• TRAODOKnOlTHIgUCHinBIHGjUIH {MTRODUCTION AND EXCHANGE)
Giai quyet tranh chap hop dong xay dung
• THS. V U NGOC PHUONG
P H 6 N G N G H I E N C O U G I A V A T H I TRUtJNG X A Y DUNG, VIEN KINH i t X A Y DUNG (Bai nhan ngay 16/09/2014, hoan chfnh sifa chOa ngay 23/09/2014)
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op ddng xay dung thude dang hop dong cd nguy coxly ra tranh chap cao. Khi nhtfng xung dot lpi ich xiy ra dan din tranh chap hop ddng thi ed de phuong thdc khae nhau de giai quylt tranh ehap. Phap luat v l hap ddng trong hoat ddng xay dung hiln hanh quy dinh cac phuang thdc glai quyet tranh chap bao gdm: thuong lupng, hda giai, trong tai va tda an Bli viet nlu ra cac dae diem va Uu nhuoe diem ciia tUng phuong thtfe gili quyet tranh chap hop ddng xay dyng, lam CO sd eho d c chu the hop ddng tham khio lua ehpn de gial quyet tranh chap hilu qui,Vdi bin chat la mot loai giao dich pho biln trong hoat ddng xay dUng, hop ddng xiy dung la hop ddng dan sy duoc thda thuan bing vin ban giffa bin giao thau va ben nhan thau nham xac lap, thay ddi hole chim dui: quyln, nghia vu, trach nhilm ciia d c chii the de thuc hien mdt, mdt sd hay toan bp cdng vile trong hoat ddng xay dung. Do die diem phUc tap ciia ddi tUOng hpp ddng trong qui trinh tao lap sin pham xiy dyng nhu. thdi gian xay dung keo dai, lien quan tdi nhieu chii the, huy ddng nhieu ngudn lUc cd khdi luong vl gil trj ldn ciing liie khien hop ddng xay dung thude dang hop ddng cd nguy CO xiy ra tranh chap cao,
Tranh chap la khli niem ed the dUOc hieu theo rat nhilu nghia khac nhau va 6 nhieu mifc dd Dd ed the la su va cham v l loi ich hole ed su thuc hiln khdng dung, khdng day dii d c cam kit trong hop ddng gitfa eae ehiJ thi. Nguyin nhan eua tranh chap cung rat da dang, ed the tif elch hilu khdng thdng nhat ve ndl dung hole xuat phit tO su IQa
ddi, ep budc.trong d c dilu khoin hap ddng, Trln thue te, ele nguyen nhin tranh chap liln quan tdi hop dong xay dung thudng bat ngudn td sU khdng rd rang va thilu ehi tiet trong d c dieu khoin quy dmh v l gia hpp ddng, cdng tae thanh quyet toan hop ddng, thdi gian thuc hien cae cong viec theo hap dong, quyen va nghTa vu cae bin theo hop ddng.,,nhilu khi la sUthieu hieu bilt phip luat hop ddng ciia ele ehO the khi tham gia ky kit hop ddng Ty Thdng tU sd 06/2007/TT-BXD ngiy 25/07/2007 ciia Bd Xay dUng hudng dan hop ddng trong hoat ddng xiy dung din Nghi dmh sd 48/2010/ND- CP ngay 07/05/2010 cua Chinh phii v l Hop ddng trong hoat ddng xiy dyng thi ele quy pham phip lu|t dieu chinh hop ddng trong hoat ddng xay dung da ti/ng budc di vao cudc sdng, Ilm edng eu dac luc giup ich eho d e chii the hap ddng khi tham gia xay dung cdng trinh, Tuy nhiln, trln thuc t l van de hop ddng ndl chung va tranh chap hap ddng ndi rieng van ehua nhin sU quan tam nghiln cifu diing myc cua d c chu the, nhat la ddi vdi nhdng duan sOdung vdn Nha nude, noi ma su khdng binh dSng trong quan he hop ddng xay dung edn pho biin bdi Nha nude vUa la mdt ben trong quan he hpp ddng nhung lai cd quyen ban hanh d c quy dmh dieu tilt quan h i do
Phip luat v l hop ddng trong hoat ddng xay dung hiln hanh quy dmh cac trinh ty va phuong thu'c giai quylt tranh chSp sau thuang luong, hda gili, trong t l i va tda an. Theo dd, khi xiy ra tranh chap trong qua trinh thuc hiln hop dong xiy dung d c ben ed t h i gili quyet tranh chip thdng qua viee true tiep thuong
luong glai quylt trln co sd ndi dung hop ddng da ky ket. Trong trudng hpp khdng thuong lUOng duoe, viee gill quyettranh ehap ed the duoc thuc hiln vdi sy tfO giup cua bin thy ba thdng qua phuang thife hda gili, trong tai hoae tda In Vdi ban chat cua quan he hpp ddng xay dung thi vile gili quylt cac tranh chap dUa trln nguyen tic quan trong la quyen tU djnh doat ciia ele ben. Co quan Nha nude va trpng tli chi can thilp theo ylu d u cda eae ben tranh chap
