TAI CHiNH-NGAN HANG-BAO HIEM
DANH GIA TAI CHINH TOAN DIEN TRONG KHU VUC ASEAN VA NHCNG GIAI PHAP PHAT TRIEN
• N G U Y I N MANH HUNG - TA THU HONG NHUNG
TOM TAT:
Viet Nam va cac qud'c gia trong khu vffe ASEAN da gia nhap cdng ddng kinh td' chung AEC tff ngay 31/12/2015. Dieu nay da d£y manh viec lien ke'l ve kinh te'giffa cac nffdc trong khu vffe ldn mot lam cao mdi, di chuyd'n ve lao ddng va vd'n tff do hdn, tao tien de cho nhffng lidn kd't chat che hdn trong iffdng lai nhff lien minh tien td va hdi nhap lai chinh. Trong nhffng nam gan day, dac biet ke iff sau cudc khung hoang tai chinh loan cau 2007-2008, chinh phu cac nffdc, cac td chffc qud'c le'nhff Ngan hang Thd'gidi (WB), Quy Tien Id Qud'c td'(IMF) da neu bat tam quan trpng cua tai chinh loan dien. Chinh phu cac nffdc trong khu vffe ASEAN cung vay, ngay cang chii trpng dd'n viec phat trien thi trffdng lai chinh mdt each ben vffng v^
loan didn. Bai vid't danh gia tai chinh loan didn d mdt vai qud'c gia trong khu vffe, so sanh vdi Viet Nam, ddng thdi dffa ra nhffng giai phap nham phal trid'n tai chinh loan dien tai Viet Nam.
Tiif khoa: Tai chinh toan dien, ASEAN, AEC, Vidt Nam.
1. Cois^r Iy Iu0n ve tai chi'nh toan dien 1.1. Khdi niem
Trong bao cao nghien cffu mdi nha't nam 2017, ADB Cdi tai chinh loan dien (TCTD) la viec cung ca'p cac san pham va dich vu lai chinh (DVTC) chinh thffc de'n mpi tang ldp ngffdi dan, khdng phan biet tinh hinh kinh te' cua hp.
World Bank da xac dinh rd TCTD la vide ca nhan va doanh nghiep tie'p can dd'n cac san pham va DVTC hffu ich vdi gia ca hdp ly va dap ffng difdc nhu cau cua hp ve giao dich, thanh todn, tie't kidm, tin dung va bao hiem - cac dich vu san pham nay deu dffdc cung ca'p theo phffdng cham trach nhiem va ben vffng.
Tie'p dd, CGAP cung dffa ra khai mem rieng cua minh ve TCTD, CGAP chd rang TCTD lii tinh
trang ma mpi ngffdi trffdng thanh d tudi lao ddng, kd' ca nhffng ngffdi hidn dang bi loai trff khdi he thd'ng tai chinh, tie'p can hidu qua de'n cac DVTC ma cac to chffc tai chinh chinh Ihffc cung cap, bao gdm: tin dung, tid't kidm, thanh toan va bao hid'm (GPFI&CGAP, ND).
Nhff vay, cac khai nidm deu de cap TCTD la kha nang mpi dan cff trong xa hdi ke' ca nhffng ngffdi ye'u ihe'deu dffdc siJ" dung cac DVTC nhff lin dung, tie't kiem, thanh loan, bao hid'm Cac chi tieu do hrdng TCTD la do Iffdng mffc dd fid'p can tai chinh cua dan cff trong mdt qud'c gia, nhff: So Iffdng chi nhanh cac td chffc tai chinh, sd' Iffdng may ATM, sd'lffdng ngffdi gtVi tien, sd'lffdng ngffdi vay den, sd' ngffdi cd lai khoan ngan hang d dd lud'j trffdng thanh...
