So 1(293)-2Q20 NGON N G C & DCJI SONG
INGON NGCr HOC VA VIET NGtJ HQCJ
DANH HOA VA AN DU N G f PHAP Tir GOC NHIN ITNG DUNG NGON NGlT
PHAN VAN HOA* - GIA THI TUYET NHUNG**
TOM TAT: Bai viSt nhiim phan n'ch_ va lam ro cac qua trinh danh hoa ciia cac lop tu v^ng, cac chiic n5ng cua danh hoa; qua do tim hieu danh hoa vcri tu each la mat bi6u hien ciia cac loai kt du ngu phap: (1) Aii du ngir phap kinh nghiem, (2) An du ngu phap lien nhan va (3) An du ngu phap van ban. Bai viet, vk mat li luan, dua tren nhung goc nhin moi cua ngon ngii hoc chiic nang va ogon ngu hoc tri nhan dk phan tich va H giaij vh mat thuc tiln va rnig dung ngon ngii, dua tren cu lieu 364 mSu danh hoa nhieu kieu loai trong cu6n sach tigng Anh "Happy Teachers Change the World" cua Thich Miat Hanh va Kathenne Weare (2017) - mot van ban sii dung danh hoa mot each phong phii va sinh dong, bai viet de xuat cac each hieu van ban c6 danh hoa va Sn du ngu phap sau s5c hem. D6ng thai, bai Viet gcfi y cac each ling dung an du ngS phap qua danh hoa trong viec nang cao kl nang viSt tiing Anh, nhat la tieng Anh hoc thuat mot each hieu qua.
TLT K H 6 A : danh hoa; an du ngu phap; vSn ban; tir vung; ngu phap.
NHAN BAI. 22/11/2019. BIEN TAP-CHINH SlTA-DUYET DANG: 10/1/2020 1. Dat van de
Danh hoa tir lau duac tim hieu va nghien curu nhu mot hien tuang cau tao tii nham lam giau von tir vung va lam phong phii each sii dung tir trong van ban. Khi Halliday (1985) khai quat mot each tuong doi he thong ve khai niem an du ngu phap tren co so thuc hien chiic nang cua danh hoa trong pham vi cau tao van ban, danh hoa dugc nghien cuu va quan tarn a nhieu goc dg khac nhau. Halliday
& Matthiessen (1985, 2004, 2014) cho rang, danh hoa tao ra phong each viet c6 dpng, da dang va trim tugng, la dac trung phong each viet khoa hoc trong tieng Anh. Thomson (1999) khang dinh rang, danh hoa la sii dung hinh thiic dinh danh de dien ta nghia qua trinh. Langaker (2013) voi tu tuong tri nhan ve ngon ngu cho rang, cac pham trii phiic tap trong ngon ngu lien quan nhieu den each phan tich danh hoa a cac khai niem nhu luoc do hoa (schematization), luge do trim tugng cao (highly abstract schema) va luge do c3.p do thap (low-level schema),... Ciang tu day, danh hoa cap dp tit vung va danh hoa cap dp ngii phap-tii vimg hoac cii phap dugc nghien ciiu ro hen va danh hoa c6 chiic nang trong an du ngii phap dugc quan tarn dang ke. Tuy nhien, vi tinh phirc tap cao cua danh hoa, nhit la khi thirc hien chuc nang an du ng& phap, neu khong luu y den nhiing qua trinh danh hoa, nguoi hoc ti6ng Anh c6 khi khong hieu mot each tuong fan y nghia sau xa an chua trong nhijng van ban CO dong y nghTa qua each dung rdt da dang ve tit ngii cung nhu cac kieu cdu triic. Hoac khi mu6n vifit khac di dk diln dat y tuong cua minh phong phii hern, nguai hoc tieng Anh lai to ra Iiing tiing, va chpn each an toan nhAt la theo c4u tnic binh thuong nhat. Vi th^, bai vik nay mot mat nghien ciiu, khao sat tren cii lieu mot van ban cu th^, phan tich he thong qua trinh danh hoa, mot mat lam ro hon chijc nang 4n du cua danh hoa de c6 thi ting dyng hieu qua.
2. Mot so van de li luan
Mac dii gua nhi6u each ti§p can khac nhau vh danh hoa, cho din nay hau het cac nha nghien ciiu ng6n ngii diu ca ban cho r5ng danh hoa la mot su chuyen doi mot diln bien hay qua trinh (process), mot phSm chSt hay tinh chat (quality), va mpt uac dinh hay danh gia (assessment) tra thanh mot sir vat (thing). Vi du:
(1) TU qua trinh chuyen thanh sir vat:
He practises listening deely. -^ His practice of deep listemng.
