien trdn - Hi?p trdn Mgc Thf Gia Phd, Chieu Anh cdc vda Id noi dl thd cdc dang tien Thdnh, vua Id nai dimg hgu le chieu vdi nhihig bdc hiln tdi. Nhd cd Chieu Anh cdc dd thu hdt duc«;
rat nhieu ke sT tai gidi khdng chi ngudi Vigt, md kl cd ngudi hai ngogi, chu ylu ngudi Trung Qudc din hudng ung*^'*, tu dd gdp phan Idm cho *Van phong mdi nii tiing cd mpt doi bien ay", nSn giao dye d Ha TiSn dupe khoi dyng, "ngudi Hd tien mdi biet hpc hdnh", vd nhu Le Quy Ddn ca nggi: "Khdng the bao ring d hdi ngogi xa xdi Id khdng cd vdn chuang vay'^^^^
Ben canh h§ thing trudng tu do cac Nho sT md, cac Idp hgc tgi gia do ngudi ddn t\r md Idp, mdi cac thdy dd vl dgy hgc cung tin tgi kha phi biln d d p dja phuang ldng xd, nhu nhgn xet sau ddy cua nha nghiSn cuu Phan Khoang: chinh quyin
chiia Nguyen "de dan gian tdy y lgp tradng to dgy hpc"'^'*.
Thiy gido cdc ldp hpc to gia nay chu ylu la cdc dng do Nho hpc khdng may mdn vl dudng cd nghiep, mpt sd it la nhfing vj khoa mye ho|c nhfing an sT cd hpc van cao. Chmh su cdn ghi chep rdng thay Ddo Duy Tu dgy cho con cua Thdm Iy Quy Nhon Trin Due Hda, sT nhan Nguyen Dudng Hgo dgy cho cac con cua nho sT Pham Hihi Kinh.
Ddo Duy Td sinh ndm Nhdm Than (1572) tgi Idng No Gidp, nay tiiugc xS Nguyen Binh, huySn TTnh Gia, tinh Thanh Hda. 6ng Id ngudi rat thdng minh, ndm 21 todi triiu dinh md khoa thi. Ong Id con nhd hdt xudng, cha dng Id Ddo Td Hdn Idm Qudn gidp, coi d^i nfi nhge thdi LS Anh Tdng (1557 -1573), mg dng cung nghi hdt.
'"* M^c ThiSn Tii (cdn gpi M^c Thifn Tich) vl nam sinh cd ba m6c khdc nhau: 1706, 1710, 1718. 6 dSy, chiing toi cdn cur vdo k i t qud nghifn ciiu gdn ddy nhdt ciia tdc gid Truong Minh D^t v l "P/idw gidi diiu ngg nhgn ddng tiic vi r^qy sinh cia Mgc Thien Tich" dang trSn T^p chi Hdn Nom, s6 1 ndm 2002 dl chpn m6c ndm 1718 ldm ndm sinh cua Mfic Thifin Tii. Theo dd: M^c Thien Tii sinh nam MUu Tudt (1718), mdt nam Canh T J (1780), 14 con trai ciia M^c Ciru • vdn nmidi goc Trung Hoa, khi trieu Thanh len cam quyen da d&i d i n vdng Ddng Trong ciia Vift Nam.
'•'^^ Trong Chieu Anh cdc chi cd 6 tao nhdn 14 ngudi Vift, 25 ngudi Thanh. Sdch Gia Djnh thdnh thong chi cd ghi l^i nhilu vdn nhdn, tdng sT, d90 sT din vdi Thidn Tii nhu: Chau Phdc, Tran Minh H?, Chdu Cdnh Duong, Ngd Chi Hdn, LJ Nhan Trudng, Trdn Duy Dirc... (van nhan tinh Phuc Kiln); Ldm Ki Nhifn, Tdn Thien Thogi, Luong Hoa Phong... (vdn nhan tinh Qu4ng D o n ^ ; Phan D^i Qudng, Nguyin Nghi, Trdn Ngoan, D^lng Minh Bon (nguiri phd Trifu Phong), ngudi phii Gia Djnh nhu Trjnh Lifin Son, L€ Bd Binh, nhd su Ph^t gido ngudi phii Quy Nhon 14 D^i Hda thupng Hodng Long. Trjnh Hodi Diic (2006), Gia Djnh thdnh thong chi, L;? Vift Dung djch, Nxb Tdng hpp D i n g Nai, U. 160.
