MOT SO BAT CAP VE QUY DINH PHIEN HOP IDEM TRA Vl£C GIAO NOP, TIEP CAN,
CONG KHAI CHUNG C^ VA HOA GIAI
TRirONG MINH TAN*
Viec ghi nh^n thii tuc phien hgp Idem tra vi^c giao nop, ti^p c3n, cong khai chirng cu va hoa giai n h a m giiip cho cac dinmg sy co duyc quyen tiep c | n chung cu, tir do c6 the bao vf d u o c quyen loi cua chinh minh; m a t khac, con the hi^n nguyen tac xet x u cong khai cua Tda an, dam bao nguyan tac t r a n h tung trong to tyng dan sy. Bai viet d u a r a m$t so vudng mac, bat c^p trong thyc tien ap dyng va n@u y k i l n ca nhan n h a m gop p h a n hoan thif n quy dinh nay.
Tie khda: Phiin hgp hda gidi; kiim tra viec giao nop, tiep cgn, cdng khai chimg cir; duong su.
Nhdn bdi: 14/5/2019; biin tgpxong: 25/5/2019; duyet bdi: 03/6/2019.
1. Ve trinh t u phi§n hgp kiem t r a vif c giao ndp, tiep can, cdng khai chirng c u Phien hpp kiem ha viec giao nop, tiep can, cdng khai chimg cii la mdt thii tuc td tung dugc ghi nhan trong Bd luat Td tung dan su (BLTTDS) nam 2015. Viec ghi nhan thu tuc td tung nay cd y nghia nham giiip duang sy cd the tiep can dugc cac tai lieu, chirng cii cd trong hd so vu an, tir dd giiip duang su bao ve dugc quyen va lgi ich hgp phap cua minh mot each tdt nhat.
Tuy nhien, theo quan diem cua tac gia thi trinh ty phien hpp kiem tra viec giao nop, tiep can, cdng khai chiing cii nhu hien nay la chua hgp ly.
Theo Tir dien Tieng Viet thi thuat ngii
"f/ep can" mang tinh chat la mdt ddng hi chi hanh vi "tiin sdt gdn", cdn ddi vdi thuat ngii "cong khai" cd nghia la "khong giir kin, khdng gidu giim md de cho mgi nguoi deu cd thi biit". Trudc day, BLTTDS chi ghi nhan quyen dugc biet, ghi chep va sao chup tai lieu chimg cii cua duong sy ma khdng bat budc Tda an phai tien hanh cdng khai cac tai lieu, chiing cir hong hd so vu an (diem d khoan 2 Dieu 58 BLTTDS nam 2004, sira ddi, bd sung nam
TTiac si Toa an nhan dan huyen Tam Binh, tinh Vinh Long.
Tap chi _KJEMSAT I 2 7
Sd 21 (thang n/2019)\
2011). Do vay, neu duong sy nao can tiep can tai lieu, chiing cii gi trong hd sa vy an thi Tda an mdi cdng khai, hie la cho phep ducmg su dugc quyen biet, ghi chep va sao chyp, photo tai lieu, chiing cu nhung viec cdng khai n^y khdng phai la thu hic bit budc, khdng can phai lap bien ban va khdng can phai cdng khai cho tit ca duang sy ma chi cdng khai cho ngudi yeu cau tiep can chiing cii.