So 19'Thdng 10/2019 285
1.2. Vai trd ciia tdi chinh todn dien Cac nghien cffu qud'c te' da cho tha'y tam quan trpng cua TCTD qua luan giai md'i quan he giffa TCTD vdi sff on dinh lai chinh, lang trffdng kinh td' va dac biet la vdi phat trien b^n vffng. Nhffng dieu nay da mmh chffng cho sff can thie'l phai thuc day phal tnen TCTD, de thdng qua dd giup dat dffdc cac muc tieu kinh te' vi md va muc tieu phat tridn ben vffng kinh te' qud'c gia. Nhff vay, TCTD cd cac vai trd, y nghla trong vide phat trien ben vffng n^n kinh te' va xda ddi giam ngheo.
1.3. Chinh sdch TCTD d mot vdi quoc gia trong khu vffe ASEAN
Be dat tdi TCTD, cd nhieu each tie'p can khac nhau, trong dd, vide xay dffng chie'n Iffpc qud'c gia ve TCTD dffdc nhieu qud'c gia thee duoi va xem dd nhff mdt sff cam ke't manh me cua Chinh phti mang tinh dai ban. Cac DVTC danh cho nhffng dd'i tffdng nay cung can phai dac biel lu\i y phat trien, dd la dich vu thanh lean va chuyen lien cho ca nhan, hd gia dinh, tai chinh vi md, tai chinh ndng nghidp ndng thdn, lai chinh cho doanh nghiep vffa va nhd va sieu nhd, bao hiem vi md..., cac dich vu dffdc xem la cd ban chd cac dd'i tffdng thu hffdng.
(1) Malaysia: Chinh phu da dffa nhiem vu ve TCTD trong Luat NHTW 2009 va Chie'n krdc td'ng
the' phal trie'n khu vffe lai chinh nam 2011 - 2020 (Master Plan/Blueprinl). Trdn cd sd van ban phap luat nay, Khudn khd TCTD da dffdc xay dffng vdi mot tam nhin rd rang va dat ra cac muc tidu cu the.
Vide cd dffdc mdt cd sd phap luat va sff cam ket cua Chinh phu la nhan td'quan trpng quyd't dinh sff thanh cdng cua chie'n Iffdc TCTD d Malaysia.
(2) Indonesia: Giffa nam 2015, NHTW Indonesia da vid't lai Chid'n Iffdc TCTD va phap ly hda Chie'n Iffdc TCTD mdi didng qua Quye't dinh cua Thu tffdng sd' 82, Theo dd, Chien Iffdc TCTD dffdc xay dffng vdi dinh hffdng thifc hien muc deu Ke' hoach phat trien qud'c gia trung han giai doan 2015 - 2019 va tao sff phdi ke'l hdp chat che giffa cac Bd, nganh khi thffc hien cac giai phap chid'n Iffdc.
2. Mtfc dp tie'p cSn TCTD of mdt vai qud'c gia trong khu vrfc ASEAN
2.1. Sochi nhdnh ngdn hdng
Nhin vao Bang 1 cd the' tha'y, sd' Iffdng chi nhanh ngan hang tren 100.000 ngffdi lai Viel Nam chie'm con so' tha'p hdn so vdi cac nffdc dffdc so sanh trong khu vffe, trung binh la 3.5, trong khi cac qud'c gia dffdc dffa ra sd sanh da vffdt xa Viet Nam.
Sd'lffdng chi nhanh ngan hang phan anh mdt phan dd bao phu cua he thd'ng ngan hang de'n cac viing dan cff trong mdt qud'c gia, va day la mdt trong cac chi lieu danh gia dd rdng cija TCTD.