(2) Tu phim chit ho thanh sir vat:
/ was not hungry to be free.--* I was not bom with a hunger to be free.
(3) Tit uoc dinh/ ddnh gia tra thanh sg vat:
* * PGS. TS; Truang Dai hoc Ngogi ngir, Dai hoc Da N3ng; Email: [email protected]
** Truang Trung hoc Phd thong Tru&ng Chinh, TPKontum;
Email: [email protected]
N G 6 N N G C & BQfl SONG So l(293)-2020
/ must do it. -^ It is my responsibility to do it.
Tuy vay, di vao cu the, danh hoa phijc tap hem nhi^u va vi thS c6 nhigu cong trinh nghien cihi sau, ti mi. Lieber (2016), trong English Nouns-The Ecology of Nominalization la mpt vi dy. Tac gia da phSn tich den cimg qua trinh danh hoa dk xac dinh cac huang nghia bao triim g6m nghia su kien, qua trinh, n-ang thai... dugc goi chung la nghia su kien (eventive) nhu:
The Roman's destruction of the city hoac Her constant writing of notes.
Ngoai huong nghTa su kien (E: Event), tac gia noi dSn hucmg nghia tham chi8u vg thS gioi (R:referential) nhu embroidery (d6 n-ang tri: thupc san phim), residence (noi cu ngu: thuoc noi chon).. .Tren co so do, tac gia phan tich tit cac ti6p vT ngfl (suffixes) thanh 14 lop nghia c6 khi chong lap len nhau nhu +ER trong teachER (tac thi/ agent) trong CookER (dung cu/ instrument), tao thanh biic tranh hien nghia v6 cung sinh dpng khi danh hoa dh giao tiip. Halliday & Matthiessen (1985, 2004, 2014) phan tich danh hoa chu yeu noi din chiic nang moi la an dy ngii phap va dieu nay da thu hut rat Ion cac cong trinh nghien ciiu tiip theo: danh hoa dugc bi6t d^n nhu \k mot nguon luc duy nhit, Ion nhSt &h tao ra fin du ngu ph^p. Quirk, Greenbaum, Leech v^ Svartvik (1985) lap luan ring, danh hoa c6 chiic nang nhu mpt cum danh tii tuong ling mot each he thong voi cau true menh de.
Dua tren quan diem cua ngon ngii hoc chiic nang va ngon ngii hoc tri nhan, Heyvaert (2003) lap luan rang, danh h6a:
Trudc het c6 the la nhimg cau tnic dugc chuyen loai tir dong tir sang danh tit nhu computer (may tinh), bestseller (cai) dugc ban chay nhat), hoac nhu:
Removal of references to the monarch is an act of sedition and a breaking of the oath of office taken by politicians (Khong tham van nha vua la mpt hanh dpng n6i loan va m6t hanh vi boi woe ve loi the nham chiic ciia cac nha chinh tri).
Thu hai, danh hoa tao ra nhiing cau tnic giao thoa giiia mpt dpng tii va mpt menh de day du va tu do tao ra nhiing chii dinh danh phiic tap (complex nominal heads) nhu:
Since old Nanapush had saved her from death, since he was her only friend on the reservation, her visiting the man stood to reason. (Boi vi lao Nanapush da ciiu nang tho4t chet, boi vi ong ta la nguai ban duy nhat ciia nang tren lanh dia nay, cho nfin chuy6n thSm cua nang den nguoi dan 6ng nay la c6 the giai thich dugc.)
Thu ba, danh hoa c6 the bao gom nh&ng menh de c6 chuc nang nhu la nhiing tap hgp dinh danh day du nhu:
/ am not a father who regrets that he didn 'I see them enoush because of work (Toi khong phai \k mgt nguoi cha h6i ti6c ring vi cong viec ma minh da khong cham nom con cai day dii).
Qua nhiing y tuong tren ve danh hoa, chiing ta c6 the nhan ra tinh phiic tap ve cau t^o, ve ngii nghia va vl chiic n ^ g ciia danh hoa, M|c dii vay, c6 hai diem then chot hoc Ip ra 6 day: Ve mat cau tao, danh hoa nhu mot phuong thiic ciu tao tii, chii yiu la chuySn loai pham tru dong tir, danh tii, tinh tir va trang hi; vh phuong dien nay danh hoa thuong 6 cap dp tit vung va dugc gpi la danh hoa don gian. Vh mat chiic nang, danh hoa la mpt qua hinh chuyen nghTa;_ vi khi qua trinh nay dugc sip xip mang tinh cii phap dl thi hien nghia mo ta, y tucmg tron ven, nhit la khi dam duong chiic nang cua in du ngir phap, thuong a cip dp cii phap, dugc goi la danh hoa phiic tap.