Tuy nhien, BLTTDS nam 2015 da bd sung thii tuc phien hpp kiem tra vi?c giao nop, tiep cSn, cdng khai chiing cir ben canh thu tyc hda giai nhu BLTTDS trudc day da quy dinh. Dieu dd cd nghia la viec cdng khai tai lieu, chiing cir cd trong hd so vy an la nghia vu bat huge phai thyc hien cua Tda an va sau khi cdng khai tai lieu, chiing cii thi duong sy cd quyen dugc tiep can tai lieu, chimg cir. Ddng thdi, viec quy dinh trinh ty phien hgp cong khai chiing cir trudc, sau dd mdi den quyen tiep can chiing cii cua duang sy the hien mgi tai lieu, chiing cii trong hd so vu an deu phai dugc cdng khai trudc chii khdng phai duang sy tiep can chiing cir rdi thi Tda an mdi cong khai. Chinh vi vay, theo chung tdi, phap luSt cin phai sira ddi lai trinh ty phien hpp kiem tra viec giao nop, tiep can, cdng khai chiing cir nhu hien nay. Theo dd, phap luat nen ghi nhan la thu tuc phien hgp kiem tra viec giao nop, cdng khai, tiep can chicng cic; cd nhu vay mdi dam bao mpi tai lieu, chiing cii phai dugc Tda an bit budc cdng khai trudc, sau dd mdi den quyin tiep can chiing cic ciia duong sy trong vu an.
2. Ve dieu ki^n de tiin hanh phien hgp khi cd dutfng sy vang mat
Tai khoan 3 Dilu 209 BLTTDS nam
2015 quy dinh: "Trong vy an cd nhieu duong su ma cd duang su vang mat, nhung cac duong su cd mat vSn ddng y tiln hanh phien hpp va viec tien hanh phien hpp dd khdng anh hudng den quyen, nghia vu cua duong sy vang mat thi Thim phan tien hanh phien hgp giiia cac duang sy cd mat;
neu cac duang sy de nghi hoan phien hda giai de cd mat tit ca cac duang su trong vu an thi Tham phan phai hoan phien hgp.
Thim phan phai thdng bao viec hoan phien hpp va viec md lai phien hpp cho duong sy". Dieu do cd nghia la trong mpt vu an cd nhieu duang su nhung cd duang su ving mat tai phien hpp thi de md phien hgp theo quy dinh tai khoan 3 Dieu 209 BLTTDS nam 2015 thi phai dap img hai dilu kien dd la cac duang sy cd mat ddng y md phien hgp va viec md phien hgp khdng anh hudng den quyen, lgi ich ciia duong sy vang mat. Nhung neu mdt trong cac ducmg sy cd mat de nghi hoan phien hda giai thi Tda an phai hoan phien hpp.
Tuy nhien, hien nay chua cd van ban phap luat nao giai thich ro duong su vang mat la thugc trudng hgp duang sy vang mat lin dau, lan thir hai hay lan thir may;
ddng thdi phap luat cung chua giai thich viec ving mat tren la cd ly do chinh dang hay khdng? Viec quy dinh tren cd y nghTa rit Idn hong viec ap dyng khoan 2 Dieu 208 BLTTDS nam 2015, hic la Tda an tiln hanh phien hgp kiem tra viec giao nop, tiep can, cdng khai chimg cii do khdng tiSn hanh hda giai dugc ma khdng phai hoan phien hgp hoac tien hanh phien hgp khi thda man dieu kien nhu quy dinh tai khoan 3 Dilu 209 BLTTDS nam 2015.
Theo quy dinh tai khoan 2 Dieu 208 BLTTDS nam 2015 till: "Trudng hgp vu an I Tap chi
2 8 I KIEMSAT. / S o 21 (thang 11/2019)
dan sy khdng dugc hda giai hoac khong tien hanh hda giai dugc quy dinh tai Dieu 206 va Dieu 207 cua Bg luat nay thi Tham phan tien hanh phien hgp kiem tra viec giao nop, tiep can, cdng khai chimg cii ma khdng tidn hanh hda giai". Nhu vay, trong hirdng hgp duong sy vang mat tai phien hgp thi Tda an phai xac dinh la duong sy thugc khoan 1, khoan 2 Dilu 207 BLTTDS nam 2015 de Tda an chi tien hanh phien hgp kiem ha viec giao nop, tiep can, cdng khai chiing cir do khdng tien hanh hda giai dugc hay phai hoan phien hgp hoac tien hanh phien hgp kiem tra viec giao nop, tiep can, cong khai chiing cii khi thda man dieu kien theo quy dinh tai khoan 3 Dieu 209 BLTTDS nam 2015. De phan dinh dugc van de tren ddi hdi chung ta phai xac dinh cac trudng hgp duong su vang mat hong cac tinh hudng sau:
Thu nhdt, trong truong hgp duong su vdng mat Idn ddu cd ly do chinh ddng.