Bang 1. So chi nhanh ngan hdng/100.000 ngi/dl tri/dng thanh Nam
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Vi#t Nam 3.266 3.278 3.214 3.538 3.107 3.647 3 834 3 757 3.835 3.447 3.908
Malaysia 11.272 11.123 10.915 11.24 11.135 10.946 10 789 ' " 10 672 10.424 10 224 10.247
Thai L.an 10315 10.796 11.006 11.339 11.688 12 095 12 521 12.53 12 353 11.855 11.678
Phiiippines 7.564
7.48 7 537 7.647 7.92 8 223
8.6 8.757 8.843 9.027 9.088
indonesia 6.598
7.48 8.126 14.742 16.925 17.714 17.919 17.74 17.358 16.853 16.243
Singapore 10.305 10.241 10.223 9.665 9 769 9.437 9 32 9.258 8 984 8.488 9.038 Ngudn. Thdng ke lif Ngdn hdng The'gidi (Wolrd Bank)
TAI CHINH-NGAN HANG-BAD HIEM
2.2. Solffc/ng mdy ATM
Bang 2 la sd Iffdng may ATM/100.000 ngffdi irffdng thanh, ATM la mdt cdng cu giup cho ngffdi dan sff dung dich vu ngan hang mot each nhanh chdng, thuan Idi, day ciing la mot chi lieu danh gia dp rdng cua TCTD. Nd'u so sanh vdi mot vai qud'c gia trong khu vffe thi con sd nay cua Viet Nam kha khiem td'n, cao nha't la nam 2018 vdi 2.527.700 may, tffdng dffdng vdi so' Iffdng ATM cua Philippines. Thai Lan la mfdc dSn d^u trong so' 6 qud'c gia dffdc so sanh vdi con sd len de'n 11.512.000 nam 2018.
vdi cac nffdc dffdc dffa ra so sanh con so' nay cdn khiem td'n, nhffng ne'u so vdi nam 2011 thi ly Id nay da tang tren 9%, day cung la mdt thanh tffu nha't dinh trong viec phd' cap tai chinh.
2.4. Tin dung trong nffdc tff ngdnh Tai chinh ngdn hdng
Chi tieu nay phan anh phan tram dff nd lin dung trdng nffdc so vdi long san pha'm qud'c ndi. Trong sdcac qud'c gia dffdc dffa ra so sanh, dff nd tin dung cua Vidt Nam cd ly le iffdng dd'i so vdi GDP, Nam 2018, con sdnay cua Viet Nam la 141.886% va chi sau Malaysia. Dieu nay chffng td tin dung ddng
Nam 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Bang 2 Vi$tNam
11.833 14.734 17 029 19.603 20.69 21.882 22.715 23.763 24.257 24.579 25.277
. S6' \MT\g m a y ATM/100.000 ngi/di trudng thdnh Malaysia
41401 51825 53.519 53.56 53 212 54.584 52.299 51.184 48.894 47 532 46.627
ThaiLan 65.356 73 366 81.9 87.332 94.817 102.398 110.143 112.565 112.885 116.987 115.12
Philippines 13.167 13.997 15.086 16.782 18818 21879 2314 25.023 27.059 28.237 29.115
Indonesia 13.152 14149 13 066 16.488 35.844 42.189 49.45 53.265 54.653 55.477 54.719
Singapore 52.383 54.815 61.505 61.995 61.391 60.271 59.503 60.018 57.754 65.158 66.457 Ngudn: Thdng ke tU Nngan hdng The gidi (Wolrd Bank)
2.3. Sdlffcfng ngffdi co tdi khoan ngdn hdng Mot qudc gia Iffdng ngffdi trffdng thanh cd tai khoan ngan hang ldn the' hien nhieu dan cff dffdc sff dung DVTC. Bang 3 la ty le ngffdi cd tai khoan tai id' chffc tai chinh hoac sff dung dich vu thanh tdan di ddng tinh tren td'ng dan sd'lff 15 tud'i trd Idn.
Ty Id nay phan anh mot phan sd'lffdng ngffdi sff dung cac DVTC tren td'ng sd' d§n tff 15 tud'i trd Idn. Di dau trong khu vffe la Singapore, trung tam tai chinh ciia khu vffe ASEAN, gan 100% sd'dan den tud'i trffdng thanh deu sff dung DVTC. Ty Id nay tai Viet Nam vao nam 20171a 30,796% ngffdi cddp tudi tff 15 trd len sff dung DVTC. Mac du so
gdp mdt phSn ldn vao sff tang Irffdng cua nen kinh te', tuy nhidn cijng la mdt chi sd' can kie'm soat vi nd'u lin dung dau iff khdng hieu qua hdac dau tff ty trpng ldn vad nganh Tai chinh nhff chffng khoan, bat ddng san, ma khdng dau tff nhieu vao nganh san xua't se gay nen tang trffdng ao cho nen kmh te', bong bdng thi irffdng tai chinh va de dan tdi khung hoang tai chinh. (Bang 4).
