Ngd Xuan Binh. Nhirng ddc diem chu yeu cua...
NHiTNG DAC D I E M CHU Y E U CUA TOAN GAU HOA v A K H U V U C H O A
Ngo Xuan Binh*
Tydt ddu no rp vdo cuoi the ky 19, cho den nay xu huong Todn cau hoa vd Khu vuc X - / hoa dd di duac mpt quang duong khd ddi v&i pham vi bao trirm todn the giai vd mang lai cho cdc quoc gia tham gia rdt nhieu lai ich ve cdc mat kinh te, chinh tri, vdn hoa, gido due... Hai khdi niem ndy vdn luon la chu de thu hut nhieu su quan tdm nghien ciru ciia cdc nhd chinh tri hpc, kinh te hpc vd bdo chi the giai. Bdi viet dua ra mpt cdi nhin long qudt ve todn edu hda vd khu vuc hoa ciing nhu nhirng thdnh tuu md no mang lai cho cpng dong quoc te, dgc biet trong linh vuc kinh te. Tren ca sa do, bdi viet ndy giup nguai dpc hieu tdm quan trpng cua viec tpdn edu hoa vd khu vuc hoa trong quan he quoc te hien dgi.
Tir khda: quan he qudc te, toan can hda, khu vue hda
Toan can hda la khai niem dung de mieu ta eac thay ddi trong xa hgi va trong nen kinh te the gidi, tao ra bdi mdi lien kdt va trao ddi ngay cang tang giira cac qudc gia, cac td chiie hay cac ca nhan d gdc dp van hda, kinh td, v.v.. tren quy md toan cau. Dac biet trong pham vi kinh te, toan cau hoa hau nhu dupe dung de chi cae tac ddng ciia thuang mai ndi chung vatu do hda thuang mai hay "tu do thuong mai" ndi rieng. Ciing d gdc dp kinh te, ngudi ta chi thay eac ddng ehay vdn d quy md toan cau
* PGS.TS., Vien Nghien ciiu An Do va Tay Nam A.
keo theo cae ddng ehay thuong mai, cdng nghe, thdng tin, van hoa'. Tnrdc nhilng bien ddi to ldn vd khoa hgc - cdng nghe nay, tat ca cae nude tren the gidi ddu thuc hien dieu chinh co ciu kinh td, didu chinh chinh sach theo hudng md cua, giam va tien tdi da bd hang rao thud quan va phi thue quan, lam eho vide trao doi hang hoa, luan chuyen vdn, lao ddng va ky thuat tren thd gidi ngay cang thdng thoang hon, md dudng cho kinh te quoc td phat trien. Xu the khu vuc hoa ciing da xuat hien d nhung 'http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/To%C3%A0n_c%EI%B A%A7u_h%C3%B3a
Nghiin ciiu An Do vd Chdu A. Sd 03 - 2014 dang phat trian manh me cho tdi ngay nay,
vdi su ra ddi cua nhidu td ehuc kinh ta, thuong mai khu vuc.
l.Toan cau hoa
Cd nhiau each hieu khac nhau va toan cau hda; Bach khoa thu cua nude Anh cho rang,"toan eau hda la mgt tien trinh ma d dd kinh nghiem sdng hang ngay duge tiau chuin hda tren pham vi tha gidi"; dudi gdc dp kinh ta, ngudi ta eoi toan cau hda la gia tang su phu thupc lin nhau giiia cac nen kinh ta; cd ngudi lai cho rang toan cau hda la qua trinh ma d dd cac quoc gia phai lien kat vdi nhau de ddi phd vdi nhiing thach thiic mang tinh toan cau nhu cung hgp tac da giai quyet van da thay doi khi hiu toan can, chdng khung bd qudc ta, giai quyat vin de benh tit xuyan qudc gia... Mpt each tiau cue, cd ngudi coi toan ciu hda la mpt tien trinh lam ndi rpng khoang each giau ngheo tren pham vi toan ciu, la gia tang su bde lot ciia cac MNCs (Multinational Corporations) tran pham vi toan ciu (quan niem cua nhiing ngudi chong toan ciu hda).