' " ' U Qu^ D6n (2007). Sdd, lr.344.
' " ' Phan Khoang (1969), Sdd, tr.500.
Gido dye Nho hgc dudi thdi chua Nguyen Vi tiie ndn dng khdng dugc du tiii Cong cd.
Sau dd ong fron vao Nam, phieu bat td Qudng Binh d i n Binh Djnh, dng cai ttang gidu tung tich chan ttdu cho mdt phd hdo d tiidn Tung Chdu, phu Hodi Nhan (nay tiiudc huySn Hodi Nhan, tinh Bmh Dinh), sau do dng dugc chu nhd mdi Idm thiy d l dgy hgc cho con.
Sach Dgi Nam liet truyen tiin bien cho biSt: Phgm Hihi Kinh cd ba ngudi con hai ttai vd mgt gdi, ngudi con gdi ten Id Lam Anh, tilu tyr Id Khue Au, tinh tiidng minh, man tigp, gidi Idm tho, tu Idy hieu Ngdm Si.
Phgm Hihi Kinh rdt yeu thuang con dd cho mdi sT nhdn Nguyin Dudng Hao*^*** (ngudi huygn Duy XuySn thudc Qudng Nam, vdn nii tiing hay tha, higu Phyc Am) v l nhd minh d DiSn Phudc, Qudng Nam ih dgy cho cdc con ttai va con gai minh. Sau ndy Pham Hfiu Kinh ga con gai cho Nguyin Dudng Hgo, ca hai cung nhau xudng hga, tmdc tdc cd thi pham Chien co duang thi tap luu hdnh d ddi' .
3. Hgc quan vd c h l d$ dai ngd Dudi thdi qudn chd, nhihig chdc quan tham gia quan ly vd giang day thudng dugc ggi Id Hgc quan, mdi he thdng tmdng hgc khdc nhau sS cd nhung quy djnh riSng v l tieu chi tuyin chgn, bao gdm phim ttgt va ddc hanh.
Tai khu v\rc thu phu chua Nguyen dd cho md tradng dS Idm noi hgc tap cho T h i to vd con chau quan viSn ttong hodng tgc.
Thdy gido dgy hpc cho cdc Thdi to, Hodng to phdi Id nhittig vj quan ttang phu Chiia, do dat qua khoa cd, Id ngudi thdm nho, ddc hgnh, hp cd t h i Id ngudi ViSt hogc Id ngudi Phuong Tdy. Bdi mdt dilu d ^ bigt trong bp may chinh quyin cda chua Nguyen Id, mpt s l ngudi ngoai q u i c , chd yeu Id ngudi Hoa, Nhgt, ngudi Phuong Tay gifi chuc quan
ttong chinh quyen, chd yeu gifi chdc quan bdc sT hogc Iam thiy dgy hgc*^^'.
Thdy gido dgy hgc cho Thdi to, ngudi sS k l vj ngdi chua dugc phong chdc Thdi tu Thdi su, cdn thay dgy hgc cho cdc Hoang to, con chau quan vien hodng tgc dugc phong chdc Thi gidng, hay Ddng cung Thi gidng.
Chinh su cdn ghi lgi mgt sd vi quan d§ timg gifi chuc vy Ddng cung Thi gidng nhu:
Nguyen Dang Thinh, Nguyen Dang Tiln, Hd C?uang Dgi, NguySn Cuu Thdng. Giup viec cho cdc chuc Hgc quan nay bao gdm mgt bd phdn cac thuOc hg, gom Thi ddng, Thdi gidm, Thu ky, mgt viSn quan am hieu ve ludt Ie, cdc nghi IS ttong vuong qudc, cijng nhieu ngudi phyc dich khdc.
O cap dinh hogc ttdn, chua Nguyen cho ddt chuc Gido chiec (Nho sT Phgm Hihi Kinh da timg gifi chdc Gido chdc dinh Qudng Nam) de qudn Iy vigc hpc hanh vd thi cd. Trdng coi vigc hpc tap d cap phu, huyen Id chdc quan Hudn dgo, Gido thy (danh sT Nguyen Ddng DS Id cha Nguyin Dang Thinh, tung gifi chuc Huan dgo d huyen Minh Linh, Nguyin Bdo Tri ngudi huygn Huang Trd timg gifi chdc Gido thy).
^^°^ Trong sdch (2005), Dgi Nam Hit truyin. t.l, Tiin bien ciia Vifn Sii hpc v4 Nxb Thuan Hda, ghi Id Nguyin Diing Hifu.