Qua danh gia thffc trang ve TCTD lai Viet Nam va mdt vai qud'c gia trong khu vffe ASEAN, nghidn cffu chi ra rang, trong nhffng nam qua Viet Nam da cd nhffng thanh cdng nha't djnh. Tang trffdng dn dinh ve sd' Iffdng chi nhanh ngan hang, sd' Iffdng ATM, Iffdng ngifdi trffdng thanh cd tai khoan ngan
Bang 3. Ty le ngiTdi c6 tdi khodn tai to chCfc tdi chinh hogc SLIT dung djch vu thanh todn dl dong
Nam 2011 2014 2017
WMNam 21.369 30 951 30.796
Malaysia 66.174 80.675 85.344
ThaiLan 72.666 78.137 81.694
Philippines 26 556 31.286 34.498
Indonesia 19 582 36.059 48 857
Singapore 98 222 96.353 97.931 NguSn. Thdng ke tU Ngdn hdng The'gidi Bang 4. Ty le tin dung trong nUdc lii nganh Tai chinh ngdn hang cung ca'p/GDP
Nam 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Vilt Nam 86.863 112.763 124.661 110 216 104 914 108 227 113.767 128.347 140.062 141.851 141.886
Malaysia 110 849 131054 123 291 124 048 129.847 138.36 140.556 144.628 145.113 140.287 145.222
Thai Lan 98.579 103.694 101.953 113.047 119.14 123.052 126.446 128.124 126.401 124.679 123.784
Philippines 47.443 48.715 49.232 51.98 50.899 51902 55 857 59 008 63 49 66.277 69.063
Indonesia 36 77 35.642 32.385 35.557 39.325 42.104 42 398 42 415 43 087 42 117 42.797
Singapore 75.504 85.636 79 611 87.054 93.259 109.108 123.473 115.052 126.191 134.781 136 601
hang va tang trffdng dff nd tin dung trong nen kinh le' mac dCi trong bd'i canh nen kinh te' hau khiing hoang, con khd khan va dang trdn da phuc hdi. Tuy nhidn, xet trong mpl vai qud'c gia dffdc so sanh trong khu vffe, da phan cac con so nay vSn d mffc tha'p, tffc so' dan cff thffc sff dffdc sff dung cac DVTC vIn chffa cad. Day la mdt trong nhffng van de ma Chinh phti, Ngan hang Nha nffdc va cac Bd, Ban, Nganh quan tam va da cd rat nhieu hdi nghi de cap dd'n va'n de day manh TCTD trong nen kinh le'.
3. M5t vai giai phap nh^m phat trie'n TCTD tai Viet Nam
Tai Viet Nam, mdt sd' npi dung cua TCTD da dffdc Chinh phu dat thanh ifu lien va irie'n khai thffc hidn trdng nhffng nam qua. Dd la, Cac chie'n Iffdc phat trie'n kinh - id' xa hdi, Chie'n Iffdc phat trie'n
Nguon: Thd'ng ke lU Ngdn hdng The gidi( Wolrd Bank)
ben vffng Viet Nam 2011 - 2020, dac biet da ban hanh Dff thad Chie'n Iffdc TCTD qud'c gia de'n nam 2025, dinh hffdng de'n nam 2030 vao nam 2017.
Dieu nay the' hien sff quan lam ciia Chinh phu dd'i vdi linh vffe TCTD, luy nhien Chie'n Iffdc nay van dang dffng lai la ban dff thao. Viel Nam can phai cd nhieu giai phap cu the' va thffc thi irong iffdng lai gan de' TCTD phat huy dffdc vai trd dd'i vdi ndn kinh te'.
Mdt Id, sdm dffa ra chid'n Iffdc chinh thffc phal trie'n TCTD: Viel Nam can hoan thidn dff thao va sdm dffa ra chie'n Iffdc chinh thffc phat trien TCTD.