Tuy nhien khai niem toan ciu hoa cd mpt each hiau dugc nhieu ngudi chia se nhit, "Toan ciu hda la sir gia tang cac mdi lian he, lien ket va phu thuoc lin nhau ve kinh td, van hda, xa hgi, ehinh tri, khoa hpe cdng nghe, tliam chi ca mdi tmdng sinh thai tren pham vi toan eiu". Dieu nay eiing ed nghia toan cau hda la mot thuat ngu mang tinh bao trum va la mgt tian trinli nhat tha hda tfch hop nhieu tiau tian trinli, ching ban nhu su phu thude lin nhau ve kinh te, gia tang anh hudng van hda - xa
hdi, nhimg thay ddi nhanh ehdng trong ITnh vuc cdng nghe thong rin... su suy giam vai tro ciia nha nude quoc gia va nhung thach thiic trong ITnh vuc dia chinh tri tren quy md toan ciu. Diau luu y d diy la, su phu thuoc va lien kat dugc ndi d tren tu nd tao ra ca nhung eo hpi va khdng it thach thiic;
cac qudc gia khdng tha ne tranh va can cd nhii'ng nd lue hop tae tran pham vi toan ciu da xii ly nhiing thach thiic do. Bang each lam nay, cac qude gia mdi cd tha khai thac tdt nhirng co hpi do toan ciu hda mang lai.
Toan ciu hda xuit hien gan lian vdi giao luu qudc te va su phat tridn ciia thi tmdng tha gidi. Ngudi ta ndi toan ciu hda bat diu tir cudc xim luge cua de qude Mdng Co, rdi den su hinh thanh va phat trian ciia "Con dudng ta lua" - ndi lian hai luc dia A Au. Va nude Nga can du vao toan cau hda tir diy, khong biet cd diing nhu vay khdng song chinh con duong to lua la mgt minh chiing rd rang eho su phat trien ciia thi tmdng the gidi ma nude Nga la mpt trong nhung the nhin tir thdi ay.
Toan ciu hda gan lien vdi su phat trian va md rpng thi trudng tha gidi dien ra trong hon hai tha ky gin diy. Chii nghia tir do trong the ky 19 dugc coi la "ky nguyan vang diu tien ciia toan ciu hda". Dac tnmg ciia toan cau hda thdi ky nay la su gia tang nhanh chdng cua thuang mai va dau tu qudc ta giua cac cudng quoc de qudc chau Au vdi cac thuoc dia va sau dd la vdi Hoa Ky. Ky nguyen vang ehim diit tii khi no ra cudc Chian tranh Tha gidi thii Nhat. Nhiau nha nghien cuu lich sii kinh ta cho rang, ky
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Ngo Xuan Binh. Nhiing ddc diem chit yeu cita..
nguyan vang da hi sup do tir do cho dan tmdc Chian tranh The gidi thii hai.
Ti6n trinh toan ciu hda dugc tiap tuc ka tir sau cudc chian tranh nay ma dae trung cua no la gia tang trao ddi thuang mai va diu tu qudc ta kat hgp vdi viec hinh thanh cac djnh chi qudc ta va khu vuc. Dieu luu y la, su gia tang cua cac loai giao dich qudc te dac biet la trong ITnh vuc thuong mai va dau tu la nhd sir phat trian vugt bic ciia khoa hpc va cdng nghe. Chinh diau nay da tao CO sd giam bdt chi phi giao dich, tao ra cac cdng cu va phuang tien mdi, thiic diy giao luu qudc te lan mgt trinh dp cao ban va cd hieu qua hem. Nhu chung ta biet, da thiic day thuang mai quoc te sau Chien tranh Tha gidi thii hai cac nude phat then da hinh thanh the cha GATT nham pha vo nhiing rao can quan thua va phi quan thua;
ngudi ta hy vpng bang each nay thuang mai qudc ta se gia tang ca khdi lugng va chit lugng. Thuc te eho thiy, thdng qua GATT cac nude tu ban chu nghia da dat tdi muc tiau do nhd tao ra mgt sin choi mong doi binh dang eho cac tha nhan, dac biet la ddi vdi cac nude cd nan kinh te phat trien d chau My, chau Au, ke ca chau A. Cho du muc tieu tdi hau la tu do hda thuang mai toan ciu hp ehua dat tdi. Trong khi do, cac nude xa hpi chii nghTa ciing thiic diy giao luu thuang mai npi khoi thdng qua to chiic hop tac va tucmg trg kinh ta (SEV) (khoi SEV tdn tai cho den liic Ddng Au sup do) va bang each nay cac nude xa hdi chii nghia ciing da gdp phan thiic diy tien trinli toan ciu hda thdi ky dd. Tilp theo vong dam phan Umguay (1984 - 1995), td chirc
thuang mai qudc te WTO da hinh thanh.
Cd tha ndi diy la mpt dinh cha qudc ta ldn nhit va cd thi la hoan hao nhit da thiic diy tu do hda thuong mai tren pham vi toan ciu. T6 chiic nay thuc su la mgt sin choi cd luat le va la hien thin cho toan cau hda kinh ta trong thuc ta. Diau luu y day la mpt dinh cha qudc te da phuang ma khdi ngu6n la cac nude tu ban phat trien va cac nude cd trinh do phat trian cao. Do vay khi ndi dan toan cau hda ma hien thin la WTO thi ngudi ta cho rang diy la toan cau hda mang tinh chat tu ban chu nghTa. Hiau nhu vay cung khdng sai bdi nhu ehiing ta biet thi tmdng tha gidi hinh thanh va phat trien mang tinh lian tuc gan lien vdi su phat trien eiia chii nghTa tu ban tir nhieu the ky nay.
