GIAI QUYET TRANH CHAP GIITA NGlTcn TIEU DUNG VA THU^OnVG NHAN B A N G PHlTONG THlTC TRlTC TUYEN d LIEN MINH CHAU AU VA M Q T SO GOl M d CHO HIEP H Q I
CAC QUOC GIA DONG NAM A
Phan Thi Thanh Thuy
Tom tat: Co che gidi quyet tranh chdp true tuyen (ODR platform) dugc dp dung de gidi quyet cdc tranh chdp giira ngirdi tieu diing vd thirong nhdn a Lien minh chau Au (EU) ke tir ngdy 15/2/2016. Tren co so cdc phdn tich vd ddnh gid ve ca che gidi quyet tranh chdp true tuyen ndy, tdc gid dua ra nhirng khuyen nghi doi vin Hiep hpi cdc quoc gia Bong Nam A (ASEAN).
Abstract: Online dispute resolution (ODR) is applied to settle disputes between consumers and traders in European Union (EU) since February 15''' 2016. On the basis of analysis of and assessment on such mechanism, the author makes recommendations fir Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN).
Dat van de
Giai quyet tranh chap true tuyen (Online dispute resolution - ODR) thuong dugc hieu la viec sir dung cac phuong thuc giai quyet tranh chap thay the (Alternative dispute resolution - ADR) hay cac phuong thuc ngoai toa an (out of court), nhu thuong lugng, trung gian, hoa giai, trpng tai...
thong qua c6ng nghe dien tu (CNDT) hay cong nghe true tuyen, de giai quyet tranh chap'. ODR bao gom mgt loat cac phuong thuc ADR dugc thuc hien true tuyen nhu qua internet hoac mpt so cong nghe khac cho phep ket noi thong tin tren mang ma khong doi hoi cac ben true tiep gap go trong mpt khong gian vat chat nhat djnh . Ciing voi su xuat hien ciia thuong mai dien
TS., Khoa Luat, Dai hpc Quoc gia Ha Npi.
' Andra Leigh Nenstiel, Online Dispute Resolution- A Canada-United States Initiative. Canada-U.S. Law Journal, so 32(1) 2006, tr. 313-329.
^ Ethan M. Katsh and Janet Rifld, Online Dispute Resolution. Resolving Conflicts in Cyberspace, Nxb.
Jossey-Bass, tr. 2-3.
tu (TMDT), ODR da bat dau dugc nghien cuu va ap dung tu dau nhung nam 90 cua the ky XX. Sang th6 ky XXI, ODR da nhanh ch6ng chung minh tinh uu viet so vol cac phuong thuc giai quyet tranh chap truyen th6ng (toa an va cac bien phap ADR th6ng t h u 6 n g ) \
Ka tir ngay 15/2/2016, Uy ban chau Au (European Commission - EC) da chinh thuc dua vao van hanh "ODR platform" - mgt ca che giai quyet tranh chap true tuyen giua nguoi tieu dung (NTD) va thuang nhan trong npi bp cac nuac thanh vien EU, th6ng qua mgt trang mang (website), dong vai tro mgt cong th6ng tin dien tir chung cua toan khoi de tiep nhan va giai quySt cac khi6u nai NTD.
Duoi goc do phap ly, su ra dai cua ODR platform la mot sy kien Ion danh dSu sy thong nhat cao eiia cac nuac thanh vien EU doi voi viec cong nhan tinh phap ly va
^ Xcm Ethan M. Katsh and Janet Rifld, tldd.
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.\H.4 SCdC J A PHAP LUAT SO 3/2017
hieu qua ciia ODR trong bao ve NTD ngi kh6i. Viec thi^t lap dugc mgt ca che phap ly th6ng nhat nhu ODR platfomi de giai quyet tranh ch4p, kich thich TMDT ngi klioi phat tnen la nguyen vgng ma EC huang tai.
Trong b6i canh ASEAN dang de ra nhiing muc tieu \ a ke hoach chien luge bao ve NTD, thuc day TMDT phat trien trong khoi va xay dyng mgt ca che chung bao ve NTD trong cac giao djch thuang mai xuyen bien giai, viec nghien ciiu tinli chat \ a co che van hanh ciia ODR platform de nit ra nhirng bai hpc kinh nghiem va gpi mo cho
\ lec \ay dung mot co che giai quyet tranh chap tryc tuyen chung hieu qua la can thiet.