'^''Quoc sii qudn triiu Nguyin (1995), Sdd, tr.226.
*"' Dudi thdi chiia Nguyin Phdc Tdn dd cho vdi linh myc Barthoiomeu da Costa thu^c Ddng Tfn vdo Idm quan Ngy Y trong Thdi Y vifn; chda Nguyin Phiic Chu da min Thien sir D^i Sdn ttr Trung Qudc sang gidng d^y d^o Phdp, dong thdi giii bf n minh linh muc Antonio de Amedo vdi tu each mpt nhd todn hpc ldm vifc t^ii Kh4m Thien Gidm. Dudi ddi chda Nguyin Phiic Khodt da cho mdi khd nhilu linh myc n^rdi nude ngoai ldm quan Uong Irilu nhu linh myc n^idi Diic Neugebauer dupe coi Id mpt nha thifn vdn, nhd todn hpc, linh myc Ddng Tfn Siebert (ngirdi Diic) Idm bdc Sl trong phii ciia minh. Khi Siebert mdt, m^t linh myc khdc Id Slamenski thay thf v4 sau dd la 6^o sT Jean Koffler, vira 14 nh4 todn hpc, vira 14 quan ngy y dupe V5 Vuong rat tin c&y v.v..
Tgp chi Khoa hgc xd hpi Vi?t Nam, sd 10(95) - 2015 Ld nggch quan ciia nhd nudc cho nSn cac Hgc quan cung dugc chiia Nguyin danh nhilu c h l dg dai ngd nhu cac ngaeh quan khdc, bao gdm: trang phyc, bdng lpc, phong tdng chuc todc, tmy phong dm thy cho con chdu. Cdc Hgc quan dugc nhd nudc ban cho ttang phuc gdm mu, do, toy timg ddi chda md cd su quy djnh v l kilu ddng, mdu sdc khdc nhau. Chdng hgn, dudi thdi chua Nguyen Phuc NguySn, cdc vj quan xuat than khoa bang (gdm cd Hgc quan) thudng mac "mdt chiec do ddi bang nhieu den, phdn dudi khdng xe thanh nhilu vgt vd khdng cd nhieu mdu"' \ Den ddi chua Nguyen Phuc Khodt, ttang phyc cua cac quan vdn vo, dan thudng dugc quy djnh mdt cdch cy the hon, theo dd quan Igi to Chudng dinh cho dSn Cai dgi ve ben vo, to Qudn bg cho den quan Hudn dao ben vdn deu mdc quan do vdc dogn, quan Igi cao d p hon thi xn%c do thSu hinh r i n g vd sdng nudc, d$i mu cd ddt vdng ddt bgc.
Ve bong lpc: CJ Dang Trong h? thing quan lgi khdng dugc trd luong nhu triiu ffinh vua Le chua Trjnh d Dang Ngodi. Theo thi IS cua chiia Nguyen, quan M thudc nggch cao d p till dugc hudng lgc diin nhung vdi dien tich nhd han vdi Ddng Ngodi (thudng Id to 2 din 10 mlu) vi quy ddt cdng d day khd han hgp* . Ba con thdn thugc nha chda vd hgng be tdi quy tgc diroc cdp moi ngudi 10 mau, chuc Chudng co dugc 5 mlu, Cai co dugc 4 mau, Cai dpi dugc 3 mlu, Ngi dpi ttudng tUigc 3 mau rudi, Ngoai Dgi tmdng dugc 2 maurudi*^^*.
Cap dudng chinh cua quan la ngy lpc, nghTa Id chinh quyen cho phep cac quan tuy theo cap bgc va chdc tudc cda minh sd dyng m<it s l nhan dinh, cdc nhdn dinh ndy se cung cap cho vi quan nay tien bac, gao vd mgt so djch vy khdc nhu canh gdc, gifi
gin nha ciia... Ngugc lai nhthig "nhiSu phu"
ndy dugc mien thue va Iao djch. Dli vdi quan Hudn dao, mdc quy dinh v l chl dg
"ngu Ide" dugc Phu bien tgp luc ciia Le Qu;^ Ddn ghi chdp cu thS nhu sau: "Phu thu lg cua phu 10 ngudi bao gdm chinh hg hgng ddn, hgng lao 6 ngudi, khdch hg hgng quan 4 ngudi thi phd quan thu dugc 9 quan 2 tien; phu thd Ig cua huygn vd sdi phu (phu qudt dgn) cua H u i n dao, d i u 6 ngudi (4 chinh ddn, 2 khdch qudn), dugc tiln deu 5 quan, 4 tien. Huan dgo cac phu Qudng Ngdi, Quy Nhon, Phd Yen sdi phu 4 n g i ^ (1 chinh ldo, 1 chinh ddn, 2 khach qudn) dugc tiln 3 quan 5 tiln"*^^'. Rieng d dinh Hudn dgo phu Thdng Hoa sd nhdn dinh Id 5 ngudi, tiSn thu dugc Id 5 quan 4 tiln.