3. Phu-oTig phip nghien ciiu v^ gidi thifu van ban Um dii lifu
Phan tich va t6ng hgp la hai bu6c chii yeu ciia qua trinh nghien ciiu. Thong ke cac man trong van ban mot mat dh lam dii ki?n phan tich, mot mat nhu la nhiing nimh hoa va minh chiing dk thuy6t giai tir nhiing lap luan tren.
Van ban la ti^ng Anh nguyen g6c, c6 ten "Happy Teachers Change The World" (va c6 ca ban tilng Viet: Thiy c6 giao hanh phiic sg thay d6i thi gioi), dugc vilt boi Thi6n su Thich Nhit Hanh va TS Kathenne Weare. Sach dugc xuit ban nam 2017, do nha xuit ban Parallax Press, California,
Thich Nhit Hanh, ten khai smh la Nguyin Xuan Bao, sinh nam_1926 tai Thira Thien-Hu6, la nha su, nha tho, nha boat dong vi hoa binh dugc t6n vinh tten khip thS giai. Nam 2019, dugc Quy Hoa
So 1(293)-2Q20 N G 6 N N G C T & DOfI SONG
Binh Schengen va Dien dan Hoa binh The gioi trao giai thuong Hoa Binh Trong TSm (Inner Peace).
Chig CO hon 100 tac pham bing tigng Viet va ti^ng Anh voi phong each vifit c6 dpng, khoa hpc va gan gui voi mpi ting lop xS hoi.
Karherine Weare, tiSn sT, giao su giao due hoc thupc dai hoc Soudimpton va dai hoc Exceter, Vuong quoc Anh. Ba noi tieng thS gioi qua nhieu cong trinh nghien ciiu, hai vigt dac biet danh cho giao due tre em.
4. K€t qua \h thao lu^n
Tir cac quan diem tren va dua vao cii liSu 364 mlu thu thap dugc tu van ban da giai thiSu, bai viSt chia danh hoa lam 3 loai: (1) Danh hoa dan, danh hoa phiic khong an du, va danh hoa an du.
4.1. Danh hoa dffn: Danh hoa don theo thOng ke c6 5 loai voi s6 lugng 126. Co so lugng Ion nhat la loai danh hoa chuyen doi tir dpng tit sang danh tir, theo bang dudi day.
Bang 1. Danh hoa: chuyen logi, so lucfng va tan s6 xudt hien Qua trinh chuyen loai
1. Dong tit - . Danh Tit (Verb -^
NOUN)
2. Tinh tu —* Danh tir (Adjective —*
NOUN)
3. Trang tir —* Danh tir (Adverb —*
Noun)
4. Danh t i ^Tinh tit -> Danh tit (N -^Adj ^ NOUN)
5.Dong tit -•Adj - • NOUN
So lugfng 81 39 2 3 1
Tan so 64%
3i%
1,6%
2,4%
0,8
VI du Teach —* teacher Complex —* Complexity Here -^The here
Mind -^Mindful -+ Mindfulness Interconnect —* interconnected
—* Interconnectedness 4.2. Danh hoa phuc: Danh hoa phiic thuong mang tinh cii phap Ve mat nay, danh hoa dugc cho la mot phuong thiic chuygn mot ciu tnic menh de sang nhdm dinh danh nai do dpng tir, tinh tit.. .tro thanh trung tam ciia nhom dinh danh. Theo Givon (1993), danh hoa mang tinh cii phap dugc dinh nghia la diln trinh (process), qua do, menh de c6 d6ng tir chu dao, bat ke la mot dong tit hay ca nhom dong tit (trir chii ngir) chuySn thanh mpt danh ngii. Danh hoa phiic, theo thong ke c6 hai loai voi tong s6 la 100, gdm danh hoa a cip dp cum tit va danh hoa o cap dg menh de, nhu bang sau day:
Bang 2. Cac logi danh hoaphuc. so luang, xac sudt Loai danh hoa phirc
1. Trong khuon kh6 cum tit (Phrasals) 2. Trong khuon kh5 menhdg (Clauses)
Sd lirong 69 31
Xac suit 69%
31%
Vidu
- Letting 90 of our thinkins about the past or the future.
- Whoever teaches mindfulness has to have a personal practice.
- Hearing that mindful eatins sometimes includes some periods of silence can sound oppressive if you haven't experienced it.