I. Co" che giai quyet tranh chap t r u e tuyen giira nguoi tieu diing va t h u o n g nhan cua Lien minh chau .Au
1.1. Khdi niem vd dac diem cua ODR platform
ODR platform thyc chat ia mgt thuat ngii: ghep chi viec sir dung cac bien phap ADR tren mpt nan tang CNDT (platfonn) chung cho toan klioi trong viec ti^p nhan cac khieu nai, ket n6i va giai quygt tranh chap giira NTD va cac thucmg nhan. ODR platform dupe giai thich la "mot nen long cong nghe true tuyen dugc thi^t ke phdt trien duai dang mpt website bai Cv ban chau .Au Muc lieu ciia no Id hS trg nguai tieu diing vd nhung nhd cung cdp hang hoa dich vu gidi quyet cdc Iranh chdp phdt sink tie hgp dong mua bdn true (iiyin bang cdc bien phdp ngodi toa dn mot cdch iil'i hem, nhanh chong vd hieu qud""^
\cm giai thich \c ODR plaitbrm cua European Commission tai .•tliemative and Online IMpute Resolution (ADR^ODR,. hrtp ec europa.eu consume rs solving_consumer_disputes non-judicialrcdres^
adr-odr indexen htm. tru> cap ngay 23,12 2016 5 6
Nhu vay, xet ve tinh chat, ODR platform' la mgt c a che giai quygt tranh chap dugc thiet lap bang su phoi hgp giira cac bien phap ADR va cong nghe tnrc tuyen. Ve pham vi hoat dpng, ODR platform chi tiep nhan va giai quyet cac tranh chap phat sinh tir giao djch TMDT tren ca so hgp d6ng giira NTD va thucmg nhan trong khoi EU. Ve cau tnic, ODR platform hoat dpng theo hai cap: CSp Lien minh chau Au va cap quoc gia thanh vien,
1.2. Khung kho phdp luat cho hoat dpng cua ODR platform
Dupe xay dung tren nen mong phap ly chung ve bao ve NTD ciia EU, khung kho phap luat cho to chiic va hoat dong ODR platfomi la nhirng quy dinh ve ap dung ADR va ODR vao giai quyet tranh chap lien quan den NTD, bao gom ba van ban chil yeu.
1) Chi thi so 11 ciia Nghi \ien vd IJy ban chau .Au ngay 21/5/2013 vc giai quy^t tranh chap bang phuong thiic thay th£ doi voi nhimg tranh chap giira NTD voi thirotig nhan (Chi thi 2013/11). Ngi dung co ban ciia Chi thj la yeu cau cac nuac thanh vien c6ng nhan va ap dung rgng rai ADR nhu mgt phuong thirc chinh thiic de giai quyet tranh chap giira NTD va thuong nhan trong
•" Thuat ngij "ODR platform" co th^ dich theo nghia den la nen tang cong nghe dien tii cho giai quyel tranh chap true luyen. Tuy nhien, tir boi canh ra den.
muc tieu va each thiic hoat dpng cua ODR platfomi, CO the thay thual ngir nay mang tinh khoa hpc lien nganh. the hien sir ket hop chat che giira tinh phap ly cua hoat dpng giai quyet tranh chip ihay the va sir ho irp tich cue ciia cong nghe dien tit duai hinh ihitc ucbsite. Do do. bai viet giir nguyen ten gpi "ODR platform" dc dam bao npi ham ciia thuat ngii diroc de cap Xem them cac giai thieu chi ti§t vc ODR lai hnp /'\vcbgate.ec.europa.eu/odr/main<'indcx.cfm''eve m^main.home.show&ing^EN, truy cap ngay IS/l 2016
GIAI QUYET TRANH CHAP...
nuac va trong kh6i, dong thai, co trach nhiem thyc thi nhiing bien phap thiic day sy phat trien cac to chiic ADR.
2) Bo Quy tdc s6 524/2013 cua Nghi vien vd Hpi dong chau Au ngay 21/5/2013 ve giai quyet tranh chap tru'c tuyen (Bg Quy tac 524/2013), cho phep ap dung ODR vao giai quyet tranh chap trong ITnh vuc bao ve NTD a EU. Ngi dung co ban ciia Bg Quy tac la xac lap va van hanh mpt c6ng thong tin chung ciia EU duai hinh thirc website (ODR platform) de tiep nhan cac khi^u nai va xir ly tranh chap giiia NTD va thuang nhan thong qua cac to chuc ADR.
3) Bp Quy tdc .so 1015/2015 cua Uy ban chau Au ngay 01/7/2015 ve huang dan thyc thi cac quy djnh giai quyet tranh chap tryc tuyen lien quan den NTD quy dinh tai Bp Quy t5c s6 524/2013 (Bg Quy dc 2015/1015).
1.3. Cdc chii the tham gia ODR platform
1.3.1. Cdc ben tranh chdp a) Nguai tieu diing
0 hau het cac nuoc tren the gioi, "nguai tieu dimg" dugc quan niem la mgt hay nhieu ca nhan cu the, bo tien ra mua hang hoa hoac djch vu phuc vu cho sinh boat cua minh hoac nguai khac''. Quan niem nay ciing dugc thong nhat sir dung trong EU.
D i k 4.1 (a) cua Chi thi 2013/11 da djnh nghTa: ""NTD la bdt ky cd nhdn ndo mua hang hoa dich vu nhdm muc dich ngodi hoal dpng thuang mat. kmh doanh, lam thu cong hay nhung hoat dpng chuyen nghiep cua ngum ndy
b) Thuang nhdn
Trong EU, khai niem "thuang nhan"
(trader), trong quan he vai NTD dupe dien dat duoi nhieu thuat ngir phap ly khac nhau, c6 the la "nha cung cap" (supplier) hoac
"nguai ban" (seller), tuy theo b6i canh giao djch. Di6u 4.1(b) cua Chi thi 2013/11 da djnh nghTa thuang nhan la "ca nhdn hodc phdp nhdn, hao gom cd nhirng nguoi nhdn danh ho, cho dii a khu vuc tu hay cong, dang hoal dpng, vi muc dich lien quan den hoal dpng thuang mqi. kinh doanh hoac mang linh chdt chuyen nghiep cua minh".