Va nd bat diu tir ehd khong cd dinh che, ep budc thim chi cudp bdc va xim luge tdi ehd hinh thanh nen cac dinh cha diau tiet
"eac cudc choi" mang tinh toan cau. Tat nhien eac dinh che nay dugc xiy dung dua tren co sd nhin thuc, quan diem va lgi ich cua cac nude thanh vien, d do eac nude co thuc lire nhu nhdm G7 cd vai trd chi phoi.
Va thuc ta eho thay, trong cac euge thuong lupng song phuong de gia nhap to chiic WTO thi viee thucmg lugng vdi mpt so nude thupc G7, nhit la Hoa Ky thudng gap khd khan nhieu nhit. Viee nay da gay ra mpt nhin thirc rang WTO la sin choi ciia cae nude ldn. Va diau do tao co sd cho nhung ngudi khdng iing hp toan cau hoa hoac cac nhdm lgi Ich khac tim each chong lai qua trinh toan ciu hda.
Dong thdi vdi tian trinh thiet lap cac dinh cha da phuang, cac dinh che song
Nghien ciiu An Dp vd Chdu A. Sd 03 - 2014 phuong cung duge xuc tien d nhiau khu
vyc. Chang ban, d Chau Au la cong dong Chau Au (EC) sau chuyan thanh Lian minh Chau Au (EU); d Chau My la khoi miu dich tu do Bic My (NAFTA); d Chau A la ASEAN, APEC va d Chiu Phi la cdng dong Chiu Phi (AC). Cd ngudi cho rang tian trinh van dpng eua eae dinh cha song phuong la ngugc vdi toan cau hda hay ngudi ta cdn ggi do la tien trinh khu vuc hda. Ndi nhu vay ciing ed ly bdi thuc chat eua eac dinh che song phuong chinh la khu vuc hda hay con ggi la lian kat khu vuc.
Tian trinh nay khdng chong lai toan ciu hda ma van dgng song hanh vdi toan ciu hda va thiic diy toan eiu hda. Bdi toan ciu hda d mgt phuang dien nao dd la su ddi mat va each thuc ddi phd vdi mgt van de cd tinh toan ciu hoac tran quy md toan ciu va su phlic tap tha hien thdng qua cac giai phap mang tinh da phuong cho nen ddi khi ngudi ta khd dat tdi mot su dong thuan kip thdi; va bo sung cho dieu nay la cac thda thuan song phuong hay eac hiep dinh song phuang hay cac hiep dinh mang tinh khu vyc. Vdi quy mo nhd hon va dua tran nhung tuong dong ve kinh ta hay ve chinh tri hay wh van hda..., cac ddi tac de dat tdi sy dong thuan vdi nhau.
Ca sd cua toan cau hda hien nay la sir phat trien manh me eua cuoc each mang khoa hpc cdng nghe d dd cong nghe thdng tin (IT) giG vi tri chu dao va nen kinh ta thi tmdng mang tinh toan ciu. Vdi nhung tian bp cua khoa hgc eong nghe, nhiing thanh tuu ciia cong nghe thong tin, nang suit lao dpng da dugc gia tang tran tit ca cac ITnh
vue, chi phi giao dich giam tdi miic tdi thiau. Ciiua bao gid ma cac vin de ciia tha gidi dugc thong tin mpt each nhanh chdng nhu hien nay; nhung vin da phiic tap, nhay cim ciia tha gidi dugc thdng rin mgt each cap nhat nhit, kip thdi nhat cho nhiing ngudi cd ti"ach nhiem, cho nhiing dinh che lien quan. Va ehinh nhd cdng nghe thdng rin, eac van da dai su cua tha gidi dugc dat trong mpt con chip dien tii nhd ngoai siic tudng tupng cua con ngudi. Ciing vdi trinh dp ciia khoa hpc edng nghe ngay hdm nay, ngudi ta da nghT tdi ciu chuyen td chiic cac hpi nghj qude ta true tuyan mang tinh toan ciu; ngudi ta se khdng ton kinh phi cho giao thong, cho khach san va cac dich vu kem iheo khac. Nhiing khac biet va chinh sach, ve cac giai phap thuc day thuong mai va diu tu lian luc dia ciing cd tha dugc giai quyat theo each ddi thoai tryc myan da giam thieu cac chi phi khdng can thiet. Ro rang khoa hpc edng nghe thdi ky hau cdng nghiep da tao nan tang thue day toan cau hda len mpt trinh dp cao ban.