Khi nhu'ng xung ddt loi ich xiy ra dan den tranh ehap hop dong xay dung, each ma d c chii the hop ddng d nUdc ta phd bien van dUa vao thdng 11 chCi ylu la thuang luong vdi phan nhilu la nha thau xay dung nhin phan rCii ro ve minh de edng vile duoe dien ra thuan loL Nhung khi dnh cQa thi trudng xay dung ngiy cang duoc md rdng vdi cl nha thau xiy dUng nude ngoai, canh tranh tren thj trudng si trd nen manh me hon, khi dd bin canh nang luc tli ehinh, ky thult thi su am hilu v l phip ly va nhUng ky nang xir ly tinh hudng trong quan h i hop ddng, die bilt vdi tranh chap hop ddng va lua chon hinh thyc gill quylt tranh chip nao vira dim bao ed Ipi cho nha thau vOa duy tri duoc mdi quan h i kmh doanh la viee ma cac nha thau can can nhac, ddng vai trd quan trong dan din sU thanh edng trong kinh doanh xay dung. Van d l lya ehon phuong thOc gili quyet tranh chap trong thUe hiln hop dong xiy dyng phli duoc d c ben can nhk, lya chon phu hop dya trln d e ylu td nhu;
muc tieu dat dUoe, bin chat ciia tranh chap, mdi quan he giOfa d c bin, thdi gian va chi phi danh eho vile gili quylt tranh chap. Vi vay, khi lua chon phuong
4 8 1 KINHltXAY DVNG
RODUCnON AND EXCHANGE) TRAO o6l GlOl THI$U CHUY£H HGANH I
thUe giai quylt tranh chap, cle ben can hilu rd bin chat va can nhac d c Uu diem, nhuoe dilm cua mdt phuong thyc de ed quylt dmh hop ly LPHUOMGTHUC THUONGLUONG
Thuong luong la phuang thife dupc ele ben tranh chip lya ehon trudc tiln va trong thuc tien phan Idn cac tranh ehap hop ddng trong hoat ddng xay dung duac gill quyet bing phuong thyc nay. Nha nudc khuyen khieh lp dung phuang thtfe ty thuang luong de giai quyet tranh chap trln tmh than hoan toan tdn trong quyen thda thuin eua dc ben. Oilu kiln d l sir dung phuong thUe thuang luong la d c ben ed thiln chi vl sU nhupng bo can thilt, Su thiln chf ciia d c bin khi xay ra tranh chap la hit sdc quan trpng, nd la dieu kiln de cac ben hudng tdi vi|e lua ehon phuong thUe glli quyet tranh chap nhe nhang vl hilu qui, Khi cd nhCfng mau thuan xiy ra, d c bin se tim din nhau, ciing nhau biy td quan diem, y kien chii quan ve nguyin nhan phat smh tranh chap va tim gili phap de loai bd tranh chap ma khdng can cd su tra giup hay phan quyet cua bat ky ben thii ba nao.
L/u diem eiia phuong thdc thuong luong la thuc hiln don giln, it ton kem.
cle ben khdng bi rang bude bdi d c thu tuc phip ly phdc tap, tilt kilm thdi gian va cdng sUc eda d c ben, uy tin cung nhu bi mat kinh doanh, cdng nghi xiy dung duoe bio dam toi da Tuy nhien, nhuoc diem cua phuong thyc nay la CO ehi phip ly dim bio cho kit qui thuang luong khdng dim bio, phu thudc vao su tu nguyen ciia d c ben thi hlnh,
Trln thyc te, trong qui trinh thyc hiln hop ddng thi cdng xay dung cdng trinh, cd rat nhilu van de xay ra ma hop ddng xay dung cd the khdng bao quit chi tilt dupc hit dan din tranh chap, chii dau tu vl nha thau sd dung bien phip thuong luong nhumdtgili phap khi eae tranh chap khdng tdi mdc dp nghiem trong xiy ra, Phd bien nhu la tiln dd cdng trinh, hang muc cdng trinh khdng dim bio nhuquy dmh. chat luong cdng tie thi edng eiia nha thau, d c phit smh tranh chSp ve khdi luong cdng tac hoin
thanh, dieu chinh hop dong, an toan lao ddng . .Trong gidi han dUOc phip luat cho phep va d c ben ed thda thuan trong hpp ddng. thi d c bin cd the thUe hiln biln phap loai trd tranh chap bang phu luc hop ddng nhu phu luc hpp ddng dilu chinh tiln dd thi cdng xiy dung, dilu chinh gil hc^ ddng...