Xuat phat tii' muc tieu bao dam mot thj truong TMDT c6ng bang, bao ve Igi ich hop phap ciia ca hai ben giao djch, Dieu 4.1(i) va 4.1(k) ciia Quy tSc 524/2013 giai thich ro: ODR platform kh6ng chi giai quyet khieu nai mgt chieu ciia NTD vai thuang nhan ma con giai quyet khieu nai ciia thuong nhan vai NTD. Do do, khai mem "ben khieu nai" (complainant parly) va "ben bi khieu nai" (respondent parly) co the la NTD hoac thuong nhan tiiy thugc vao viec ai nop dan truoc. Mac dii day la mgt nhan thirc diing dan trong the gioi hien dai, nhung duang nhu quan niem truyen thong rang chi NTD mai la nguai yeu the va can phai bao ve van giu' vai tro chi phoi 6 nhieu nuac thanh vien EU. Hien tai, chi co b6n nuac la Bi, Dire, Luxembourg, Ba Lan tiep nhan va giai quyet khieu nai ciia thuong nhan d6i vai NTD qua ODR platfomi^ Tac gia se tap trung lam ro ve quy trinh ODR d6i vol khieu nai ciia NTD.
^ Phan Thi Thanh Thiiy. Bdn ve giiri han pha/) ly ciia thuang hccmg Irong gidi quyet tranh chdp giua nguoi lieu dimg \d ben cung cdp hang hoa dich vu.
Tap chi Nha nirac va Phap luat, so 11(343) nam 2016, ir 54-55-
Xem canh bao ve ttr choi nhan khiiu nai cua thirong nhan trir cac nuoc Bi. Dire, Luxembourg, Ba Lan tai htlps./Zwcbgate.cc europa-eu/odr/mam/index- cfm?event-main.home show&lng-EN, truy cap ngay 29/1/2016
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c) Dieu kien di cdc ben tranh chdp dugc sir dung ODR platform
D6 khieu nai dupe ti^p nhan, Quy tac 524/2013 quy dinh NTD phai la c6ng dan hoac ca nhan cu tni hgp phap tai cac nuoc thugc EU va tuong ty, thuang nhan cung phai dang ky hoat dgng hgp phap trong khoi.
Theo D i k 4.1(e) ciia Quy t k 524/2013, cac ben co tranh chSp bao g6m NTD va thuang nhan phai co moi quan he phat sinh tii hgp d6ng mua ban hang hoa djch vu tryc tuySn th6ng qua website hoac cac phuang tien dien tir khac (giai thich 15). Cung cSn luu y r5ng, theo giai thieh 13 va 14 ciia Chi thj 2013/11, ODR platform khong giai quyet cac tranh chap phat sinh tir cac hgp d6ng djch vu phi kinh te (non-economic service) va nhiing hgp dong ve djch vu cham soc sue khoe va giao due.
1.3.2. Ben cung cdp dich vu gidi quyet tranh chdp thay the
Ben thii ba trong giai quyet tranh chap giiia NTD va cac thuang nhan chinh la nha cung cap dich vu ADR, dugc EU dien dat bang thuat ngir phap ly la "thyc the ADR"
(ADR entity). Theo djnh nghTa tai Dieu 4.1(h) cua Chi thj 2013/11, thyc xhk ADR dupe hieu la "bdi ky thuc the ndo, dugc goi ten hoac ddn chieu tai. dugc thdnh lap tren mpt nen tang ben virng vd cung cdp gidi phdp cho mpi Iranh chdp thong qua mpi quy trinh ADR vd dugc liet ke (trong danh sdch cua EU) theo cdc lieu chudn quy dinh lai Dieu 20 (2/\ Nha cung cSp ADR co th6 la mpt ca nhan, mgt phap nhan hoac kk hop ciia cac ca nhan va phap nhan, dugc thanh lap va hoat dpng tai mgt nuoc thanh vien EU (Diau 4.3). Chi thi 2013/11 ciing dua ra nhirng quy djnh cu the va nghiem ngat vS
nghTa vu bSt buoc cung cap cac thong tin lien quan den t6 chirc va quy trinh xet xu tren website ciia nha cung c§p ADR. Do la ten, dja chi, muc phi, ngon ngii sir dung, cac loai quy trinh ADR co the thuc hien (trung gian, hoa giai, trgng tai...), loai tranh chap CO thS giai quy^t, hieu luc ciia thoa thuan giai quyet tranh chap. Cac ben can can nhac ky cac thong tin khi lya chgn ben giai quyet tranh chSp. Nhiing quy dinh do cho thay, EU doi h6i cao ve tinh chuyen nghiep, sir minh bach va khach quan cua nha cung cap ADR, nhSm dam bao long tin cua nguoi sir dung djch vu ODR.
1.3.3. Nen tang cdng nghe dien tu cho ODR platform
Su khac biet Ion nhat giira phuang thirc ODR so voi phuang thuc ADR truyen thong la: Ngoai hai ben co tranh chap va nha cung cip ADR diing ra giai quyet tranh chap, ODR lu6n sii dung CNDT lam nen tang vai chat - ky thuat cho giai quyet tranh chap tryc tuyen .
