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HIEU LUC CUA THOA THUAN
TRONG HOA GIAI TRANH CHAP THUDNG MAI
• . ,, • ThS. NGUYgN BICH THAO *
Bod gidi gidi quyei tranh chap thuang mgi dang Id mgl van de thdi si( trong ly ludn, phdp luat vd thifc tien dViel Nam. Nhieu vdn de ly ludn ve hod gidi chua duac ldm ro, trong do co hieu life cua thoa thudn hod gidi. Vdi viec neu hdt hdn chdt cua thoa thuan hod gidi, cdc cdch liep can ve dieu chinh phdp ludt ddi vai hieu life cua thoa thudn hod gidi, thifc trgng quy dinh cita phdp ludt Viei Nam hien hdnh ve van de ndy, bdi viei difa ra kien nghi cu the thiei kecdc quy dinh phdp ludt ve hieu life cua thoa thudn hod gidi, gai md md hinh td chdc hod gidi thuang mgi vd mgl sd kien nghi khdc khi xdy difng Ludi Hod gidi d Viei Nam, nhdm llii'tc ddy sif phdi Irien cua die dinh hod gidi Iranh chdp thuang mgi Irong nhdng ndm ldi.
1. Hoa giai giai quyet tranh chap thUdng mai trong ly luan, phap luat va thyc tien hien nay d Viet Nam
Vao nhflng thap nien trd lai day, hoa giai ngay cang dUdc sfl dung phd bien trong thyc tien giai quyei tranh chap tren the gidi, nhai la trong Hnh vyc thUdng mai, Vdi sy phat then cua cac quan he thUdng mai trong nen kinh te thi trudng d nUdc ta hien nay cac tranh chap thUdng mai ngay cang gia tang, ddi hoi phai cd cac phUdng thflc giai quyei tranh chap da dang, linh hoat, dap flng dUdc ddi hoi ciia cac chu the kinh doanh ve tfnh ddn gian, bi mat, nhanh ehdng, tiei kiem... Hoa giai la phuong thflc giai quyei tranh chap cd kha nang dap flng dUdc d mfle dp kha cao cac yeu cau dd.
Tuy nhien, hien nay hoa giai chua trd thanh mdt phUdng thflc giai quyei tranh chap thUdng mai dpc lap d Viet Nam, ma chi la mpt thu tuc td tung trong qua trinh giai quyei tranh chap tai toa an hoac trpng tai.
Mac dii Luat ThUdng mai nam 2005 da ghi nhan mdt trong cac hinh thflc giai quyei tranh chap thUdng mai la "hoa giai gifla cac ben do mdt cd quan, td chflc hoac ca nhan dUdc cac ben thda thuan chpn lam trung gian hoa giai" (khoan 2 Dieu 317), nhung hinh thflc nay
chua dupc quy dinh cu the. Viet Nam cd mdt he thdng cac td hoa giai d cd sd dUdc dieu chinh bdi Phap lenh To chflc va hoat ddng hoa giai d cd sd nam 1998, nhung pham vi tie'n hanh hoa giai cua cac td hoa giai nay khdng bao gom cac tranh chap thUdng mai.