4.3. Danh hoa CO ch^c nang an du ngii phap , , Theo Taviers (2004), mpt each khai quat nhit theo co ch6 ciu tao, c6 hai loai in du: an du tii vraig (lexical meatphor) va in du ngii phap (grammatical metaphor). Thuc chit day la each nhin ngon ngii ma Halliday (1985) hing noi dSn la nhin tit phia dudi (from below, tit vung) va nhin rtt phia tren (from above, tCr vung-ngii phap). Vi du:
Blood bank (ngan hang mau): ngan hang theo nghia th6ng thuong la nai luu giii nhung gi co gia tri cao nhu tien dh phuc vy trong Imh vuc kinh tl-xa hoi. 6 day, bank dugc su dung nhu la noi chua
N G 6 N NGtr & fiOfI SONG S6 l(293)-2020
man - rnpt loai gia tri nhung khong phuc vu kinh ti-xa hoi ma de ciiu ngucn, duac ggi la (1) An dy tir vung; an du tir vung co thS phat triln thanh in du tri nhan (conceptual metaphor) nhu trong nhimg cau tha ciia Nicolas Jordon: My love for you is vaster than the ocean (Tinh yeu anh danh cho em con bao la hon bien ca) [Nicholas Jordon, I'm sorry for the way I say I love you]. Xuan Dieu ciing c6 each diln ta tuong tu: Cao rong tinh ta ntc rang chiiu (Our high and wide love, radiant evening clouds). Theo nghia thuong hieu, tinh yeu la mpt pham trii ngii nghTa tniu tugng diugc cam xuc khong the co chieu cao hay chi^u rgng, khong th^ co kich co bao la. Tuy nhi6n, trong tnrong hgp cac cau tho tren, tmh yeu dugc y niem hoa la m6t vat thI (object), va nho vay, co thS dien ta qua man sic (rirc rang chieu) qua hinh dang (cao, rgng, bao la). Loai in du nay dugc ggi la An du y niem. Ciing tu an du y niem lai co the co nhiing kieu loai in du khac niia nhu an du ban the, an du xu huang... (xem Lakoff & Johnsen, 2003). Ngoai in du tii vung la (2) An du ngii phap dugc ciu tao chii y6u tii danh hoa va co cac tieu loai.
4.3.1. An du nguphdp
Trong cuon "Introduction to Functional Grammar" lin xuat ban dau tien (1985), ngay trong nhiing trang gioi thieu, Halliday da danh gin trpn mot trang noi vk an du ngii phap. Mac dii Halliday cho rang an du ngii phap la mpt net noi bat cita ngon ngu nguoi Ion nhung van nhan manh rang tre em d dp m6i 5-10 tuoi van nam dugc nghia ciia an du ngii phap, bdi IS cac em da bat dau nam nhiing khai niem trim tugng, ph6 quat. Cung trong cu6n sach nay (tai ban Ian 4, 2014), Halliday danh trgn chuong cuoi thao luan ve cac phuong thiic diln dat an du, an du ngii phap va danh hoa. Dieu nay chiing to 3n du ngu phap va danh hoa co moi quan he dac biet va co vai tro Ion ve mat li luan ciing nhu thuc hanh ngon ngii.
Theo Halliday (2014), in du ngir phap la hien tugng chuyen hoa pham trii, la sir thay the the loai hoac cau tnic ngu phap nay sang mot the loai hoac cau tnic ngii phap khdc. Hinh thitc dan gian nhat ve su chuyen hoa tii menh de khong an du sang nhom dinh danh an du ngii phap nhu / originally intended/ Thogt tien tot co y dinh la menh de khong an du —^ wij; original intention/y dinh tie dau cua toi la danh hoa 3n du. Halliday cho thay qua trinh chuyen loai/ chuyen pham trii mpt each cu the theo ban sau:
Bang 3. Nhom dinh danh an du the hien hinh thai chuyen doi (Theo Halliday, 2014, tr. 726) T
Subject Senser Nominal group my Deitic determiner
'orginally' Adjunct Adverbial group original Post- Deitic adjective
'intended' Finite/ Predicator Process Verbal group intention Thing noun
Halliday (2014) tiep tuc giii cap khai niem congment (tuong thich, mo ta theo thuc te) va incongraent (khong tucmg thich, an du) de dan giai m6i quan he tir vung ngii phap va ngii nghia; tu do neu ra cac loai an du ngii phap gom an du ngu phap kinh nghi?m (Ideational grammatical metaphor), an du ngii phap lien nhan (inteqiersona! grammatical metaphor) va in du ngii phap van ban (texmal grammatical metaphor). Nhu nhieu nha ngon ngu hgc khac, Liardet (2016) da van dyng quan diem cua Halliday giai thich sau ve an du ngii phap theo cac hinh sau:
Hinh 1 cho thay moi quan he giiia tir vung-ngir phap (vong tron ben trong) va ngii nghia van ban (vong tron ben ngoai), khi dien dat cau tucmg thich, khong an du;
(a) Because more people are immigrating to Sydney, properties cost more money (Boi vi ngay cang nhi^u nguoi tdi djnh cu d Sydney nen gia ca bat dgng san tang cao).