Nen kinh ta thi tm'dng cd quy md toan ciu cung la nhan td dugc coi la nan tang cho tien trinh toan ciu hda. Diy ciing la diem khac biet so vdi su van dpng ciia toan ciu hda each day gin hai thip nian. Noi nen kinh ta thi tmdng cd quy md toan cau thuc chit la ndi dan su phat trien cua nan kinli te thi tmdng hay la viec ap dung md hinh kinh Xe thi tnrdng tren pham vi tbS gidi. Chii nghTa xa hpi d Ddng Au sup dd, cac nude xa hpi chii nghia trude diy nhu Tmng Qudc, Viet Nam... chuyan ddi sang nen kinh te thi trudng ddng nghTa vdi viec
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Ngo Xuan Binh. Nhimg dgc diim chii yeu cita...
tir bd md hinh kinh te ka hoach - tip tmng.
Cho dan nay tit ca cac nude Ddng Au (cac nude xa hpi chii nghTa tmdc day) va gin nhu eac nhu cac nude xa hgi chu nghTa con lai dau van dung mo hinh kinh te thi tmdng d cac trinh do khac nhau. Ngay ca CHDCND Tnau Tian va Cu Ba, ngudi ta ciing da ap dung md hinh nay cho dii d trinh do thip va hp dung cac ten gpi khac nhau (ching ban CHDCND Triau Tian ggi la cai each).
Chinh su dong nhit ve viec phat trian nin kinh ta thi tmdng cua cac qudc gia, eho dil trinh do phat trian cd khac nhau nhung van hanh theo mpt co che thong nhat - co cha thi tmdng - da tao co sd cho cac nen kinh ta rieng le hgi nhap vdi nen kinh te toan eiu mdt each nhanh chdng. Lieu ngudi ta cd tha tim kiam su dong thuan vdi nhau tai td chue thuong mai the gidi Idii cac thanh vian la nhung nan kinh te van hanh theo nhiing ca che ddi lap nhau. Chac chan la khdng. Bdi vay cd the ndi, su ddng nhit ve CO cha kinh ta thi tmdng cita cac quoc gia tren quy md toan cau khdng chi tao ca sd de diy nhanh tian trinh toan cau hda ma nd con tao ra mpt dien mao mdi cho tien trinli toan ciu hda ngay hdm nay. Va theo mpt nghTa nao day thi day cung la mpt dac diem noi bit cua toan cau hda.
Nhiau ngudi cho rang, thuc chit cua toan ciu hda chinh la toan ciu hda kinh te.
Dd la sy nhat tha hda hay su hpi tu cua he thdng san xuat, phin phdi, trao doi va tieu dung tran quy mo toan cau. Day la xem xet vin de tran quy md tong tha cdn d quy mo ciia mpt qudc gia, ngudi ta thudng dh cap
den vai trd ciia san phim, gia ea, tian luong, lai suit, lgi nhuan... trong mdi tuang quan so sanh quoc ta va vai trd cua nhung yau td nay ddi vdi su phat trien quoc gia trong riing thdi ky. Ching ban, ngudi ta ed tha so sanh cac ehi sd nay truoc va sau thdi ky gia nhap td chiie thuong mai thfi gidi da biet mirc do hgi nhap vao nin kinh ta toan ciu cua nude Nga tham chi biet dugc su ddng gdp ciia nude nay ddi vdi dan trinh toan eau hda kinh te. Tat nhian diy chi la mpt chi sd, ngoai ra cdn cac chi sd ve chinh tri, van hda va su can du cua nude nay ddi vdi sinh hoat qudc te.
Cling cd ngudi cho rang, ndi dan toan ciu hda kinh te la ndi tdi su di chuyan ciia cac nguon lye qua bien gidi qude gia nhu:
lao dpng nhap cu, thucmg mai qudc ta, dau tu vdn va su lien kat ciia cac thi tmdng tai chinh. DT nhien sy di chuyen nay phii man thii theo nhung nguyen tae do cae dinh che toan ciu hay khu vye dat ra. Cd mdt each hiau dugc nhieu ngudi thira nhin: "Toan ciu hda kinh ta la qua trinh gia tang sy phu thuoc lin nhau giiia cac nan kinh ta tren pham vi tha gidi, d do khoi lugng va chat lugng ciia miu dich quoc te ngay cang gia tang, su di chuyan ciia cac luong vdn quoc ta gia tang nhanh chdng va iing dyng pho bian cac thanh qua cua cudc each mang klioa hgc cong nghe".