2. PHUONG THdC HOA GlAl Hda giai la vile eae bin tiln hanh thuong luong giai quylt tranh chap vdi su ho tro cua ben thd ba la hda gili vien.
Hda giai vien ed t h i la to ehUc hole ca nhin duoe cae ehii the hop ddng thda thuan. Kit qua hda giai phu thude vao thien ehi ciia d e bin tranh chap va uy tin, kmh nghilm, ky nang cua trung gian hda gill, quyet dmh cudi cung eda vile giai quyet tranh ehap khong phli ciia trung gian hoa giai ma hoan toan phu thudc cac ben tranh chap, Hinh thUe gili quylt nay eo nhilu Uu dilm. thii tuc hda giai duac tien hanh nhanh gpn, ehi phi thap, cae ben ed quyln tU dmh doat. lUa chon bat ky ngudi nao lam trung gian hda giai eung nhu dia dilm tien hanh hda gilL Hp khdng bi gd bd v l mat thdi gian nhu trong thii tue td tung tai tda In Hda gili mang tinh than thiln nham tilp tue giir gin va phat tnen mdi quan he trong lam vile vi loi ich cua el hai bin. Hoa gili la mong mudn cua d c ben dan xep vy viec sao cho khdng ed bin nao bi thua cudc, khdng dan den tinh trang ddi dau, thang thua nhu qua trinh kiln tung tai tda In.
Hinh thdc giai quyet nay dac bilt hilu qua khi giai quylt nhCrng tranh chap kmh doanh thuong mai mang tinh chat ky thuat nhu linh vUc xay dyng. Vi rang, eae ben trong vy viee tranh chap hoan toan ed quyen chu ddng trong viec tim kiem mdt hoa giai vien cd du hilu biet de tham gia giai quyet tranh chap.
Nhung trong thyc tien kien tyng tai tda thi cac ben khdng co quyen lUa chpn d n bd gili quyet, trtf mdt sd trudng hap phai thay doi hpi dong xet xif theo quy dmh eiia phip luat Mdt dilu quan trong khie ma d c nha kmh doanh cung rat quan tim II khi giai quyet bang eon dudng nay, d c ben kiem soit duoe d c tai lilu chu'ng cdcd lien quan (nhOng bi
mat kmh doanh) trong khi giai quyet tai tda an thi cac ylu elu nay khdng duoc dam bio do tda an thuc hiln xet xy theo nguyen tac cdng khaL Phuong thu'c hda giai trong hoat ddng xiy dyng khi xay ra xung dot, tranh chap phd bien la vile de ben ed the mdi va tham khao y kien ehuyin mdn ty d c chuyin gia ed uy tin trong nganh xiy dung. Cac chuyin gia xiy dung ddng vai trd la trung gian dUa ra nhu'ng hudng dan vl tro giiip ehuyen mdn d l tao CO sd cho cic bin dat duac sU thdng nhat y chi va dUa ra quylt dmh cudi eiing.
Chuyin gia trong ITnh vUc cd the til CO quan quan ly Nha nUde, coquan nghien cUu, trudng dai hoc, td chu'c nghi nghiep cduytin, .