Theo IS "tap dm" cda chiia Nguyin Phuc Chu ban hanh ndm 1707, con chdu ciia Hgc quan dja phuong cd muc quy djnh nhu sau:
"Cdc quan Tri phu, Tri huygn, Huin dgo, Gido quan... cd con chdu thi chilu theo phim, theo thd nhilu hay it, con thi b l Iam quan viSn to, chdu thi bd lam quan vien ton, cdn con nudi vd hp ngoai thi diu b l vdo
'"' Ao ndi trSn d day chi trang phyc ciia tdng Idp gidu cd trong xd h$i. Theo Chirstophoro Borri mo td ve loi dn m$c cua cu ddn xii Ddng Trong d thi k^
XVII thi: dan dng mdc vdy thay vl quan cyt vd cQng m$c 5 - 6 chiec do d4i, r$ng, bdng lya mdng khdc mdu nhau, tay do khd r$ng... ddn dng ciing nhu ddn bd deu de toe ddi.
'''" Theo Quan chi thdi Hong Dice, quan Ti lim c6 Iuong 1 thang Id 3 quan 6 tien, 40 dong, dupe cdp 4 mau ddt thi nghifp, 13 mlu rupng vua ban, 10 mlu ru$ng tl.
Thdi Le - Trjnh, che dp lgc diin ddnh cho cdc Hpc quan khi vl tri sT nhu sau: quan Tl tiru, Tu nghifp (hdm Tii ngu pham) dupe ban 15 mau ho?c 10 mau, lye phdm trcr xuong 10 mlu (xu6ng moi phdm bdt ddn di mpt mau).
'"* Phan Du (1974), Qudng Nam qua cdc thdi dgi.
Quyin Thugng, C6 hpc Timg Thu, tr.l33.
'"* U Quy Ddn (2007), Sdd, tr. 198 -199.
Gido dye Nho hgc dudi thdi chua Nguyen
^ g " . L$ ndy dugc duy tti cho cac ddi chua tilp theo.
4. Chinmg trinh va each thuc hgc tap Myc tieu cda nin giao dye Nho hgc tiidi quan chd Id dgy vd hgc dl ttd thdnh con ngudi theo Iy todng Nho gido, Iy tudng do dugc gdi gpn ttong bin chfi "tti, tl, fri, binh", toe Id tu thdn (rSn luygn bdn thdn minh) dl cd till ti gia (qudn ly gia dmh dugc tit), to dd tiln ISn trf qudc (cai tri dit nudc) roi binh thien hg. Myc tiSu dd dung nhu nhgn xet khd tinh tl sau ddy cua Samuel Baron khi mieu td vl vi^c hgc tgp cda cu ddn Ddng Ngodi: "Ngudi Dang Ngodi cd diu dc vd tri nhd tdt, cd khd ndng Idm vi$c tit nlu dugc ddo tao bdi bdn. Hp ham hgc, nhung khdng phdi vi yeu thich nghiSp hgc md coi viec hgc Id each dl vinh than phi gia..."*^^\
Cung theo ghi chep cua cdc thuong nhdn, gido sT Phuong Tdy, tmdng hgc d Ddng Trong cung dung cac sach kinh diln cua Nho gia nhu Tii Thu (Ludn Ngfi, Dai hgc, Trung dung, Mgnh Tu), NgU Kinh (Kinh Djch, Kinh Thi, Kinh Thu, Kinh Le, Kinh Xuan Thu), Id nhihig sach l u ^ thuylt vl ludn Iy dl Idm cdng cy dgy bdo hgc trd.
Bp Tic thu, NgU Kinh nay chda dyng phin Idn sl Iugng Hdn ty: vdn cd, phin Idn ttong sl dd khdng de dang cd thS hieu dugc.