So l(293)-2020 NGON N G C & D 6 I S O N G
Grammar (tvr vimg - ngQ phip)
Hinh 1. Cach dien dat tucmg thich [Bien the A, theo Liarl. 2016. tr. 17]
Tit do, nho su dung phuong thiic an du ngir phap co the tao thanh nhieu bien the menh de, it nhat la hai kieu loai nhu Hinh 2 va Hinh 3 sau:
(b) Due to increased immigration to Sydney, properties cost more money (Vi di cu den Sydney ngay c ^ g tang, gia bat dpng san tang theo).
Hinh 2. Cach dien dat khong tuang thich [Biin the B, theo Liarl, 2016, trl8]
NGON NGU" & DCn SONG S6 l(293)-2020
(c) Sydneyy immigration growth has led to increased property costs (Phat tnln dan s6 nhap cu cua Sydney din den gia ca bit dgng san tang cao).
LexLco- Grammar (tii vung- ngU pMp)
Hinh 3. Dien dat khong tmmg thich lu0 do hoa tren casa tu vimg ngii phap [Bien the C, theo Liart, 2016. tr.lSJ
4.3.1.1. An du nguphdp kinh nghiem An dy ngir phap kinh nghiem co 3 loai:
- Danh hoa dien trinh:
Danh hoa dien trinh la phuong thiic chuyen tir cau tnic diln trinh gom Tham the + Dgng tir (+
Chu canh) thanh cum danh tit. Diem mau chot a day la chuyen doi dien trinh (dpng tir) sang hucmg dinh danh.
Vi du: Cau tnic khong an dy:
(a) If we practice to breathe mindfully while we walk, we may recognize it is a wonder that we are alive and that we are making steps on this beautiful planet (Neu chiing ta tap tho chanh niem khi chiing ta di bg, chung ta co th6 nhan thiic rang do la mpt dieu ki dieu la chiing ta dang song va chiing ta dang nang timg buac chan ta tren hanh tinh tuyet dep nay).
Diing phuong thiic danh hoa dien trinh de tro thanh an dy ngii phap:
(b) If we practice mindful breathing while walking, we may recognize it is a wonder that we are alive and that we are making steps on this beautiful planet. (Neu thuc tap hoi tho chanh niem khi di, ta CO the nhan ra rang con song la mpt dieu rat mau nhiem va ta dang buoc di tren hanh tinh xinh dep nay).
- Danh hoa chu canh:
Danh hoa chu canh la phuong thirc chuyen mot cau tnic menh de sang nhom dinh danh noi do trang tii trd thanh trung tam ciia nhom djnh danh.
Vi du: ciu tnic binh thuong, khong an du:
(a) Colleagues invest impactfullv on the students in their classes (Dong nghiep da dau tu mot cAch diy tac dpng cho hgc sinh trong lop hgc).
Diing phuong thirc danh hoa chu canhde tro thai± in dy ngu: phap:
(b) Colleagues could also see the impact of their investment on the students in their classes (Dong nghiep ciing co thfi thiy dugc anh hucmg ma hg da dau tu cho hpc sinh trong lop hoc).
S6 l(293)-2020 NGON N G t r & D 6 I SONG 11
- Danh hoa pham ^nh:
Pham dinh co the dugc nhan ra tir tinh tir, cym gioi tit hoac danh hi. Vi du:
(a) Sarah is wise. (Wise: tinh tir)
(b) The fair is on a Tuesday. (On a Tuesday: cum gioi tii) (c) Peter has a piano. (A piano: danh tir)
Danh hoa pham dinh thuong xay ra voi nhom tinh rtr. Danh hoa phim dmh dugc dinh nghia la phuong thiic chuyen tu cau tnic phim dinh sang nhom dinh danh trong do tmh tu tra thanh danh tit trong menh de moi. Vi dy:
Cau tnic binh thuong, khong an dy;
It is joyful to walk just for the sake of walking (Di de ma di la vui roi).