Quy tie s6 524/2013 da khang i3inh ngay trong doan 1 ciia phan giai thich rang, ODR platform ia mpt thiet che phap ly - cong nghe tryc tuyen dac biet, "dugc thiet lap nen vd the hien ducd hinh thirc mpt trang web tuang tdc vd da ngon ngir de cung cdp mpt diem truy cap duy nhdt cho nhirng nguai lieu dung vd cdc thuang nhan dang tim kiem cdc gidi phdp ngodi tda an de gidi quyet tranh chdp lien quan den viec Ihuc thi cdc nghia vu trong hgp dong phat sinh tir hgp dong mua bdn hang hoa dich vu true tuyen". ODR platform dugc thiSt lap
" Phan Thi Thanh Thuy, Gidi quyit tranh chdp Irvc luyen- NhCrng ihdch thuc phdp ly ddi ra cho Viel Nam. Tap chi Khoa hpc Dai hoc Quoc gia Ha Noi - Luat hpc,s6 4/2016,tr.51-53
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GIAI QUYET TRANH CHAP..
va quan tri bai EC tren n§n tang phap ly bao gom cac chi thj va cac bg quy tac co lien quan den giai quyet tranh chap bang ADR va ODR, do Nghj vien va Hpi d6ng chau Au ban hanh.
Ve mat cong nghe, ODR platform la mpt website mien phi duai dang cong thong tin dien hi, thyc hien chiic nang ty dgng tiep nhan khieu nai ciia NTD va xii ly cac thong tin CO lien quan trong suot qua trinh giai quyet tranh chap. Website nay dong vai tro tmng tam trong mgt mang luai ket noi thong tin cua cac ben lien quan den giai quyet tranh chap bao gora: Ben khieu nai va ben bj khieu nai, cac website mua ban tryc tuyeu ciia cac thuang nhan, website cua cac ben cung cap ADR va cac Diem lien lac quoc gia (National contact point) - cac ca quan co chiic nang bao ve NTD cua cac nuac. Ben canh do, cong thong tin nay con cung cap cac ket n6i trg giiip khac cho cac ben nhu duong link ve ca so phap ly cho hoat dpng ODR, mang luai Trung tam cua EU vi NTD (ECC network), cac chi dan v^
phuang thirc doi boi thuang khac trong tnrong hgp ODR khong thanh, cac s6 lieu thong ke va phan tich ve ODR trong EU.
Mae dii EU khuyen cao rang, viec su dung ODR platform khong co tinh chat bat buoc va kh6ng triet tieu quyen khai kien ciia NTD va cac thuang nhan (Dieu 1, Chi thi 2013/11), nhimg cac thuang nhan cung cip djch vu thuang mai tryc tuyen trong EU CO nghTa vu ket noi website TMDT cua hp voi ODR platform. Day ciing la mgt bien phap phong ngira va phat hien nhanh nhirng vi pham quyen Ipi cua NTD.
1.4. Quy trinh gidi quyet tranh chdp thong qua ODR platform
Theo Quy tic s6 1015/2015 vk huang d5n thyc hien giai quyet tranh chap giiia NTD va thuang nhan qua ODR platform, mgt quy trinh day dii phai tuan thu cac buoc ca ban sau day:
Buac mpt: NPp khieu nai
NTD dien cac thong tin vao mgt m l u don khilu nai tryc tuyen tren website va nop d^n trung tam xii ly theo cac chi dan cu th6. Khi6u nai nay se dugc ODR platform ty dgng ehuy8n d6n cho thuang nhan. Cac ben CO t6i da 10 ngay de tu thuang lugng.
Trucmg hop cac ben khong di den thoa thuan, ODR platform se chuyen cho cac ben mgt danh sach cac nha cung cap ADR dugc cho la phu hgp vai tranh chap de cac ben trao d6i va lya chgn. Cac ben c6 toi da 30 ngay ke tir ngay nop don khieu nai de lua chgn nha cung cap ADR, neu khong di den thong nhat, quy trinh se bi ngimg lai.
Buac hai: Thoa thuan ve ca quan gidi quyet tranh chdp
Khi hai ben da thoa thuan lya chgn dugc mgt ca quan giai quyet tranh chap, ODR platform se ty dpng chuyen cac th6ng tin chi tiet ve tranh chap den nha cung cap ADR. Trong vong ba tuan, nha cung cap ADR se xem xet vu viec va thong bao cho khach hang ve quyet djnh chap nhan hoac tu choi giai quyet tranh chap.
Buac ba: Gidi quyet tranh chdp Truong hgp chap nhan vu viec, nha cung cap ADR c6 t6i da 90 ngay de giai quyet tranh chap. Trong su6t quy trinh giai quyet tranh chap, nha cung cap ADR se hen he vai cac ben de lam ro cac thong tin lien quan. Cac dien bien ve giai quyet tranh chap se lien tuc dupe ty dgng cap nhat cho cac ben qua email ciia ODR platfonn.
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Buac bdn: Thuc thi kit qud gidi quyet tranh chdp
Khi quy trinh giai quygt tranh chap dugc hoan thanh, cac ben se dugc thong bao kit qua giai quylt tranh chap. Hieu luc phap ly ciia kit qua giai quyet tranh chap hoan toan phu thugc vao cac quy tac va dieu kien do nha cung c§p ADR dua ra. Neu ca hai ben tranh chdp dong y vai cac dieu khoan v6 hieu lye b5t buoc ciia ket qua giai quyet tranh ch4p thi khong co quyln tii' choi viec thi hanh. Truong hgp kit qua giai quyet tranh chap kh6ng co hieu luc bat bupc thi hanh, NTD co the tiep tuc kien ra toa an de giai quyet.