Theo quy dinh tai khoan 2 Dieu 207 BLTTDS nam 2015 thi khi duong su khdng the tham gia hda giai dugc vi cd ly do chinh dang thi thugc trudng hgp Tda an khdng the tien hanh hda giai va Tda an budc phai md phien hgp kiem tra viec giao nop, tiep can, cdng khai chung cir.
Tuy nhien, phap luat khdng giai thich la ducmg su khdng the tham gia hda giai dugc vi cd ly do chinh dang lan thir nhat hay lan thii hai. Chiing tdi cho rang, trong trudng hgp duong sy khdng the tham gia hda giai dugc lan dau vi cd ly do chinh dang va Tda an cd can cir cho rang duang su khdng the tham gia hda giai dugc nira thi thugc trudng hgp khdng tien hanh hda giai dugc. Vi dy: A kien B ddi lai tien vay, Tda an xac dinh C (vg cua B) la ngudi cd
quyen lgi, nghia vu lien quan den vu an nen da dua C tham gia vdi tu each la duong sy trong vy an. Tuy nhien, tai phien hpp kiem tra viec giao nop, tiep can, cdng khai chiing cii va hda giai lan dau thi C khdng the tham gia phien hgp vi ly do siic khde. Gia sir trudc dd C da cd ban ty khai giri Tda an, ddng thdi C ciing cd dan yeu cau Tda an giai quyet vang mat tai cac phien hgp va xet xu tai phien tda. Do vay, trong trudng hgp nay, mac dii C dugc Tda an trieu tap lan dau vang mat cd ly do chinh dang va Tda an xac dinh cd can cii cho rang C khong the tham gia phien hpp tiep theo. Chinh vi the trong trudng hgp tren, Tda an phai xac dinh la vu an dan sy khdng the tien hanh hda giai dugc va phai tien hanh phien hgp kiem tra viec giao nop, tiep can, cdng khai chiing cii, chii khdng the hoan phien hgp hoac tien hanh phien hpp neu thda man dieu kien nhu quy dinh tai khoan 3 Dieu 209 BLTTDS nam 2015. Dilu dd ciing cd nghia la Tda an cd quyen dua vu an ra xet xir ma khdng can phai md lai phien hgp kiem tra viec giao nop, tiep can, cdng khai chiing cii va hda giai.
Ngugc lai, neu tai phien hgp kiem tra viec giao nop, tiep can, cdng khai chiing cii va hda giai lan dau duang sy vang mat cd ly do chinh dang nhung Tda an khdng cd can cii cho rang duang sy khdng the tham gia vu an tiep tai phien hgp kiem ha viec giao nop, tiep can, cdng khai chiing cii va hda giai lan hai thi Tda an nen ap dung khoan 3 Dilu 209 BLTTDS nam 2015.
Thic hai, trong truong hgp duong su vdng mat Idn ddu khdng cd ly do chinh ddng.
Theo quy dinh tai khoan 1 Dieu 207 BLTTDS nam 2015 thi frong trudng hgp Tap chi So21(thmg11^9)V_KIEMSAT I 2 9
duang su vang mat lin hai ma cd tinh ving m|t thi mdi tiiupc tiirdng hgp vu an khdng the tien hanh hda giai dugc. Dilu dd cd nghia la khi duang su ving m^t lin diu khdng cd ly do chinh dang thi cin phai ap dung khoan 3 Dilu 209 BLTTDS nam 2015 de hoan phien hpp hoac tiln hanh phien hgp kiem tra viec giao nop, tiip can, cdng khai chiing cii nlu thda man dilu kien nhit dinh.