Diing phuong thiic danh hoa chu canh de tro thanh an dy ngii phap:
// is a jov to walk just for the sake of walking (Di de ma di la mot niem vui).
Ket qua thong ke ve an dy kinh nghiem gom danh hoa dien trinh, danh hoa chu canh va danh hoa pham dinh:
Bang 4. Ba logi An du kinh nghiem: so luang, xac sudt An du kinh nghiem
Danh hoa dien trinh
Danh hoa chu canh Danh hoa pham dinh
lip(mg 52
4 9
Xac suat 80%
6,2%
13,8%
Vldij
If we practice mindfkl breathing while walking, we mav recognize it is a wonder thai we are alive and that we are making steps on this beautiful planet (p.4) Colleagues could also see the impact of their investment on the students in their classes (p.l85}
It is a joy to walkjustfor the sake of walking.
4.3.1.2. An du ngii phap hen nhan
An dy lien nhan dugc Halliday (2014) giai thich la each dien dat cac y nghia tinh thai d ben ngoai cii, chang han bang phuong tien ciia mgt cii {cu, theo Hoang Van Van) phong chieu bo sung. Vi du.
(a) Tuong thich/khong Sn dy: it's probably going to rain. (Troi co themua).
(b) An du ngu phap lien nhan: I think it's going to rain. (Toinghi trdi se mua).
An du ngir phap lien nhan dugc to chiic trong hai he thong; he thong Thiic va he thong Tinh thai, co the dugc phan biet nhu sau:
- An du tinh thai
An du tinh thai la hien thuc hoa m^t each tuong minh cac y nghia tinh thai. Nguoi noi dien dat quan diem ciia minh bing nhiing cii rieng biet theo nhiing each khac nhau. Trong in du tinh thai, su thay doi ve ng&
phap xay ra dua tren m6i quan he logic-ngif nghTa cua phong chilu. Trong khi cac y nghia tmh thai dugc hien thuc hoa mgt each tuong thich bing nhiing thanh phan tmh thai trong cii (nghia la, cac tac tu tinh thai, cac phy ngii tinh thai hay cac phu ngir thiic).
Vi du: ciu tnic binh thuong, khong in du:
(a) Our ancestors must be no longer alive, but when we look deeply we see that that is not true (T6 tien ciia chiing ta hin da qua dai rdi nhung nlu nhm sau chiing ta se thay dieu do khong diing).
An dy tinh thai:
(b) We think that our ancestors are no longer alive, but when we look deeply we see that that is not true (Chiing ta nghi ring t6 tien ciia chiing ta da qua doi r6i, khong con s6ng niia, nhung nlu nhm sau chiing ta s6 thay dieu do khong dung).
- An du thurc
NGON NGir & Don S 6 N G S6 l(293)-2020
An dy thiic dugc hieu la su chuyen doi cac lenh thanh cac yen ciu. Vdi phep in dy thiic, he th6ng ngii nghia cua chiic nang Itri noi dugc tao ra tro nen phiic tap hon, t8 nhi hon.
Vi du: Cau tnic binh thuong, khong an dy:
(a) Look into this glass and be in contact with all the human beings that reflected and worked in the past to make this glass available for you now (Hay nhin vao cai ly va hay tilp xiic vcri tit ca nhiing ngudi trong qua khii da nghi va da lam ra cai ly cho ta su dung bay gio).
An dy thitc:
(b) Could you look into this glass and be in contact with all the human beings that reflected and worked in the past to make this glass available for you now? fXin (cac ban, cac em...) nhin vao cai ly va xin tiep xiic dugc voi tit ca nhiing ngudi ma trong qua khii da nghi va da lam ra cai ly ay de cho ta su dyng bay gid nhe2)-
Thong ke cho thay An du lien nhan co hai loai vdi tong s6 la 47, gom An du tmh thai va An du thiic dugc xac lap trong bang sau day:
Bang 5. Hai logi an du lien nhan: so lugng, xdc sudt An du lien nhSn
An dy tinh thai An dy thirc
So lirgng 40
7
Xac suit 85%
15%
Vidii
We think that our ancestors are no lonser alive, but when we look deeply we see that that is not true.
Could you look into this glass and be in contact with all the human beings thai reflected and worked in the past to make this glass available for you now?