1.5. Mpt so ddnh gid ve ODR platform Co the thay rang, ODR platform la mpt sang kien Ion ve ap dung co che phoi hpp giua ADR va CNDT de bao ve quyen Ipi chinh dang cho NTD; dong thoi la don bay phap ly tich eye cho tang truong TMDT trong thj truong EU. Tuy moi di vao hoat dpng dupe mot nam va chua co bao cao nao cong bo vc hieu qua hoat dgng ciia ODR platform, nhung thong qua cac dac diem ve cau tnic va van hanh, co the danh gia ve co che nay nhu sau:
* NhU'ng u-u diem ndi bat
ODR platform co nen idng phdp ly virng vdng. Cac van ban phap luat lam nIn mong cho viec thanh lap va hoat dpng ciia co chi nay dupe ban hanh theo mgt 16 trinh hgp ly vai nhimg linh toan ky luang vl hieu qua tac dgng phap luat va tac dgng nhan thiic xa hgi. Dya tren khung kh6 phap luat chung d l bao ve NTD dugc ban hanh tir nhu'ng nam 2000^ EU bat dSu ban hanh Chi ihi 2013/11
v l c6ng nhan va van dung ADR mgt each chinh thiic vao giai quyet cac tranh chSp thuang mai npi khoi. Truoc sy phat tnln cua TMDT va hieu qua cua ODR trong giai quylt tranh chap phat sinh tir loai giao djch nay, nam 2013, EU cung ghi nhan vai tro ciia ODR trong giai quyet tranh chip lien quan den NTD va ban hanh Quy tac 524/2013 lam ca so phap ly cho viec thilt lap va van hanh ODR platform. Sau mgt thai gian chuan bi, Quy tac 1015/2015 dugc ban hanh d l thyc thi Quy tic 524/2013.
ODR platform mang lai nhieu hieu irng tich cue ve phdp ly, kinh te vd xd hpi cho cdc nuac thdnh vien EU. Co che nay chinh thirc cung cap them mgt kenh giai quyet tranh chap ngoai toa an cho NTD va cac thuang nhan, trao cho hg them mpt lya chon de giai quyet tranh chap phii hgp vai tinh chat vu viec va kha nang tham gia cua cac ben Ciing voi do, duai sy h6 trg cua CNDT, ODR platform lam cho cac hoat dgng ADR tro nen thuan tien va minh bach hon bang quy trinh ty dgng tiep nhan khieu nai, h6 trg cac ben trong ket n6i va cap nhat th6ng tin trong suot qua trinh giai quyet tranh chap.
ODR platform tao ra su thong nhdt va phoi hop chat che giua cdc nuac thdnh vien lodn khoi trong bdo ve NTD. Tat ca cac nuac thanh vien EU deu co nghTa vu tich eye tham gia vao ho trg qua trinh giai quyet tranh chap. Theo cac dieu 5, 6 va 7 ciia Chi thi 2013/11, cac nuac co trach nhiem tham dinh va gioi thieu nha cung cap ADR uy tin cho ODR platform. Dilu 7 cita Quy tac 524/2013 con yeu cau cac nuac nay bao diim rang Diem hen lac qu6c gia phai cung Xem tap hpp cac chi thi, quy lac va cac hirong dan, hltp;//ec.eui-opa.cu/consumers/consumer_nghts/inde giai thich ve bao vc ngiroi tieu dimg ciia EU tai x_en.htm, truy cap ngay 16/1/2017.
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cap cac chuyen gia tu van cho NTD va thuang nhan n u a c minh (neu dugc yeu cau) yong suot qui trinh ADR.
* Mpt so ton tai cdn khdc phuc Co the thay cau tnic ciia ODR platform kha do so va phirc tap vai hai cap van hanh.
Theo do, khieu nai cua NTD se chuyen tir trung tam xir ly cap Lien minh chau Au den thuang nhan va nha cung cap ADR cua nuoc thanh vien de giai quyet theo mo hinh
"mgt cira". Cach xir ly nay tuy the hien tinh tap trung, thong nhat, thuan tien cho boat dpng khieu nai ciia NTD, nhung mat khac, hieu qua ciia giai quyet tranh chap se phu thugc kha nhieu vao kha nang cung cap va chat 'ugng djch vu ADR cac nuoc thanh vien. Chang han, hien nay NTD a bon nuoc Croatia, Ba Lan, Romania va Tay Ban Nha chua the thyc hien quyen khieu nai qua ODR platform vi ly do chua hoan tat viec trinh danh sach cac nha cung cap ADR trong nuoc len EC. Nguyen nhan thyc chat ciia sy tri hoan nay la 6 cac nuoc noi tren van thieu vang cac nha cung cap djch vu ADR'".