Van de dat ra trong trudng hgp nay la neu Tda an tien hanh phien hgp kilm tra viec giao nop, tiep can, cdng khai chiing cir va hda giai thi Tda an cd quyen dua vy an ra xet xu hay khdng? Theo y kiln ciia chiing tdi, de dam bao quyen va lgi ich cua ngudi vang mat tai phien hgp kiem tra viec giao nop, tiep can, cdng khai chiing cir lan dau thi Tda an nen md phien hpp kilm tra viec giao nop, tiep can, cdng khai chiing cii lan hai chii khdng the dua vy an ra xet xir.
Thu ba, trong tru&ng hop duong su vdng mat Idn hai cd ly do chinh ddng.
Nhu da phan tich, tai khoan 2 Dilu 207 BLTTDS nam 2015 chi quy dinh trong tnrdng hop duong su khdng thi tham gia hda giai dugc vi cd ly do chmh dang la thude trudng hgp khdng tien hanh hda giai dugc nhung lai khdng giai thich la khdng the tham gia hda giai cd ly do chinh dang lan thii may. Tuy nhien, de tranh vu an keo dai, trong trudng hgp duong su vang mat lan hai cd ly do chinh dang thi cung thugc trudng hgp khdng the tien hanh hda giai dugc va dieu dd cung ddng nghia la ap dyng khoan 2 Dilu 208 BLTTDS nam 2015 chii khdng phai ap dung khoan 3 Dilu 209 BLTTDS nam 2015.
Chung tdi cho rang, de vu an dugc giai quylt nhanh chdng, dung thdi ban luat
dinh thi trong trudng hgp duong sy vang mat lan hai cd ly do chinh dang hoac khdng cd ly do chinh dang thi cung thugc trudng hgp khdng thi tiln hanh hda giai dugc va Tda an phai md phien hgp kiem tra viec giao ndp, tiep can, cdng khai chiing cii theo khoan 2 Dilu 208 BLTTDS nam 2015. Dieu dd ciing cd nghia la viec trieu tap lin thii ba ciia Tda an ddi vdi duang su vang mat la khdng cin thilt.
Tir nhiing phan tich tren, cin cd hudng dan cu the quy dinh tai khoan 3 Dilu 209 BLTTDS nam 2015, dd la ap dung trong trudng hgp ddi vdi duong sy ving mat lin dau khdng cd ly do chinh dang hoac cd ly do chinh dang nhung Tda an khdng cd can cii xac dinh rang duong sy khdng thi tham gia phien hgp kiem tra viec giao nop, tiep can, cdng khai chiing cii va hda giai tiep theo.
3. Ve quyen dua ra y§u ciu phan td cua bi don trudge thdi diem m^ phien hgp kiem tra viec giao ndp, tiip cSn, cdng khai chung cir va hda giai
Hien nay, cd hai y kien khac nhau vl quy dinh quyen phan td cua hi don trudc thdi diem md phien hgp.
Y kiin thu nhdt cho rdng, bi don neu cd yeu cau phan td ddi vdi nguyen don thi phai trudc thdi diem md phien hgp ki6m tra viec giao nop, tiep can, cdng khai chimg cir va hda giai lan dau tien. Bdi le, chinh bi don la ngudi hieu rd nguyen don cd nghia vu lai ddi vdi chinh minh. Vi vay, de tranh vu an keo dai thi phap luat quy dinh ddi hdi bi don phai cd yeu cau phan td trudc thdi diem md phien hgp kiem tra viec giao nop, tiep can, cdng khai chiing cii va hda giai.
Trudc day, BLTTDS nam 2004 (sira I Tapchi
3 0 I K1EMSAT_ / S o 21 (thang 11/2019)
ddi, bd sung nam 2011) quy dinh hi don cd quyen dua ra yeu cau phan td trudc khi Tda an ra quyet dinh dua vy an ra xet xu. Tuy nhien, BLTTDS nam 2015 da quy dinh cu the thdi diem dua ra yeu cau phan td cua bi don la trudc phien hgp. Quy dinh nay nham giiip cho viec giai quyet yeu cau phan td cua bi don cua Tda an dugc chu dpng va hgp ly hon, nit ngan thdi gian giai quyet vu an.