Ngay 03/7/2009, Thu tUdng Chfnh phii da ky Quyei dinh sd 961/QO-TTg ban hanh ChUdng trinh hanh dpng cua Chfnh phu ve phat then dich vu giai doan 2009-2011, trong dd, giao cho Bd Tu phap chu tri xay dyng De an ve md hinh td chflc hoa giai thUdng mai d Viet Nam. Vay md hinh dd se dupc xay dyng nhU the nao? Hien chUa cd mdt cdng trinh nghien cflu mang tfnh he thd'ng, toan dien ve md hinh td chflc hoa giai thUdng mai d Viet Nam. Nhieu van de chUa dUdc lam rd ve mat ly luan nhU: Dia vi phap ly cua td chflc hoa giai thUdng mai; dja vi phap ly, tieu chuan cua hoa giai vien; nguyen tac, trinh ty, thii tuc hoa giai; van de bao mat thdng tin trong hoa giai; hieu lyc cua thoa thuan dat dupc trong hoa giai v.v... Trong phap luat thyc dinh, ngoai khoan 2 Dieu 317 Luat ThUdng mai nam 2005, chua cd quy dinh phap luat cu the nao ve hoa giai tranh chap thuong mai ngoai td tung. Cd the ndi, day la mdt khoang trdng trong ly luan cung nhU trong
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phap luat va khoang trdng nay la mdt nguyen nhan dan de'n viec hoa giai chua trd thanh mdt phUdng thflc giai quyet tranh chap thUdng mai ddc lap, dUdc cac doanh nhan Ua chudng,
Trong pham vi bai viet nay tac gia chi xin de cap mpt khfa canh ctia hoa giai tranh chap thUdng mai, dd la hieu lyc cua thoa thuan hoa giai, Mdt trong nhifng ly do khien cac ben tranh chap e ngai khi lya chon phUdng thflc hoa giai la thoa thuan dat dUdc trong hoa giai khdng cd tfnh cUdng che thi hanh nhu mpt ban an, quyet dinh cua toa an hay phan quyei cua trpng tai thUdng mai. Do vay hieu lUc cua thoa thuan hoa giai la mot khfa canh quan trpng cua hoa giai, can dUdc nghien ciru va can sydieu chinh bang phap luat.
2. Ban chai cua thoa thuan hoa giai
Khi xem xet hieu luc cua thoa thuan hoa giai, can di tfl ban chai cua hoa giai. Trong thUc tiin, cac phUdng thflc giai quyet tranh chap thUdng mai mang ban chai cua hoa giai cd bieu hien rai da dang, phong phu vdi nhiing ten gpi khac nhau nhU: Hoa giai (conciliation), trung gian (mediation), danh gia trung lap (neutral evaluation), phien hpp nhd (mini trial).,, Tuy mdi phUdng thflc cd quy trinh va ky nang tie'n hanh khac nhau, nhung chimg gid'ng nhau ve ban chai, dd la deu cd sU cd mat cua ben thfl ba giiip dd cac ben giai quyei tranh chap bang each thoa thuan va ben thfl ba nay khdng dUa ra phan quyei cd tfnh bat bupc ddi vdi cac ben tranh chap. Do vay cac phUdng thflc neu tren deu cd the dUdc gpi chung la hoa giai va sU phan biet gifla cac phUdng thflc nay hau nhu khdng cd y nghia ve mat phap ly, ma chO yeu cd y nghia ve mat phUdng phap, ky nang tien hanh hoa giai, Phap luat hoa giai cua cac nudc tren the gidi nhin chung deu dieu chinh tai ca cac phUdng thflc hoa giai, trung gian, danh gia trung lap... Luat mlu ve Hoa giai thUdng mai qud'c te cua Uy ban Luat ThUdng mai qud'c te Lien Hdp Qudc (UNCITRAL) nam 2002 cung tiep can khai niem
"hoa giai" theo nghia rpng nhu vay'',
Xuai phat tfl ban chai cua hoa giai nhu tren, cd the
tha'y thoa thuan dat dUdc trong hoa giai la thoa thuan cua chfnh cac ben tranh chap, the hien y chf ty nguyen cua hp; ngUdi hoa giai chi ddng vai trd giup dd cac ben tranh chap dat dupc thoa thuan chfl khdng ra phan quyet budc cac ben phai thi hanh. Day la dac diem phan biet hoa giai vdi cac phUdng thflc giai quyet tranh chap khac cung cd mat ben thfl ba nhU trpng tai, toa an. Mpi thoa thuan cua cac ben tranh chap dat dupc thdng qua hoa giai phai do chfnh cac ben quyei dinh tren cd sd hoan toan ty nguyen, khdng cd sy ap dat tii ben ngoai. Ban chai cua thoa thuan dd la mpt hpp ddng (hdp ddng dan xe'p hay hpp ddng dieu dinh), Phap luat dan sy nhieu nudc tren the gidi cd quy dinh rieng ve loai hdp ddng nay Ching han, Oieu 2044 Bo luat Dan sU Phap quy dinh: "Dan xep la hdp ddng theo dd cac ben cha'm dift mpt vu tranh chap da xay ra hoac phdng ngfla mpt vu tranh chap sap xay ra. Hdp ddng nay phai lam thanh van ban"2. Hoac Dieu 850 Bd luat Dan sy va ThUdng mai Thai Lan quy dinh:
"Thda hiep la hdp ddng qua dd cac ben dan xep mot tranh chap, bai ke dd la thoa hiep thUc sU hay dang dy dinh bang sy nhan nhUdng cua ca hai ben"3,
Bp luat Dan sU Viet Nam khdng cd quy dinh rieng ve hdp ddng dan xep, nhUng cd the ap dung nhiing quy dinh chung ve hdp ddng ddi vdi loai hdp ddng nay Ban chai cua hdp ddng dan xe'p la thoa thuan cha'm dift tranh chap gifla cac ben, do vay khi cac ben da dat dUdc thoa thuan vdi nhau cd nghia la tranh chap da cha'm dift, ne'u sau dd mpt hoac cac ben khdng thyc hien dimg thoa thuan thi tflc la phat sinh tranh chap ve hpp ddng dan xe'p chfl khdng phai tranh chap ban dau nfla,
3. Cac each tiep can ve dieu chinh phap luat ddi vdi hieu lyc cua thoa thuan hoa giai
Tren the gidi, hien nay cd hai each tie'p can khac nhau ve dieu chinh phap luat ddi vdi hieu lyc ctia thoa thuan hoa giai.