Dieu nay giup cho hffdng di cua Chinh phu trong vide day manh TCTD, phat trid'n kinh id' mpl each ro rang vdi muc lieu va chie'n Iffdc cu the. Ben canh dd, can thffdng xuyen ra seat va nghien cttu
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hoan thidn khung khd phap ly theo hffdng sffa dd'i.
bd sung hoac ban hanh mdi van ban nham tao hanh lang phap ly cho cac td chffc lai chinh cung ffng da dang cac san pham, dich vu tren cd sd ffng dung cdng nghd hidn dai.
Hai Id, phat trie'n va da dang hda cac DVTC cd ban hffdng de'n nhffng dd'i tffdng la ngffdi nghee, viang ndng thdn va cac doanh nghiep nhd, sieu nhd: Da phan dan cff d khu vffe thanh thi deu cd dieu kidn de sff dung cac DVTC, tuy nhien d khu vffe ndng thdn thi khac. Nhffng viing ndng thdn, heo lanh, xa xdi chi cd mdt vai td chffc tin dung da hien dien nhff Ngan hang Ndng nghiep, Ngan hang Chinh sach xa hdi, dieu nay gay han che' cho dan cff. Day manh tai chinh vi md trong TCTD la mdt giai phap de' nhffng ngffdi ngheo, yd'u thd' trong xa hpi cd cd hdi dffpc sff dung DVTC. Bdn canh do, Ngan hang Nha nffdc trong tffdng lai can cd cd chd'dd' cac trung gian tai chinh dffdc cung ffng lai khoan thanh loan ca nhan ma khdng hi gidi han. Ngan hang Nha nffdc cd the' xay dffng tai khoan thanh loan cd ban va ta't ca trung gian tai chinh deu dffdc phep md, lai khoan chi gdm cac tinh nang gffi, rut lien, chuyen tien va gidi han so' dff de' dam bao an loan cho he thdng thanh loan. Them vao do, khuyd'n khich cac trung gian thanh loan, vi dien iff md rdng pham vi hoat ddng cua minh, phii sdng tren nhieu dia ban hdn nffa. Phat trien cac djch vu thanh loan, chuyen tien, tid't kidm gia tri nhd, bao hid'm vi md, dd sff dung va phu hdp vdi nhu cau va dieu kien d ndng thdn thdng qua dai ly ngan hang.
Ba la, hoan ihien hdn cd sd ha tang tai chinh, dac biet d cac viing ndng thdn, vung sau viing xa:
Cd sd ha tang tai chinh la dieu kien can de' phat trien he thd'ng lai chinh, Nha nffdc can tie'p tuc dau tff cdsd ha tang phuc vu cho dich vu ngan hang dien tff nhff ngan hang trifc tuye'n, ngan hang internet, ngan hang di ddng, ATM va POS; cac phffdng thffc thanh loan hidn dai, nhff: thanh loan khdng lie'p
xuc, thanh loan di ddng, ihanh loan qua ma QR...
Ben canh dd, can nhanh chdng hoan thidn he thd'ng cd sd dff lieu qud'c gia ve dan cff, ke'l nd'i va chia se dff hdu vdi cac cd sd dff lieu chuyen nganh khac.
Dieu nay giup cac td chffc tai chinh khai thac thdng tin tff cd sd dff lieu qud'c gia ve dan cff phuc vu chd viec nhan bie't, xac thffc khach hang bang phffdng thffc dien tff trffc tuye'n,
Bdn Id, tang cffdng giao due, dinh hffdng ngffdi dan sff dung cac DVTC, dich vu thanh toan khdng dung tien mat: Chinh phu can day manh vide giao due va djnh hffdng mpi ngffdi dan sff dung cac DVTC, cd kie'n thffc can ban ve cac san pham tai chinh, khuye'n khich ngffdi dSn sff dung thanh toan khdng dung tien mat vffa an loan, nhanh chdng va mmh bach he thd'ng kinh id'. Cac to chffc cung ffng DVTC nhff ngan hang, cac cdng ty bao hid'm, cac trung gian thanh loan can xay dffng va trid'n khai cac chffdng trinh nham cung ca'p thdng tin cho ngffdi dan hid'u ro ve Idi ich, chi phi, rui rd cung phffdng thffc quan ly va su* dung hieu qua cac san pham, DVTC; ddng thdi cdng khai quy tnnh xff ly, khid'u nai, tranh chap cho ta't ca cac dd'i iffdng khach hang su" dung dich vu.