Sen canh nhifng Uu diem trln, gili quyet tranh chap bing phuang phap hoa giai van edn tdn tai nhCrng nhuoe dilm nhat dmh, vile hda gili cd duac tien hanh hay khdng phu thudc vao sU nhat tri ciia de bin, hda gili viln khdng cd quyen dUa ra mdt quylt dmh rang budc hay ap dat bat cO van de gi ddi vdi cac bin tranh chap, thda thuan hda gili khdng cd tfnh bat budc thi hanh nhu phan quylt eiia trong tai hay eiia tda In Phuong thOc nay it dUOc sd dung nlu de ben khdng cd sutin tudng vdi nhau 3. PHUONG THUC TRQNG T Al Giai quylt tranh chap bang trong tai la mdt hinh thdc giai quylt tranh chap khdng t h i thilu trong nin kmh te thi trucmg Dd la hinh thiirc gili quylt tranh chap thdng qua boat ddng eiia Hgi ddng trong tai hole trong tai vien vdi tu eleh (I bin thd ba dpc lap nham gili quyet mau thuan tranh chap bing vile dua ra phan quyet cd gil tri b5t budc cac bin phli thi hanh. Khi gili quyet bang trong tai, cae bin cd the lya chpn trgng tai viln ed trinh dd chuyin mdn phu hap vdi ddi tUOng tranh chap, gdp phan nang cao hilu qui, cdng bing va chinh xae trong gili quylt tranh chap.
Ju diem ciia phuong thu'c gili quylt tranh chap nay la cd tinh lmh hoat, tao quyln chii ddng cho cac bin, nhanh ehdng, tiet kiem duac thdi gian ed the rut ngan thO tue td tung trong tli va dam bao bi mat.Trpng tai tien hanh giai
KINHTtxA'r'DUNGl49
• TRAO D 6 I a d l T m e u C H U 7 £ H HGAHH {INTRODUCTION A N D EXCHANGE)
quyet tranh chap theo nguyen tac In.
quyet dmh trong tai khdng dUOc cdng bd cdng khai, rdng rai.Theo nguyen tie nay, d c bin cd the giu duoc bi quylt kinh doanh, cdng nghe xay dung eung nhUdanhdyuytineOa minh. Giai quyet trpng t l i khong bi gidi han ve mat lanh thd do de ben ed quyen lUa ehpn bat ky trung tim trpng tli nao d l giai quyet tranh ehap eho minh. Phan quyet ciia trong tai cd tinh chung tham va rang bude cle ben, diy la uu the vuot trdi so vdi hinh thyc giai quylt tranh chap bing thuang luong hda gili, Sau khi trpng tai dUa ra phan quyet thi d c ben khdng cd quyen khang d o trude bat ky mdt td ehUe hay tda an nao Nhuoe diem eua phuang thye trpng tli la ddi hdi chl phf tuong ddi Idn, vu vile gili quyet dng keo dai thi phi trong tai cang cao, CIc trong tai vien ed the gap khd khan khi thu thip ehdng cU va phu thudc vao sy ty nguyin cung nhuthiln chi eiia d c ben va ngUdi lam chUng Vile thi hanh quylt dmh trpng tli khdng phai luc nao cung trdi chiy, thuan loi nhu viec thi hanh bin an, quylt dmh ciia tda In.
Theo sd lilu eua Trung tam Trpng tai qudc te Viet Nam (VtAC), tranh chap trong hoat ddng xiy dUng trong nhCrng nam vya qua chiem khoing 5% trong tdng sd ele tranh chap kinh t l . Tuy nhien sd luong d c tranh chap trong hoat ddng xiy dyng ml d c ben sir dung phuong thyc trong tai d l gili quylt tranh chap edn rat han che Nguyin nhan xuat phat tif vile phuong thu'c nay chua duoc doanh nghiep, cae td chyc chu trong sif dung de giai quylt d c tranh chap, cdng tac tap huan v l trong tai con thieu, nhin thu'c v l trpng til ciia ca quan nha nudc, td chyc, doanh nghiip cd liln quan den trong tai cdn han che. Bin canh dd cung can phli kl din luc luang trong tli viln ed trinh dd ehuyin mdn phu hop vdi ddi tuang tranh chip trong hoat ddng xiy dung cdn it, hiln nay VIAC cung chi cd 7 trong tli vien chuyin thuc hiln gili quyet cac tranh chap thudc linh vUe xay dung, Binh quan mot trong tai viln gili quylt d c tranh chap trong mdt nam ehi d myc khiem tdn 0,25 vu Day cung la ly do khien cho gili quyet tranh chap hap ddng xiy dung bang phuang thdc
trong tai tuong ddi dUoc phd bien d ele nudc phat tnen, Ilm nhe ganh nang eho nganh tda In vl eic ben khi kien tung van cdn la mdi la d nudc ta.