Cach tiep can thd nhat la ghi nhan thoa thuan hoa giai cd hieu lyc rang bupc cac ben tranh chap nhU
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mdt hdp ddng va dupc cudng che thyc hien nhu doi vdi hdp ddng thdng thudng; neu mdt trong cac ben vi pham hdp ddng thi ben bi vi pham phai khdi kien ra toa an hoac trpng tai de bupc ben kia thyc hien dimg hdp ddng. Phap luat hoa giai cua nhieu nudc tren the gidi, cung nhu Quy tac Hoa giai nam 1980 cua UNCITRAL di theo each tiep can nay Khoan 3 Dieu 13 ciia Quy tac Hoa giai nam 1980 quy dinh: "Bang viec ky kei thoa thuan hoa giai bang van ban, cac ben cha'm dift tranh chap va bi rang budc bdi thoa thuan hoa giai dd"
va Oieu 13 Quy tac Hoa giai cung chii thich them rang:
"Cac ben cd the xem xet dUa vao van ban thoa thuan hoa giai mdt dieu khoan quy dinh rang mpi tranh chap phat sinh tfl hoac lien quan tdi thoa thuan hoa giai se dUdc dUa ra trpng tai giai quyet""*.
Cach tiep can thd hai la coi thoa thuan hoa giai cd hieu lyc nhu mdt ban an cua toa an hay mdt phan quyei cua trpng tai, cd the dUa ra thi hanh ngay ma khdng can phai thdng qua thu tuc khdi kien nhu ddi vdi hdp ddng thdng thudng. Trong phap luat cua mdt sd qud'c gia nhU Hungary va Han Qud'c, khi cac ben tranh chap da dat dUdc thoa thuan thdng qua hoa giai, thi cd quyen chi dinh mdt trpng tai vien de ra mpt phan quyei trpng tai dya tren thoa thuan hoa giai ctia cac ben^. 0 Dflc va Ao, ne'u nhU mdt cdng chflng vien cung ky vao thoa thuan hoa giai, thoa thuan dd se cd hieu lyc nhu mdt ban an hay mdt phan quyei trpng tai^, Hoac d Phi-lfp-pin, Luat ve giai quyei tranh chap ngoai toa an nam 2004 quy dinh rang: "Cac ben cd the thoa thuan trong ban thoa thuan hoa giai rang hoa giai vien trd thanh trpng tai vien duy nhai ddi vdi tranh chap nay va se coi thoa thuan hoa giai nhu mpt phan quyei trpng tai va dUdc thi hanh thee Luat Trpng tai,,,"7,
Cach tie'p can thfl hai dUdc nhieu nha hoat ddng thyc tidn trong Hnh vUc hoa giai thUdng mai ung hd, bdi hp cho rang, quy dinh ve hieu lyc cua thoa thuan nhu tren se tang sflc ha'p din cua hoa giai, khuyen khfch cac ben tranh chap sfl dung phUdng thflc nay; hdn
nfla, neu thoa thuan hoa giai chi cd hieu lyc rang budc nhu mpt hdp ddng thdng thudng thi cd the se lam nan Idng cac ben mud'n thyc thi thoa thuan dd neu nhu quy trinh td tung tai toa an qua keo dai va tdn kem.