4.3.1.3. An du ngii phap van ban
Theo Martin (1992), An dy van ban la mgt thuat ngir hiiu ich "khi cac he thong dien ngon dugc su dyng de hieu van ban nhu mgt thuc te xa hoi". Martin xac dinh co bon loai an du van ban la (1) quan he kem thong diep (meta-message relation), (2) quy chieu van ban (text reference), (3) to chiic van ban thuong lugng (negotiating texture) va (4) noi ket noi bo van ban (internal conjunction). Theo Martin, cac yeu to quy chieu van ban (text references) nhu this khong phai la tham the ma la su kien ket noi van ban va cac yeu to noi ket noi bg van ban (intemal conjunctions) nhu as an introduction khong bao gid chi boat dgng. Ngay den cac trudng hgp nhu let me begin by,... dugc sii dyng de huong toi y nghTa lien nhan, khi van ban doc thoai dugc hieu nhu la van ban doi thoai. Vi dy:
7 think Governments are necessary at different levels for a number of reasons Let me begin by pointing out that the Federal Government fixes up problems that occur in the community. Another exampleis that the Slate Government looks after school; lhis_ prevents vandalism and fighting. As a final point, the Local Government is important to look after rubbish: otherwise everyone would have diseases. As a result of these factors. Government at several administrative levels are necessary (Martin 1992).{ Toi nghi rang Chinh phii rat can thiet d cac cap dp khac nhau vi nhilu le. Cho phep toi bit diu chi ra viec Chinh quyen Lien bang giai quyet cac van de xay ra trong cpng ddng. Mot vi du niia la Chinh quyen quan tam den trudng hpc; dieu nav ngan ngita pha hoai va xung dot xay ra.
Cu6i cimg la. Chinh quyen dia phuong dong vai tro quan trpng trong viec xii li rac: nlu khong mpi nguoi se mac benh. Do cac yeu to nay, Chinh quyen d mot so cap hanh chmh la can thigt).
Theo Martin, nhung cym tit nhu a number of reasons, another example, as a final point and as a result of these factors co chuc nang noi ket noi bg van ban; let me begin by pointing out that co chirc nang la noi ket van ban co tinh dam phan (negotiating texture); this co chiic nang la quy chieu van ban. Tuy nhien, mot nghien ciru mdi day cua He,Yang, va Wen (2015) dudi goc nhin chiic nang noi kit (relator) cho rang co 5 loai an dy ngii phap van ban; theo do, ed su chuyen loai tir cac van ban khong in dy nhu: (a) She didn't know the rules. Consequently, she died, (b) She didn't the rules: so
S6 1(293)-2Q20 NGON NGtr & DOI SONG 13
she died (c) Because she didn't know the rules, she died., (cac cap menh tren diing cac tit ndi kit nhu consequently, so. because) den cac vSn ban co in dy ngii phap van ban nhu (d) Her ignorance of the rules caused her to die va (e) The cause of her death was her ignorance of the rules.
Theo thong ke tii "Happy Teachers Change The World", in du van ban co hai loai vdi tdng s6 la 26 mlu nhu b^ng sau day;
Bang 6, Hal loai an du ngii phap van ban::
An du NP vSn ban Quy chieu van ban Noi ket noi bp van ban
si lugng
9 17
Xac suat 34,6%
65,4%
Vidu
"Breathing in, I know I have a body, and mybody is a wonder of life.". This is a very concrete way to enjoy having a body.
As an introduction. I will usuallv offer a short imided mindM breathing practice.
I also know that students have taken this practice and used if at home to help themselves - for example, when ihev are feeling a gitated or they can't sleep, (p 55)
4.3.2. Ungdung
Danh hoa khong an dy la mgt Imh vuc rat phong phii. Hieu biet va van dyng cac quy tic danh hoa se giup ngudi hgc lam giau von tit vung cua minh. Hon the niia, nam dugc danh hoa khong nhiing giiip hieu sau y nghTa van ban ma con giiip sang tao van ban mpt c^ch uyen chuyen, chu dpng. Doi vdi danh hoa an dy noi rieng va an du ngir phap noi chung, van de ling dung lai v6 cimg phong phii.
Derewianka (1995) thu thap dii lieu tir tre em va quan sat vai trd ciia an dy ngu phap trong su phat trien ngon ngii tir thai tha an den tuoi thieu nien, thay rang an dp ngii phap ciing la ngon ngir cua tre, va ciing phan loai an dy van ban nhu phan loai cua Martin (1992). Tavemiers (2004) khang dmh rang ling dyng an dy ngii phap la rat hiiu dung trong viet khoa hgc, phat trien ngon ngii va day viet hgc thuat.
Chinh vi vay, de co the ling dyng tot nhat, trong giang day ngon ngii, can nam bat mgt each he thong kien thuc ve danh hoa, ve an dy ngii phap de cd the trien khai tot nhat cac myc dich phat trien ngon ngir va phat trien cac kl nang ngon ngii, nhat la ki nang viet tieng Anh.