Y kiin thu hai cho rdng, quyen dua ra yeu cau phan td cua bi dan khdng bat budc phai trudc thai diem md phien hpp kidm ha vi^c giao nop, tiep can, cdng khai chimg cii va hda giai lan dau, bdi le:
Mgt Id, quyen yeu cau phan td cua bi dem la quyen yeu cau khdi kien ngugc lai cua bi don ddi vdi nguyen dan. Tuy nhien, khdng phai bi don nao ciing hieu ro quy dinh phap luat ma cd yeu cau phan td.
Thuc te cho thay, sau phien hpp kiem tra viec giao nop, tiep can, cdng khai chimg cii va hda giai lan dau thi hi don mdi hieu rd quyen phan td va cd yeu cau phan td. Nhu vay, neu phap luat quy dinh quyen phan td cua bi dem trudc thdi diem md phien hpp kiem tra viec giao nop, tiep can, cdng khai chirng cir va hda giai lan dau la khdng dam bao quyen yen cau phan td cua hi dan ddi vdi nguyen dan.
Hai Id, theo quy dinh tai khoan 3 Dieu 200 BLTTDS nam 2015 thi phap luat chi quy dinh quyen yeu cau phan td cua bi don trudc thdi diem md phien hgp kiem tra viec giao nop, tiep can, cdng khai chiing cir va hda giai nhung lai khdng giai thich rd la trudc thdi diem md phien hpp kiem tra viec giao nop, tiep can, cdng khai chiing cii va hda giai lan thii may. Ddng thdi, hien nay phap luat ciing khdng cd
quy dinh nao bat budc khi giai quyet vy an thi ddi hdi Tda an phai md phien hpp kiem tra viec giao nop, tiep can, cdng khai chung cir va hda giai bao nhieu lan. Do vay, theo y kien nay thi yeu cau phan to cua hi dan khdng bat huge phai trudc thdi diem md phien hgp kiem tra viec giao nop, tiep can, cdng khai chiing cir va hda giai lan dau.
Chiing tdi cho rang, y kien thir hai la hgp ly. Bdi le, de dam bao quyen lgi cua hi don cd yeu cau phan td ddi vdi nguyen dan, dam bao viec giai quyet vy an cua Tda an dugc toan dien, triet de thi phap luat khdng nen quy dinh thdi diem yeu cau phan td ciia bi don trudc thdi diem md phien hgp kiem tra viec giao nop, tiep can, cdng khai chung cii va hda giai lan dau. Tuy nhien, de dam bao vu an dugc giai quyet nhanh chdng, giiip Tda an chii ddng trong viec giai quyet yeu cau phan td cua bi don, giup nguyen dem cd the tiep can sdm tai lieu, chiing cir cua bi don dua ra thi phap luat khdng the quy dinh quyen yeu cau phan td ciia hi don trudc khi Tda an dua vu an ra xet xir nhu BLTTDS trudc day.
Theo dd, yeu cau phan td cua hi dan trudc thdi diem phien hgp kiem ha viec giao nop, tiep can, cdng khai chung cir va hda giai lan hai la hgp ly, bdi le, quy dinh tren vira dam bao quyen yeu cau phan td cua hi dan ddi vdt nguyen don vua dam bao vy an dugc giai quyet nhanh chdng.