Ngudi ta tinh toan rdng cd khoang 90.000 din 100.000 chfi. Tuy nhiSn, ngudi binh tiiudng chi cin hpc din 12.000 ho$c 14.000 chu Id cd till dpc tiidng viet tiiao^^'^ Trong dd cuon Kinh Thi*"***' theo nhu nhgn xet cua Gido si Borri la cuIn sdch dugc ua chupng hon cd. 6ng viet: "Cuon sdch hg chudng hon cd vd hg quy ttpng ban cd Id cudn ban vl triit hgc luan ly gdm cd dgo ddc hgc, kinh tl hpc vd chinh tri hpc"; "hp (hgc trd) hgc ttong ldp, hg dgc va Idn tiing xudng bdi nhu till ca hat"**'\
Ngudi hpc cdn dugc hpc ve lich sd ddn tdc vd lich su Trung Qudc thdng qua bp Dgi Viet su ky todn thu cua LS Vdn Huu, Ngd ST Lien vd "Sv ^ " ciia Tu Md ThiSn. Ngodi ra, hgc ttd cung phdi nghien ngam cdc hgc thuylt cua "Bdch gia Chu tic" (gim sdch cda nhfing nhd triet hgc cua Trang Qudc vilt vl thdi Xudn Thu Chien qudc, ddi Hdn, Dudng, Tdng cho din Minh, Thanh), Dudng Thi, Tdng Thi. Trong khi hgc tap, thdy gido cdn dgy cho hg quy cdch hdnh vdn theo cac thS logi dugc dung ttong thi cd nhu: Kinh nghia, Chl, Chilu, Bilu***^* cung tho, phu, vdn sdch de dap ung cho nhu cdu cao nhdt Id tham gia cdc ki thi.
Nhu vdy, cQng nhu tgi Ddng Ngodi, sdch diing de hgc vd thi cu tai Dang Trong deu Id cdc sdch kinh dien cd hpc cua Trung Qudc.
Vdi hg thdng sdch gido khoa nhu vgy thi chuong trinh dgy hgc thien vl sdch kinh dien, Iy thuylt md it chu ttgng den khoa hpc ty: nhiSn, ky thugt vd thyc hdnh.
Ngudi Ddng Trong vdn su dyng chu Han lam vdn t\r chinh trong hgc hanh, thi cu vd van hgc. Trong sdch "Mp/ chuyen du hdnh din xu Nam Hd (1792 1793)" cua J.
'"' Quic sir qu4n trieu Nguyin (2004), Sdd, t.l, tr.!21.
'^*' Sanuel Baron (2010), Md t4 vuong qu6c Ddng Ngodi, trong sdch: Tuyen tgp tu liiu Phucmg Tdy, Nxb Hd Npi, tr.71.
'"' Chistophoro Borri (1998), Sdd tr.72.
'•"' Kinh Thi Id t§p tho, ca dao c l nhdt cua Trung Qudc, m$t tdc pham t^p thi phdn ldn ciia nhan ddn, npi dung phdn dnh nhilu m^t: ljch sii, chfnh trj, kinh tl, phong tyc, tdm tinh ciia ngudi Trung Qu6c trong mOt thiri gian hon 500 ndm (tir dau TSy Chu din giita Xudn Thu).
*^'* Chistophoro Boni (1998), Sdd. tr.71 - 72.
**^* Kinh nghia: Id thi vdn gidi thich m^t hojc nhilu cdu trong sdch Tit thu. Ngu kinh; Che: 14 ldi vua phong thudng cho cdng than; Chiiu: Id ldi vua tmyin vl m$t vifc quan trpng ciia triiu dinh; Biiu:
lin thdn ddn, quan chiic chuc tyng hoac t? on vua.
Tgp chi Khoa hgc xd hgi Vi$t Nam, sd 10(95) - 2015 Barrow dd phdn anh kha ro diSu dd:
"Nhfing ngudi Nam Ha dd bdo t i n mdt cdch cd hi^u qua chfi viSt Trung Hoa.
Chiing tdi khdng thiy cd khd khdn ndo ttong khi giao tilp vdi hg v l mgi vdn d l bdng phuong ti^n trung gian nay, thdng qua cdc nhd su Trung Qudc"*'*^*. Phgm Dinh H i ttong VU trung tiiy bdt cGng cho biet chfi vilt vung Thudn Quang ttong the ky XVIII gin gidng vdi Ioi viSt cua thdi Le so vd Mac: "N6t but lln cd ldi chan Idi khdi, chu c l din ddi l y dd cd mgt budc biSn cdi.