4. PHUONG THUC T O A A N Tda In la phuong thyc gial quyet tranh chap tai CO quan xet xif nhan danh quyln luc Nha nudc theo nguyen tie xet xif cdng khai, duoc tien hanh theo trinh tu, thii tuc nghilm ngat, chat ehe va ban an hay quylt dmh cua tda an v l vu tranh chap nlu khdng ed su tu nguyen tuin thii se dUOc dam bio thi hanh bSng su'e manh eudng ehe eCia Nha nude. Cle duong sy thudng tim den su tro giup eua tda an nhu mdt gill phip cudi cimg d l bio v l ed hieu qua d c quyen, loi ieh ciia minh khi hg that bai trong viec sy dung phuong thCfc thuang luong hole hda gili va cung khdng mudn vu tranh chap giQa ho duoc gill quylt bing phuong thyc trong tai.
Viec dua tranh chap ra xit xif tai tda In ed nhilu uu dilm nhung cung cd nhOng nhuoc diem nhat dmh, Ju dilm ciia hinh thdc giai quyet tranh chap thdng qua tda In la phan quyet ciia tda In cd tinh eudng ehe eao do la cO quan xet xir cua Nha nude Nlu mgt ben khdng chap hanh si bi cudng ehe, do do khi da dua ra tda In thi quyen Ipi CLia ngUdi thing kien se duoc dim bao neu nhu ben thua kien ed tai sin de thi hanh an.
Tuy nhiln, vile lua chon phuong thyc niy cung cd nhu'ng nhuoc diem nhat dinh vi thu tuc tai tda In thilu linh hoat do da duoe phip luat quy dinh trude do, Phan quyet eiia tda an thudng bi khang do, qui trinh td tyng cd the bi tri hoan va keo dai, ed the phli trii qua nhilu cap xit xy, anh hudng den qua trinh sin xuat, kinh doanh eiia doanh nghiip xay dung. Bin canh do, nguyen tic xet xy cdng khai ciia tda In tuy la nguyin tic duoc xem la tiln bd, mang tinh ran de nhung ddi khi lai II d n trd ddi vdi doanh nghiip khi nhifng bi mit kinh doanh, edng nghe xay dung bi tilt Id va uy tin nghe nghiip bi gilm silt
Thdi gian qua, d e vu kiln tung hop ddng trong hoat ddng xiy dyng sy dung phuong thyc tda an de gili quyet
liln quan phd biln din tranh ehap khi thanh quyet toan hop ddng, gili phong mat bing. chim tiln dd Trong bdi d n h thi tn/dng xay dyng gap nhieu khd khin, d e nha thiu xay dUng va chii dau tudlu gap khd khin ve tai chinh thi d c vu kiln tung tai tda I n ed xu hUdng gia ting va xu hUdng nha thau khdi kien ehu diu tu chilm sd lUOng Idn hon. Ve mat tam ly, d c nha thau diu khdng mudn gay cang thang vdi chd dSu tu de tao thuan loi cho cdng tic nghilm thu thanh toan hop ddng va tao mdi quan he tdt dep v l sau. Vile khdi kiln ra tda va chd doi phan xd ciia tda In ddi hdi nhieu thdi gian va cdng sdc theo duoi eua cle bin dupc xem i l vile cue chang da Vi sau dd, quan he ddi tac ed thi se khdng cdn cho d c du an tiep theo. The nhung, khi moi phuong an thu hdi edng no deu that bai, ho phai keo nhau ra tda de nhd phap luat bao ve quyen loi eung la tinh t h i bit budc
KETLUAN
Do dac diem cda sin xuat xiy dung, cae tranh chap hop ddng xay dung la phd biln Trong vile lua chon gili quylt tranh chap, khdng ed phuong thyc nao la tuylt ddi. V\ec quylt dinh lUa chon hinh thiic gill quyet tranh chip nao can dua trln cfl sd Uu, nhupe diem ciia timg phuong thife va tuy vao tirng trudng hop tranh ehap d l tim ra phuong phip thfch hop va cd lOi nhat •:•
I—GBSEBSSSin
[II Bd Ludt Ddn sUso 33/2005/
QHn.
[21 Ludt Trong tdi thuang mai s6S4/20IO/QH12.
[3] Nghi dinh so 48/2010/ND- CP ngdy 07/05/2010 cua Chinh phi ve Hap dong trong hogt dgng xdy di/ng.
[4] Trung tdm Trong tdi quoc ti Viet Nam (ViAC).
[51 TS Ngd Huy Cuong, Giai quyit tranh chdp liinh doanh Ihuang mgi, Khoa Ludt ~ Bai hgc Qudc gia HdNoL