Cung CO mpt thyc te rang, ODR platform chi phat huy tac dung a noi co ha tang CNDT thuan Igi. Cac khieu nai gin di va sy trao doi th6ng tin giira nha cung cap ADR va cac ben phai dugc thuc hien qua website duoi hinh thiic van ban. Dieu nay gay bat Ipi cho NTD trong nhirng truong hgp hg cu tni o nhu'ng vimg kh6 tiep can internet hoac bi ban che kha nang dien dat bang van ban, hay dem gian la khong cimg
ng6n ngir vcn nha cung cSp ADR (mac dii ODR platform co ho trg djch thuat).
2. Mot so goi m a doi voi Hiep hgi cac quoc gia Dong Nam A
2.1. Muc tieu bdo ve ngu&i tieu diing trong ASEAN
Bao ve NTD la mgt trong nhimg van de nhan dugc nhilu quan tam trong khoi ASEAN. Tir nam 2007, Uy ban Bao ve nguai tieu diing (ASEAN Committee on Consumer Protection ACCP) da dupe thanh lap vai muc tieu chinh la ""thuc hien vd gidm sdt cdc thoa thuan vd ca che khu vuc, vd de thiic ddy sir phdt trien ben virng cua bdo ve nguoi tieu dung a cdc nuac ASEAN^' Th6ng nhit quan diem vai ACCP, Cong d6ng kinh t l ASEAN (AEC) thanh lap ngay 31/12/2015, cung khang djnh ring bao ve NTD la mgt trong nhirng muc tieu chinh de huong tai xay dyng mgt thj truong chung hien dai, hieu qua va canh tranh cong bang, thiic day sy phat trien ciia TMDT trong kh6i. Muc tieu nay dugc AEC cu the bang mgt loat cac bien phap trong ban Ke hoach cu the den nam 2025 (AEC Blueprint) bao g6m: Thiet lap khuon kh6 phap luat ve bao ve NTD chung cho ca khu vyc ASEAN, cai thien viec thyc thi va giam sat viec thuc thi phap luat bao ve quyen Ipi NTD; thiet lap ca che boi thuong va giai quyet tranh chap thay the hieu qua, trao quyen cho NTD, xay dyng long tin cho NTD va thiic day giao djch thuang mai xuyen bien gioi bang each dua ra cac tieu chuan ve hang boa djch vu an toan '
'" Xcm Disclaimer (thong bao tir choi) tren website ciia Uy ban chau Au tai htlps://wcbgate cc.europa.eu /odr/main/index.cfm?event=maiii.adr.show, truy cap ngay 16/1/2017
Xem muc tieu hoat dong ciia ACCP tai http://www.ascanconsumer.org/accp/index.php''r=po rtal/article&id=59, truy cap ngay 23/11/2016
Xem AEC Blueprint 2025 tai section B2
"Consummer protection", hltp://www.ascan.org/sIor
61
D I khing djnh sy th6ng nhat, quyet tam thyc hien muc tieu bao ve NTD trong kh6i, ACCP ciing da cong bo K I hoach chien lupc d l bao ve NTD 2016-2025 (ASEAN Strategic Plan for Consumer Protection 2016-2025- ASAPCP), trong do vach ra cac muc tieu chiln luge bao gom: (i) Thiet lap mgt khung kho chung de bao ve NTD, (ii) Bao dam cho NTD dugc thyc hanh quyln va dugc bao ve, (iii) Thiet lap long tin ciia NTD trong AEC va trong cac giao dich thuang mai xuyen bien giai, va (iv) Tich hgp m6i quan tam ciia NTD ASEAN trong mgt chinh sach chung'^ ACCP ciing dac biet quan tam den xay dung va ap dung ODR trong cac nuac thanh vien va chung cho ca khoi. Theo do, 16 trinh dat ra tir nam 2016 din 2020 la xay dyng "he th6ng ODR cua timg quoc gia" (National ODR system), tiep do la xay dyng "mang luai ODR eua khu vyc ASEAN" (ASEAN ODR network) va tien lai xay dyng "co che chung ASEAN de giai quyet cac khieu nai va dieu tra xuyen bien giai qu6c gia" (ASEAN mechanism for cross border complaints and investigations)
Mac dii cac muc tieu chien luge va cac bien phap bao ve NTD dugc vach ra rit toan dien va day dii, nhung da han mpt nam kl tir ngay AEC dupe thanh lap, ca AEC va ACCP deu chua lam dugc gi nhilu tren thyc agc/images/2015/November/aec-page/AEC-Bluepnn t-2025-FrNAL pdf, truy cap ngay 07/10/2016.
Xem ASEAN Strategic Plan for Consumer Protection 2016-2025 tai http://www.aseanconsume r,org/accp/index.php''i=portal/article&id^53. Iruy cap ngay 16/11/2016.
Xem Appendix - Summary of the Strategic Goals and Initiaiives/Targets, section 3 2 "An ASEAN Regional Online Dispute Resolution (ODR) Network is established", trong ASEAN Strategic Plan for Consumer Protection, tldd
tl. Cho tai nay, nhirng gi ACCP dat dirge v5n la thyc hien chuc nang canh bao thong tin v l hang hoa, dich vu dang bj cam lira hanh trong khoi, cong bo dja chi lien he ciia cac c a quan chirc nang bao ve NTD 6 cac nuoc thanh vien de NTD tu lien he khi bi xam hai quyen lgi va cung cap cac duong link din tai cac quy djnh phap luat bao ve NTD cua 10 nuoc thanh vien.