Khodng ndm Dien Thdnh ddi nhd Mac cd con gdi Dd Quoc Cdng Id Mac thj cd dung ra chiia Bdi An, mdi dd khic mgt bdi minh, n^t chfi dau cong chan qugo, hoi gidng chfi vilt bdy gid, nhung ben td venh len, ben hfiu vgo xuing, cd hoi khdc... D l thudng v l ddi LS so vd ddi Mgc, Idi chu viet dgi logi nhu thi cd. Gin day ldi viSt chfi d ttong T h u ^ , Qudng cdng g i n gidng nhu vgy.
Cling cdn la gifi ldi chfi cu nhu xua"*''^*.
Tuy nhiSn, so vdi chfi Hdn cua Trung Quic, chfi Hdn d Ddng Trong dd cd su cdi bien di khd nhieu khi nd tu bd sung hode dua thSm vdo nhimg to nudc ngodi*'*'', nhung nhu Chu T\r viet ttong "An Nam cung djch kf sif' thi *tuy cd nhihig chd khdc nhau ttong chfi vilt cua ngudi An Nam vd ciia ngudi Trung Qudc, nhung nghia chfi van cd thS hiSu dugc, vd cd t h i de dang hilu dugc y nghia cua moi vdn bdn"t«'.
5. K i t luan
Cung vdi qud trinh md rgng lanh thd v l phia Nam, xdc Igp quyin t\r trj tren mpt vung Idnh t h i r^ng Idn, thi nhu d u toyin chgn, phan bo m^t dpi ngu quan igi cho cdc vung dit mdi khai phd da ddt ra cho cdc chua Nguyen nhu ciu cin thilt phdi xay d\mg mpt nen gido dye, khoa cd theo Idi
Nho hpc d vimg d i t Dang Trong. Vi vgy, ttong hai till k^ XVII va XVIII cac chiia Nguyen dd thi hanh mOt s6 chinh sach quan trgng nhu m d tradng dung Idp (chu ylu dl dgy hpc cho con chdu hodng tgc), x i p dat chdc quan trdng coi viSc hgc tu thd phii ddng do xuing d p dja phuong. RiSng d c ^ dia phuang, m | c du chua cd tu lieu dl ke cdu chua Nguyin cd cho lap tmdng cdng a d p dan vj hdnh chinh nay hay khong, nhung hg thing tmdng to do Nho si md lgi xuat hign khd nhieu da gdp phdn khdng nhd vao vigc tao nen mdng cho nen gido dye Nho hgc hinh thdnh vd phdt triSn.
Gido dye Nho hgc d Ddng Trong chua di vdo dien che, quy cd nhu d Ddng Ngoai nhung da dgt dugc mpt sd ket qud quan ttpng. Thanh qua Idn nhat cda nSn giao dye ndy Id dd ddo tao vd hinh thanh nen mpt dgi ngu tri thdc Nho hpc. Dpi ngu ndy khong chi tham gia vdo b ^ mdy nhd nudc, ma tren cuong vj Idm quan da dem hSt tdi ndng, tdm huylt d l ddng gdp cho su phat triln cua qudc gia.
''"' J.Barrow (2007), Mgt chuyin du hanh din x&
Nam Hd (1792 - 1793), Nxb The gidi, tr.95.
'*" Ph?m Dinh Ho (1989), VS trung tiiy but, Nxb Trf, tr.25.
"'* Theo J.Barrow trong Mgt chuyin du hdnh din xii Nam Hd (1792 - 1793). thi ngudi Nam H4 dd dua vdo nhthig phy dm B, D, R md hp phdt dm khdng khd khan gl, nhung mOt nguiri Trung Quoc dii cd co gdng bao nhif u cQng khdng dpc dupe dm tilt dd, cd mOt phy dm ke trfn. Vi dy; tir tieng Anh Id Four, tiing Tnine dpc 14 Soo (tu), tiing Nam Hd Id Bon (bin); tir tiing Anh 14 The earth, tiing Trung id Tee (dia), tiing Nam H4 Id Dja...
**"* Trich tir bdi Chu Thudn Thuy d triiu dinh chiia Nguyin xung d$t hay giao luu vdn hda, ciia Duong Bdo Qudn, tdc gid ngudi Trung Quoc, bdn djch ciia Ddo Hiing in trong sdch: Chiia Nguyen v4 virong triiu Nguyin trong ljch sii- Vift Nam tir tir the kJ XVI den t h i ky XIX" (2008), Nxb Thi gidi, (2008), tr.643.
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