5. Kit luan
Nhiing khao sat tren tir mgt van ban cd chu dl Ion "Happy Teachers Change The World" ciia nhirng tac gia noi tilng ve tu tudng va each diln dat ta tudng; Thien su Thich Nhit Hanh va TS.
Katherine Weare, cho thiy danh hoa va an dy ngii phap chiem so lugng kha Ion: 364 mau vdi rat nhiSu kilu loai. Danh hoa khong an dy chiem so lugng Idn nhat: 226/364 trong do danli hoa don la 126 va danh hoa phitc la 100. Con lai la danh hoa thuc hien chiic nang an du ngir phap la 138, trong do in du ngu phap kinh nghiem la 65, dung dau bang, thii din la an du lien nhan gom 47 trudng hgp, va cuoi cung la an dy ngii phap van ban gom 26 cdch noi van ban rat thii vi.
Vl mat li luan, bai vilt da neu len nhiing vin de cd tinh co sd, dong thdi cung cho thay tinh phiic tap khi dan giai cac y tudng mdi tit mgt s6 nha nghien cihi, da ggi ra nhilu dieu can phai tiep tyc suy gam, nghien ciiu va thao luan.
v l mat iing dyng, ro rang la v6 ciing cin thilt. Dilu quan trpng la lam sao ngudi day va ngudi hgc tilng Anh cin luu y, quan tam hon nua dl tiing buoc ling dung cac thanh qua nghien cuu vl danh hoa, vl in dy ngir phap tt-ong ling dyng ngon ngu nhu doc hieu, nghe hieu, noi va nhat la viet hpc thuat, vilt khoa hpc va vilt van phong co dgng nhung trong sang, dl hieu va tao ra su diu vi Ion nhit cho ngudi ITnh hpi van ban.
NGON N G f & DOtt SONG S6 l(293)-2020
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
Givon,T. (1993), English Grammar: A function-based introduction ©John enjamins Publishing Company.
Halliday, M.& Matthiessen (2014), Introduction to Functional Grammar. Fourth Edition.
London: Arnold.
Heyvaert, L. (2003), A cognitive-functional approach to nominalization in English. Berlin New York, Mouton de Gmyter.
Hoang Van Van (2012), An experiential grammar of the Vietnamese clause, Viemam Education Publishing House.
Kazemian,B.(20l3), "Ideational Grammatical Metaphor in Scientific Texts: A Halliday an Perspective", InlemationalJoumal of Linguistics, V.5, N.4.
Liardet, L.( 2016), "Nominalization and grammatical metaphor: Elaborating the theory", Elsevier, Journal English for Specific Purposes, 44.
Lakoff, G and Johnson, M. (1980), Metaphor We live By. The University of Chicago Press.
Lieber, R. (2016), English Nouns: The Ecology of Nominalization. Cambridge' Cambridge University Press.
9. Langacker, R. (2013), Essentials of Cognitive Linguistics, Oxford University Press.
10. Martin, J.(1992), Mathematical Discourse. Language, Sybolism and Visual Images. London.
11. Quirk,R., Greenbaum, Leech and Svartvik (1985), A comprehensive grammar of the English language. London: Longman.
12. Tavemiers,M. ( 2004J, Grammatical Metaphor in English, University Ghsnt.
13. Yang, B,,(2017), Textual Metaphor Revisited. Australian Journal of Linguistics.
NGUON NGtr LIEU
14. Thich Nhat Hanh and Katherine Weare. (2017), Happy Teachers Change The World.
Parallax Press; Red River Foreign Languages Publishing House, Ha Noi.
15. Xuan Dieu. (1938), "Tha Tha": Thon thiic noi niem cua Xuan Dieu Ddi nay. Ha Noi.
Nominalization and gramatical metaphor from the view of usage
Abstract: The paper aims at analysing and clarifying the processes of nominalizing word classes and nominal functions. From doing so we discover the ways of expressing the types of grammatical metaphor (GM): (1) ideational GM, (2) Interpersonal GM, and (3) textual GM. In theory, the analysis and explanations of the paper are based on the new points of view- ftinctional grammar and cognitive grammar. In practice, the book "Happy Teachers Change The World" by Zen Master Thich Nhit Hanh va Educator Dr. Katherine Weare, is used as the source of data collected and the evidences for the existence and the functions of nominalization in non - grammatical metaphor and grammatical metaphor cases. The writers also focus on applying nominalization and GM in teaching-leaming English,
Key words: nominalization; grammatical metaphor; text; lexicon; grammar.