2.2. Mpt so gffi y ve xdy dung cff che gidi quyet tranh chap true tuyen giua ngirdi tieu dung vd thirgng nhan trong ASEAN
Trong nhiing muc tieu chien lupc va ke hoach hanh dgng cua ACCP va cua AEC, nhiem vu xuyen su6t la thiet lap mpt ca ehe chung toan khoi nham giai quyet cac khieu nai cua NTD trong giao djch xuyen bien giai va dieu tra cac vi pham co lien quan. Tuy den nay chua c6 mgt van ban nao do ASEAN ban hanh vach ra mo hinh cu the ciia "co che chung" noi tren, nhung xet ve chiic nang, nhiem vu va pham vi hoat dgng, co che chung ma ASEAN huang tai trong tucmg lai se co nhieu net tuang dong vai m6 hinh to chirc va hoat dgng ciia ODR platform, tham chi con di xa han khi co them chiic nang dieu tra vi pham quyen lgi NTD.
Nhu vay, ASEAN rit cin tham khao kinh nghiem ciia EU de xay dung mgt ca che ODR cho khu vuc. Tuy nhien, cung can phai luu y rang, tren cac phuang dien nhu muc tieu va ban chat ciia lien ket khoi, mirc dp gan ket, trinh do phat trien kinh te - xa hpi chung ciia ca khoi cung nhu ciia cac nuoc thanh vien, EU va ASEAN co sir chenh lech, trong d6 ASEAN kem thuan lgi han EU khi thanh lap cac thiet che chung 62
GIAI QUYET TRANH CHAP..
ngikhoi'^ Do do, ASEAN nen nghien cim ky luong va tilp thu co chgn !gc nhirng ylu to phu hgp trong to chiic va van hanh cua ODR platform de ap dung khi xay dyng mgt CO che ODR chung bao ve NTD.
D6i vai ASEAN, d l thanh lap mot c6ng thong tin dien tii chung cho ca khoi, dam duong cac chiic nang d l ra trong K I hoach hanh dgng, co le phuang an kha thi nhit cua ASEAN la cai each to chiic va boat dgng cua ACCP va nang cap website hien co cua to chiic nay thanh mgt cong ODR chung cho ASEAN. De thyc hien dugc muc tieu do va tham khao kinh nghiem cua EU, ASEAN cin giai quylt nhimg thach thiic phap ly va thyc te e a ban sau:
Thir nhdt, ASEAN cin nhanh chong xay dung va ban hanh bg quy tic v l bao ve NTD trong khu vyc, trong do co cac quy tic ve khuyen khich sir dung ADR va ODR d l giai quylt tranh chip. Cac bg quy tic nay phai phu hgp vai cac chuan myc qu6c tl, khu vyc va Igi ich cua cac quoc gia thanh vien. Tham khao nhirng gi EU da lam tir nhimg nam 2000, ASEAN phai bit diu tir viec ban hanh quy dinh chung lam ca so phap ly cho bao ve NTD npi kh6i trong cac giao djch thuang mai truyin th6ng va TMDT. Tren co sa nay, ban hanh tiep cac quy tac ve khuyen khich su dung ADR va ODR trong giai quyet tranh chip lien quan den NTD. Theo ke hoach de ra, viec xay dyng khung kh6 phap ly chung se keo dai tir
nam 2016 d i n nam 2 0 2 5 ' ^ Mac dii cong viec nay rat can sy chuan bj ky luong, song Ig trinh 10 nam duong nhu qua dai so vai yeu cau bao ve NTD dang tra nen cap bach trong boi canh AEC da di vao hoat dpng va giao djch TMDT xuyen bien giai ngay cang gia tang. De som hoan thanh viec xay dyng nen tang phap ly chung cho bao ve NTD, ngoai no luc cua cac nuoc thanh vien, ASEAN can sy ho trg tir cac chuyen gia phap ly quoc te.
Thir hai. de chuan bj nguon lye cho vice thiet lap va boat dgng ciia cac he thong ODR quoc gia va mang luai ODR khu vyc, tien toi thiet lap mpt co che ODR chung cho toan khoi, ASEAN can thiic day Chinh phii cac nuac thanh vien no luc xay dyng mang luai cac to chirc/nha cung cap ADR trong nuac de tham gia vao giai quyet cac khieu nai ciia NTD. Sy thieu vang cac to chiic ADR a nhieu nuac thanh vien la mpt han che lan trong thyc hien cae myc tieu nay.
Hien tai, cac nuoc nhu Singapore, Malaysia, Philippines, Indonesia va Thailand co cac to chiic ADR nhu trgng tai, trung gian, hoa giai... mong doi phat trien c6 the dam duong viec giai quyet cac khieu nai, tranh chap ciia NTD chuyen v l tir c6ng ODR ciia khu vyc (neu co). Cac thanh vien con lai nhu Viet Nam, Lao, Campuchia, Myanmar, Brunei van thieu vang cac to chiic ADR trong nuoc, hoac my co nhung chua dugc su dung ph6 bien trong xa hgi'^. Chang ban,
" Dili Huy Khoat, So .sanh mo hinh lien kit EU - ASEAN. Tap chi Nghien cuu chau Au, s i 4(45)/2002, tr. 3-4. Xem them Dinh Cong Tu4n, Mo hinh hoi nhap cua EV-.-iSEAN .ra sanh nhirng tu-cmg dong khdc biet vd bdi hoc kinh nghiem cho ASEAN. Tap chiNghienciJuchauAu, 6(141), 2012, tr. 10-20.