4. Ve quy dinh thong bao ket qua phi§n hop kiem tra vifc giao nop, tiep can, cong khai chirng cir
Theo quy dinh tai khoan 3 Dieu 210 BLTTDS nam 2015 thi trong trudng hgp iXem tiep trang 461
So 21 (thang 11/2019) \
Tap chi _KIEMSAT I 3 1
khdng pham tdi, ma theo quy dinh tai khoan 2 D i l u 70 BLHS nam 2015 quy dinh: "Pham tdi m d i " cd nghia la vi pham phap luat hinh sy chii khdng ddng nghia vdi "ket tdi la do Tda an ra ban an k i t tpi mdt ngudi nao dd pham tdi" nen khdng can thiet phai cd ban an da cd hieu lyc phap luat thi mdi cho r i n g N g u y i n Van H cd pham tdi hay khdng pham tdi nhu y kien thir nhat da neu.
Tir nhiing khd khan, vudng m i c neu tren, de ap dung phap luat dugc thdng
nhat, tac gia de nghi cac co quan cd tham quyen can nghien cuu, sira ddi, bd sung hoac cd hudng dan de viec ap dung dugc thdng nhat ddi vdi khoan 2 Dilu 70 BLHS nam 2015 theo hudng: "Ngudi bi ket an duong nhien dugc xda an tich, neu tu khi chip hanh xong hinh phat chinh hoac het thdi gian thii thach an treo, ngudi dd da chap hanh xong hinh phat bd sung, cac quylt dinh khac cua ban an va khdng hien hanh vi vi phgm phdp ludt hinh su trong thdi ban sau d a y " . n
MOT SO BAT CAP...
ITiSp theo trang 51)
duong sy dugc Tda an trieu tap vang mat thi Tda an thdng bao ket qua phien hgp.
Tuy nhien, hien nay Nghi quyet sd 01/2017/NQ-HDTP ngay 13/01/2017 cita Hdi ddng Tham phan Tda an nhan dan tdi cao ban hanh mdt sd bieu mau hong td tung dan su thi lai khdng cd bieu mau thdng bao ket qua phien hpp kiem tra viec giao nop, tiep can, cdng khai chiing cii, dan den thuc te la cd mdt sd Tda an thi giii ban sao bien ban phien hgp kiem tra viec giao nop, tiep can, cdng khai chirng cii cho ducmg sy hoac ra thdng bao ket qua phien hpp kiem tra viec giao nop, tiep can, cdng khai chirng cu, nhung mdi Tda an lai cd mdt bieu mau khac nhau. Chinh vi vay, theo chiing tdi de dam bao tinh thdng nhat trong viec ap dung phap luat ve viec giri thdng bao kit qua phien hgp cho ducmg sy thi Hdi ddng Tham phan Tda an nhan dan tdi cao nen bd sung bieu mau ket qua
thdng bao phien hpp kiem tra viec giao nop, tiep can, cdng khai chung cii.
Ngoai ra, ddi vdi duong sy nao vang mat cd hen quan den vu an thi phap luat mdi quy dinh viec giri thdng bao ket qua phien hgp. Bdi le, hong mdt vu an tbi cd the cd nhieu ngudi tham gia td tung vi du nhu: Duong sy, ngudi dai dien, ngudi lam chiing, ngudi giam dinh, ngudi phien dich... Tuy nhien, mdt sd ngudi tham gia vu an dan sy khdng phai la duong sy, khdng bi anh hudng den quyen va nghia vy td tung thi viec thdng bao ket qua phien hgp chimg cii cho hp la khdng cd y nghTa.
Mat khac, de tranh thu tuc rudm ra, it tdn kem cho Tda an thi phap luat nen quy dinh chi duong sy hoac ngudi dai dien hgp phap cua duong sy vang mat thi Tda an mdi gui thdng bao ket qua phien hpp. Chinh vi vay, khoan 3 Dilu 210 BLTTDS nam 2015 nen sira ddi la "... tru&ng hgp duong su hogc ngu&i dgi diin hgp phdp ciia duong su dugc Tda dn triiu tap...". Cd nhu vay thi mdi giai quyet vu an dupe nhanh chdng, tiet kiem dugc thdi gian va chi phi phat hanh, gui van ban td tung cho duang su cita Tda a n . n
I Tapchi
4 6 I KIEIM SAT_ /S621(thangn/2019)