O tren mgt gdc dp nao diy cd the ndi nhan dang die diem nay se giiip cho mpt qudc gia cd them co hgi da gia tang riem luc phat trien ciia minh va thiic day cac quan he kinh ta quoc ta ciia hp. Thyc te eho thiy trong thdi dai ngay nay mpt qudc gia
Nghien cicu An Dp vd Chdu A. Sd 03 - 2014 dil cd riam luc dan miy nau khong co mdt
chian lupc phil hgp va hdi nhap qude te va gia tang su ean dy ciia minh vao rien trinh toan cau hda kinh te thi hg se gap rat nhiau khd khan. Bdi vi khi tham dy vao tien ri-inh nay thi nhiing lgi tha va bat lgi tha hay nhu ngudi ta ndi la kha nang canh tranh qude gia se dugc bpc Id va se dugc nhin dien;
tham chi cd ngudi cho rang nau khong nhan dang dugc die diam nay va chu dpng tham gia vao tien trinh toan cau hda thi qude gia do khdng the phat tnen dugc.
Viet Nam la thi du noi bat ve tinh chu dpng trong viec tin dung nhiing co hpi cua tian trinh toan eiu hoa cho dii chung ta rien hanh theo each riang cua minh. Trong rian trinh dd, quan he kinh te quoc te ciia Viet Nam ed them nhiau co hpi da phat trien, song ciing phai ddi phd vdi khdng it thach thiic.
2. Khu vu-c hoa
Khai niem khu vuc hda hay chu nghia khu vuc la chi sy phu thupc lin nhau tang lan ciia cae nen kinh ta trong mot khu vye dja Iy nhat dinh do kk qui cua sy gia tang mau djch, ciia dau tu, cua ehuyen giao cdng nghe va sy di chuydn nguon nhin luc trong khu vuc. Vi cac nen kinh te cang ngay cang tir bd chian luge va chinh sach hudng npi, ung hg chinh sach hudng ngoai nhiau ban nhim cai thien dnh hinh canh tranh ning cao hieu qua kinli te, cho nen nhu ciu hpi nhap kliu vuc ciing gia tang. Nhu vay ve thuc chit, kliu vyc hda chi cac thda thuan hgp tac kinh td va lian kat kinh te vdi muc tiau thuc diy tang tmdng kinli ta thdng qua tu do hda va tao diSu kien thiic day ty do
hda thuong mai va diu tu. Ngay nay khu vuc hda dugc md rdng sang ca ITnh vyc chinh tri, an ninh va xa hgi chii khdng ehi thuin tiiy ve phuong dien kinh ta. Tat nhien, edt loi van la khu vuc hda va kinh ta, chinh dieu nay tao co sd cho cac lian minh khu virc cung cd cac quan he chinh tri va an ninh.
Va Idii de cap tdi khu vuc hda ve kinh ta ngirdi ta thudng ndi tdi mpt sd kiau thda thuin uu dai khu vyc theo muc do hgi nhap va thuong mai va kinh te.
Thda thuan mdu dich im dai khu vuc:
diy la hinh thiic lien kat khiam tdn nhat gan vdi thue quan uu dai trong cac ITnh vye va hang hda dupe lua chgn. Chang ban, cpng dong than va thep Chau Au, tien thin cua Lien minh Chiu Au ngay nay; Hpi dong Tuong trg Kinh te cua cac nude Xa hpi chu nghTa tmdc diy; d Ddng A, ASEAN cd hiep dinh miu dich uu dai chgn Ipc sau nam 1977, dan 1992 hg thda thuan xay dirng khu vyc miu dich ty do.
Hiep dinh Mau dich Ty do (FTA): cac thanh vian ciia nhdm xoa bd thua quan ddi vdi tit ci cac san phim dupe mua ban giiia hp (ngpai trir mgt danh mue ehung hay mgt so mat hang tam thdi loai trir); dong thdi moi qudc gia duy tri mpt chinh saeh mau dich dpc lip va thua quan rieng ddi vdi cac nude khong phai thanh vien.
Lien minh thue quan: ban canh mau dich tir do giua cac thanli vian, nhdm nay chip nhan mpt chinh sach thue quan ban ngoai chung ddi vdi cac nude khdng phai thanh vian, do vay xoa bd xay ra kha nang
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Ngd Xuan Binh. Nhirng ddc diem chu yeu c gian lan thucmg mai. Cae thanh vien ciia hen minh thue quan ndi chung hanh ddng nhu mdt ea quan duy nhat trong tat ea eac cudc thucmg lugng mau dieh vdi eac nude khdng phai la thanh vien. Lien minh thue quan it phd bien hon FTA vi eae thanh vien phai chiu su phu thuoc vao chinh sach mau dieh chung.