Nhff vay, viec phat trien TCTD la cd sd dd' mdt nen kinh Id' phat trie'n ben vffng, nang cao chat Iffdng ddi sd'ng va phuc ldi xa hdi cua nhSn dan, giam ty le xda ddi giam nghee - day la nhffng dich dd'n cua mpi qud'c gia, dac bidt la nhffng nffdc dang phal trien nhff Viet Nam. Ne'u sd sanh vdi cac qud'c gia trong khu vffe, Viet Nam can phai cd nhffng hfft pha hdn nffa trong vide phd' c^p chinh sach tai chinh, hffdng de'n TCTD. De' dat dffpc dieu nay, ddi hdi sff ddng thuan va ke't hdp giffa cac cd quan nha nffdc va tinh than hdp tac ddng long cua loan xa hdi. Trong iffdng lai gan, hi vong ndn kinh te' cua Viet Nam khdi sac va dat dffdc nhieu thanh tifu, hd thd'ng lai chinh on dinh phat trie'n, TCTD giup cho nen kinh te' tang trffdng va phal trie'n ben vffng •
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO:
1. Ngdn hdng Nhd nUdc Viei Nam, Vien Chie'n luac Ngdn hdng, (2016). Sa luac ve tdi chinh todn dien.
2. International Monetary Fund (2017). "Financial access sun-ey (FAS)",
So 19-Thang 10/2019 289
3. The World Bank (2013). World development report 2014- Risk and opportunity. Managing risk fordevelopment.
The World Bank, Washington DC. USA.
4 The World Bank (2014). Global Financial Development report 2014: Financial Inclusion. The World Bank, Washington DC. USA.
5. The World Bank (2017), Financial inclusion overview.
6. The World Bank (2018), "The Little Data Book on Financial Inclusion 2018", https-//www.unsgsa.org/files/
3815/251 l/8893/LDB_Financial_lncliision_2018.pdf:
7. Woro Widyaningrum. (2015). Advancing Inclusive Financial System in the next decade: Strategy of Financial Inclusion - The case of Indonesia The SEACEN centre, 278, 63 - 90 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Ngay nhan bai: 9/9/2019
Ngay phan bien danh gia va siJa chSa: 19/9/2019 Ngay chap nhSn dang bai: 9/10/2019
ndng tin tdc gid:
1. ThS. N G U Y I N MANH HUNG 2. ThS. TA THU HONG NHUNG TrifoTng Dai hgc Ngan hang TP. Ho Chi Minh
REVEWING AND SOLUTIONS TO THE COMPREHENSIVE FINANCE DEVELOPMENT OF ASEAN
• Master. NGUYEN MANH HUNG
• Moster, TATHU HONG NHUNG Banking University of Ho Chi Minh City
ABSTRACT:
Vietnam and ASEAN countries joined the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) on December 31, 2015. This economic community has pushed the economic linkages between countries in ihe region to a new level and created free flow of labor and capital, paving the way for tighter future Imks like die moneytary union and financial integration. In recent years, especially since the global financial crisis of 2007-2008, governments of countries and intemational organizations such as the World Bank (WB) and International Monetary Fund (IMF) have highlighted the importance of comprehensive finance. Governments of ASEAN countries, too, increasingly focus on the development of financial markets sustainably and comprehensively. This article reviews the comprehensive finance in several countries in the region and makes comparison with Vietnam's comprehensive finance, thereby providing solutions to the development of Vietnam's comprehensive finance.
Keywords: Compreshensive finance, ASEAN, AEC, Vietnam.