Xem Appendix - Summary of the Strategic Goals and Initiatives/Targets, section 3.2 ciia The ASEAN Strategic Action Plan for Consumer Protection 2016- 2025 lai http//asean.org/sIorage/2012/05/ASAPCP- UPLOADING-l lNovl6-Final.pdf, iruy cap ngay 02/2/2017.
'^ Xem Dien ddn phdp luat ASEAN lan thu 2 vi Cdi cdch tranh chdp ngodi Tod dn ca che nham tang cuang thuang mai Irong khu vuc ASEAN tai
63
0 Viet Nam, s6 vu viec giai quyet tranh chip thay thi hang nam rat nho so vai kh6i lugng c6ng viec ciia toa an va nhu cau ciia xahgi
Thir ba. ASEAN cin bit tay ngay vao tiln hanh cai each co che hoat dgng cua ACCP. Nhu da d l cap, cac boat dgng ACCP hien tai con mang tinh hen chinh phii tren be noi, chua di vao thuc chat, do do con quan lieu va kem hieu qua, dan den "tinh nira vai" trong thyc thi chiic nang bao ve NTD trong khii. Tren thuc tl, ACCP chua thyc hien dugc chirc nang tu van hoac h6 trg tryc tiep NTD khi quyen lgi ciia hp bi xam hai. De tro thanh mgt trung tam ODR cho ca kh6i trong tu'ong lai, ACCP can co sy phoi hgp chat che voi cac co quan chirc nang cac nuac thanh vien trong trao doi thong tin, tu' van cho NTD. ACCP cung nen nhanh chong xay dyng su ket noi vai cac t6 chiic dan su lien quan tryc tiep den thyc thi va bao ve NTD a cac nuac thanh vien nhu cac to chiic ADR, cac doanh nghiep, cac hiep hgi bao ve NTD.
Thir lu. CO che chung ve ODR ciia ASEAN can mpt nen tang CNDT hien dai a hai cap: Cap khu vyc va cap cac nuoc thanh vien. Dieu nay co nghTa, hieu qua boat dpng ciia cong ODR con phu thupc vao chit lugng ha tang CNDT ciia cac nuac thanh vien. Co mgt thyc tl la, trinh dp phat tnln internet 6 cac nuac ASEAN co su chenh lech rat Ion. Co tai 4/10 nuoc thanh vien la Indonesia, Lao, Campuchia va Myanmar co
http://moj.gov.vn/qt/lintuc/Pages/thong-tin-khac.asp x?ltemlD=618, truy cap ngay 24/10/2016
' Bieu do so luong giai <juy^t tranh chip cua Trong tai Thuong mai Quoc te Viet Nam tai http./Zviac .vn/thong-ke-cl 19.html, truy cap ngay 15/1/2017.
6 4
do phii internet thap (duoi 20% dan so)"
Tinh tren toan kh6i chi co 29% dan s6 ASEAN dugc tiep can internet^". Day se la tra ngai 1cm cho viec thiet lap cac giao djch TMDT, giao dich xuyen bien giai va thirc hien quyen khieu nai cua NTD qua cong th6ng tin tryc tuyen. Do do, Chinh phii cac nuac nay can no luc vao cuoc de khac phuc tinh trang tren.
Cuoi cung. trong boi canh co sy chenh lech Ion ve trinh do phat trien kinh te - xa hgi ciia cac nuac thanh vien ASEAN, can nang cao nhan ihiic NTD ve phuong thiic ODR khi quyen lgi chinh dang ciia ho bi xam hai. De lam dugc dieu nay, can co sy ph6i hgp giu'a cac co quan bao ve NTD ciia Chinh phu va cac hpi bao ve NTD, cac to chirc luat su, cac t6 chiic ADR...
Den thai diem hien tai ASEAN van chua CO mpt nen tang phap ly chung ngoai ke hoach hanh dpng den nam 2025. Do vay, phat trien cong thong tin ACCP thanh mot CO che ODR tuong ty nhu ODR platfonn ciia EU se la mgt c6ng viec kho khan.
Cho dii vay, ke hoach xay dung mpt ca che ODR chung ciia ASEAN co nhieu yeu to kha thi. ASEAN co the tham khao va tiep thu mpt each chgn Ipc nhung kinh nghiem cua EU de ap dung trong hoan canh dac thii ciia kh6i, nham day nhanh tien dp xay dung va van hanh co c h i ODR cho khu vyc, xay dung long tm cho NTD, thuc day TMDT va giao dich xuyen bien gioi.
Xem bao cao cua Internet Society, 2015, Unleasing the Poleliat of Ihe Internet for ASEAf^
economic.';, tri0-13 tai http7/www.internetsociety . org/sitcs/defau It/fi les/ASEAN_ISOC_Digital_Econ omy_Report_Full_0.pdf, truy cap ngay 16/01/2017.
^" Nha Han, Thucmg mqi dien tu ASEAN. Ca hpi va thach thirc, Tap chi Logistics Vietnam, thang 7 nam 2016.