Thi trudng chung: ngoai mau dich tu do giiia cac thanh vien va mdt chinh saeh thue quan ben ngoai chung ddi vdi cac nude khdng phai thanh vien, tat ca rao can ddi vdi vice ehuyen dich lao dpng va von giira cac thanh vien dupe xoa bd.
Lien ket kinh te: giai doan cao nhat nay bao gdm tk ca cac dac didm cila mot thi trudng chung, cung nhu su thdng nhk ciia nhirng the che kinh te va phdi hgp chinh sach kinh td giiia cac nude thanh vien. Cac eo quan lien ket qude gia vdi nhirng quyet dinh ap dung bjt bude cho tk ca cac thanh vien Dieu nay gSn vdi su nhugng bd dang ke chii quydn qudc gia. Khi mdt lien minh kinh te chap nhan mdt ddng tidn chung, nd eung trd flianh mdt lien minh tidn te.
Hinh thite phd bidn nhk cua FTA la khu vyc man djch tu do (NAFTA, AFTA...) va lien minh thud quan. VS ban chat mpt FTA ddi hdi miic dp thd ehd hda thap han mdt lien minh thud quan. Nhidu trong sd FTA nay di xa hon tu do hda mau djch va bao gom ca cac hgp tac chiic nang trong cac Hnh vue nhu phat tridn ngudn nhan luc, phat tridn co sd ha tang va trao ddi klioa hpc cdng nghe...
Lan sdng dau tien ciia khu vye hda xuSt hien trong nhiing thap nien 1950, 1960 va dugc eho la xuat hien lan dau tien vdi viec hinh thanh Khu Mau dieh ty do Chau Au nam 1959 va sau dd la hinh thanh Cong ddng Kinh te Chau Au (EC). Ching bao lau sau dd, cae nude dang phat trien d khu vyc My La Tinh va Chau Phi da xay dyng cac khu vuc mau dieh rieng ciia hp (RTA). Tuy nhien, nhimg RTA nay khdng thanh cdng ngoai trCi khu vuc mau djch tu do Chau Au.
Ly do chii yeu dupe ngudi ta ndi ddn nhiiu la do su can thiep ctia My bdi thdi ky dd My chi ling hd thuang mai da phuang thdng qua GATT; My lo sg cac RTA nay kim ham thuong mai da phucmg.
Lan sdng thii 2 cua khu vuc hda xuat hien vao cuoi nhirng nam 1980 vdi sy hinh thanh Lien minh Chau Au (EU), mdt thj trudng duy nhit. Hoa Ky xiic tidn xay dung khu vue thuang mai ty do My - Canada, sau dd eac nude BJe My thda thuan xay dyng khu virc thuong mai ty do (NAFTA).
Viec hinh thanh EU va NAFTA da tao ra mdt hieu ung Domino, giiip khdi phuc cac RTA cii va khuydn khich cac RTA mdi d Chau My La Tinh, Chau Phi va Chau A, ching han MERCOSUR va Andean. Chau A - Thai Binh Duang ddn mudn hon vdi sir hinh thanh khu vuc thuang mai ty do ASEAN bit diu vao nam 1992 (AFTA),Va tdi 2015 ASEAN se trd thanh cdng dong kinh te. Cac nude Trung Qudc, Nhat Ban, Han Qude dang ban thao mpt FTA trong tuang lai gin.
Tuy nhien, ed nhieu dac didm khac nhau giiia lan sdng thii nhit va lan sdng thil
Nghien cuu An Dp vd Chdu A. Sd 03 - 2014 hai eua khu vuc hda. Lan sdng diu tian la
sy hpi nhap hudng vao ban trong va chua cd dp siu, ngudi ta chi chii trpng giam thue quan. Trong khi do, lan sdng thii 2 mang tinh md, thuc diy tu do hda nhanh hon, hgi nhap siu hon, di xa hon trong viec cat giam thua quan; va loai trir uu dai vi mpt qudc gia ed tha dong thdi la thinh vian cua nhieu hon mpt RTA.
Thuc ta cho thay, hau bet cac thanh vien ciia WTO tham gia it nhit mpt hiep dinh mau djch khu vyc (RTA). Miu dich ngi khoi thudng i*A\em tir 40-50% thuong mai tha gidi trong nhung nam gin diy.
Dieu luu y li trong gin mpt thap nien qua, xu hudng hinh thanh cac RTA ngay cang dugc xuc tian manh, co cau ciia cac RTA ciing rit da dang, vira mang tinh chat song phuang vira mang tinh chit da phuong va cd tha vugt qua ca khai niem khu vuc dia ly thdng thudng. Ching han, hiep dinh thuang mai tu do Chau My (FTAA), day la hiep dinh lien ket eac nen kinh te Bac va Nam My; cac hiep dinh thuang mai tu do giua EU va Chau Phi (FTA); My La Tinh va cac nen kinh ta dang ndi len cua Chau Au va Tmng A; va d khu vyc Chau A - Thai Binh Duong, nhung nen kinh te phat trian hon nhu Uc, New Zealand, Nhit Ban, Singapo va Han Qudc da va dang thuong lugng vdi cac ddi tae d Chiu My nham dat tdi cac FTA (Han Qudc va My da dat tdi mot FTA vao diu thing 4/2007). ^
Sy gia tang cae RTA da lam day lan mdi qua tim ve nhung tac dpng cua chung lan moi tmdng miu dich khu vuc va toan ciu. Ciu hdi dat ra la lieu cac RTA cd gay
can trd he thdng mau dich da phuong dua tren cac quy dinh cua WTO da dugc ban thao hay khong?
Nhu da ndi d trdn, ngudi ta cho rang Ian sdng thii hai cua RTA tao ra ty do hda nhanh hon va siu sac han, nhat la d cap do da phuong va rang ty do hda d cip khu vyc ed tha trd thanh diau kien thuin lgi hoac hd trp cho viec dat dugc su nhat tri cao d cip dp da phuong trong td chiic WTO.
Cd ngudi da ndi "Khu vuc hda la mgt niia banh lai hudng con tau tu do boa di quanh toan ciu". Hiep dinh cdng nghe thdng tin (ITA) ciia WTO minh hga tdt nhit diau nay, va nhu da biat hiep dinh nay dugc khdi dgng bdi APEC trude khi nd chuyen sang WTO.
Tuy nhian, khi mgt qudc gia cd tha la mpt thanh vian eua hon mpt RTA, thi su chdng eheo cd tha gia tang, nii ro cung gia tang vi dieu nay cd the dan tdi nhiing xung dot miu dich. Ban eanh do, nhirng bit cap nhu viy co tha giy phuong hai den viec thuc hien cac chiic nang eiia WTO.
Vin cdn mpt ciu hdi chua cd ciu tra ldi do la lieu cac RTA cd the phoi hgp cd hieu qua cung vdi he thdng miu dich da phuong. Cho du ciu hdi nay cdn bd ngd, song d thdi ky lan sdng thii hai thi dudng nhu viec tham gia cac RTA trd thanh nhung lua chgn chinh sach cua nhiau quoc gia dang phat trian. Khi RTA dugc dy doan se tiap tuc Ian rgng tran quy md toan eiu, khdng it nude dang phat trien cho rang hp se bi loai khdi eupc choi nau hp khdng tham gia. Mdi quan ngai nay trd nan ro ban
Ngd Xuan Binh. Nhimg ddc diem chi yeu ctia..
khi xem xet nhitng ddi tac mau djch chinh va ngudn FDI cila hp la tac nhan dan den hinh thanh RTA va nhung ddi thu canh tranh cua hp da la thanh vien cua mpt hoac nhidu han mdt RTA. Thuc td eho thay, mdt quoc gia dang phat trien se phai ddi mat vdi eac thucmg vu bj phan biet ddi xu tir mpt RTA bit ky. 6 dd nd khdng la thanh vien nhung ddi thii canh tranh va ddi tac mau djch ehinh lai la thanh vien cua RTA dd.
Xel cho ciing thi khu vye hoa chinh la lien ket khu vyc theo nhihig the thiic xac dinh, d dd cac mdi quan he kinh te, chinh tri, an ninh va van hoa - xa hdi dugc coi la eac quan he tru edt. Cac hinh thiic lien ket trd nen uyen chuyen va nang dan cap do tit Idng leo chuyen sang chat che. AFTA la mdt thi du. Hiep djnh Ddi tac Kinh te (EPA) eung cd thd coi la mdt hinh thiic lien kdt kinh ti song phuang - mdt bien tudng ciia RTA. Day la hinh thiic hgp tac dupe Nhat Ban ua chudng va hp da ky vdi cac thanh vien ASEAN. Trong tuang lai, edng ddng Ddng A se hinh thanh vdi day dii tieu chi eua mdt khdi lien ket. Khi do, lien ket khu vuc Ddng A se la mdt thue the quan h-png d dd eac thanh vien eung hudng lgi va chia se nii ro. Viet Nam la thanh vien tuang lai eiia klidi lien ket nay. Nhu vay cd the ndi, khu vyc hoa trd thanh san chai cho cae nude trong mdt khu vyc nhat dinh. Qua do cac nude cd them ca hpi khai thac cac ngudn lye qudc te va thiic day cae quan he kinh te song phuang phat trien.
Didu cin nhin manh, toan cau hda va khu vuc hda la mdt xu thd tit ydu va khdng mdt qudc gia nao ed thd diing ngoai. Toan ciu hda, dac biet la toan eau hda kinh td chinh la ddng lye khidn tat ca cac qude gia tren thd gidi ddu phai gang siie de khdi bj gat ra ngoai Id cua su phat trien, deu nd lye hpi nhap vao xu thd ehung, ra siic canh tranh kinh td vi sy tdn tai va phat tridn cua chinh minh. Nhung lgi ich ma toan cau hda kinh td va khu virc hda mang lai thudng dupe nhin thiy rit rd, nd giiip thuc day tdc dp phat tridn va trinh dp xa hpi hda luc lugng san xuat; md rgng thj hudng; giao luu hang hoa, dich vu, sue lao ddng thdng thoang hon do giam bdt hang rao thue quan va phi quan thue. Ddng dau tu va chuyen giao cdng nghe dudi nhieu hinh thuc giiip cae nude tiep can ngudn vdn, cdng nghe mdi tit nude ngoai, lam sau sac them phan cdng lao ddng qudc te, cd lgi cho ca ben dau hr va ben tiep nhan dau tu... Tuy nhien toan cau hda cung la eon dao hai luoi ddi vdi cac nude dang phat trien. Trong viee khai thac toan cau hda Idnh te va khu vuc hda chiing ta can nhin rd hai mat cua van de nay.
Ve mat tich cue, toan cau hda va khu viic hoa thiic day rat nhanh sy phat trien va xa hpi hoa eua luc lugng san xuat, dem lai sy tang tnrdng kinh te cao. Toan cau hda tao them nhirng tien de rat quy cho xa hdi mdi, giiip tmyen ba va chuyen giao tren quy md ngay cang ldn nhimg thanh qua, nhiing dot pha sang tao vd khoa hgc va edng nghe, ve td chiic va quan ly, ve san xuat va kinh doanh, dua kien thiic va kinh nghiem den vdi cac dan tdc, den timg hp gia dinh, timg
Nghien cicu An Dp vd Chdu A. So 03 - 2014
eon ngudi va dpn dudng cho cdng nghiep hda va hien dai hda. M a n g lai nhiing nguon luc rat quan trgng, c i n thiat cho cac nude dang phat trian tir cac ngudn vdn vat chat, cac nguon tri thiic va kinh nghiem, ve td chiie va ca d t i m vT md cua mpt qudc gia va t i m vi md ciia timg doanh nghiep va ca tha.
Tir do m d ra nhiing dia ban va each thiic boat dpng mdi, nhiing thj trudng mdi, nhiing ddi tac mdi. Khu vuc hda se thiic d i y qua trinh m d cua thi t m d n g d timg nude, tao lip nhung thj t m d n g khu vuc rgng ldn, thiie day qua trinh toan c i u hoa.
v a mat tiau cue, rien trinh toan cau hda va khu vuc hda se l i m t r i m trgng them sy bat cdng xa hpi, dao s i u h o ngan each giau - ngheo... lam eho mpi mat eua eupc sdng eon ngudi kem an toan, tao ra nguy c a danh mat ban sac d i n tgc va dpc lap t u chu cua cac qudc gia.
Tdm lai, toan cau hda va khu vyc hoa vira la co hdi ldn, dong thdi ciing tao ra nhung thach thiic ldn ddi vdi cac n u d e trong tien trinh hgi nhap, trong dd cd Viet Nam.
Tai lieu tham khao
1. Hideaki Hirata, M.Ayhan Kose and Christopher Otrok (2011), Regionalization vs.
Globalization, University of Missouri.
2. Di Mauro, W.J.McKibbin (2008), Globalization, Regionalism, and Economic Interdependence, Cambridge University Press.
3. Belke A. and J.M.Heine (2006),
"Specialisation Patterns and the Synchronicity of Regional Employment Cycles in Europe", International Economics and Economic Policy, Vol.3(2),tr. 91-104.
4. Pangestu M. va Gootptu S. (2004), New regionalism: Options for East Asia, World Bank and Oxford University Press, Washington D.C.
5. Sunaga K. (2004), The Reshapong of Japan's Oficial Development Assistance (ODA), Discussion Paper on Development Assistance.
6. Nesadurai, Helen (2003), Globalisation.
Domestic Politics, and Regionalism: The Asean Free Trade Area.
1. Mojmir Mrak (2000), Globalization:
Trends, Challenges and Opportunites for Countries in Transition, United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna.
Economic Bulletin, Vol. 11, No. 1.
8. Javed Maswood (1994), Japan and East Asian regionalism, ASEAN.
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