Tuy nhien, mdt sd nha nghien cifu tren the gidi khdng dong tinh vdi each tie'p can thfl hai, Theo dng Jernej Sekolec, Thu ky UNCITRAL, neu coi thoa thuan hoa giai cd hieu lyc nhu mdt ban an hay mot phan quyei trpng tai thi se nay sinh van de la cac ben khdng cd cd hdi yeu cau toa an tuyen bd thoa thuan hoa giai vd hieu do bi nham lan, Ifla ddi hoac de doa trong qua trinh tien hanh hoa giai. Do vay lai can phai quy dinh mdt cd che rieng de huy thoa thuan hoa giai do nham lln, Ifla ddi hoac de doa, bdi mpt phan quyei cua toa an hay trpng tai thi khdng the bi huy dya tren cac can cfl nay Cdn neu coi thoa thuan hoa giai cd hieu lyc rang budc cac ben nhU mot hpp dong thdng thUdng, thi mac dii cd han che la cac ben vln phai tie'n hanh thu tuc khdi kien de cUdng che thi hanh thoa thuan dd, nhung cung khdng hin lam mai di tfnh Uu viet cua phUdng thflc hoa giai. Bdi khi khdi kien de thyc thi thoa thuan hoa giai, nghia vu chflng minh cua ben cd quyen se nhe nhang hdn nhieu so vdi trudng hdp khdng sfl dung phUdng thflc hoa giai ngay tfl dau ma lya chpn phUdng an khdi kien ra toa an de giai quyei tranh chap, vi nghia vu chimg minh se chi gidi han trong pham vi nhflng van de da thoa thuan trong hoa giai, ma khdng phai chflng minh nhflng tinh tiei cua tranh chap ban dau^, Ngoai ra, theo tac gia Tore Wiwen-Nilsson, neu phap luat quy dinh viec chuyen hoa thoa thuan hoa giai thanh mdt phan quyei trpng tai ghi nhan sy thoa thuan cua cac ben (trong tieng Anh gpi la "a consent avi^ard", "an award on consent", hoac "an award on agreed terms" - phan quyei trpng tai ve cac dieu khoan thoa thuan), se cdn dat ra nhieu van de phflc tap khac ve npi dung va hinh thflc the hien cua phan quyei dd^.
Luat mlu ve Hoa giai thUdng mai qud'c te cua UNCITRAL (Luat mlu) khdng quy dinh cu the ve hieu
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lyc cua thoa thuan hoa giai, ma de ngd van de nay cho phap luat qud'c gia, Oieu 14 Luat mau chi quy djnh:
"Neu cac ben dat dUdc thoa thuan giai quyei tranh chap, thoa thuan hoa giai dd cd tfnh rang budc va cd the thi hanh dupc", Oieu 14 cung chii thfch rang, cac qudc gia khi ban hanh dao luat hoa giai ciia nudc minh cd the quy dinh rd ve phUdng thflc thi hanh thoa thuan hoa giai hoac dan chieu tdi cac quy dinh rieng ve thi hanh thoa thuan dd, Quy dinh mang tinh "md" nay cua UNCITRAL phan anh sUda dang trong each tie'p can cua cac qud'c gia ve dieu chinh phap luat ddi vdi hieu lyc cua thoa thuan hoa giai, vi vay, UNCITRAL khd cd the dUa ra mdt giai phap mang tinh thd'ng nhai trong Dieu 14 cua Luat mau,
4. Quy djnh cua phap luat Viet Nam hien hanh ve hieu lUc ciia thoa thuan hoa giai trong giai quyet tranh chap thudng mai va mot sd kien nghj
Nhu tren da neu, hoa giai hien nay chua trd thanh mdt phUdng thflc giai quyei tranh chap thUdng mai ddc lap d Viet Nam, mac du Luat ThUdng mai da ghi nhan phUdng thflc nay Hoa giai tranh chap thUdng mai chu yeu dUdc tie'n hanh trong td tung dan sy hoac trong td tung trpng tai va thoa thuan dat dUdc thdng qua hoa giai trong to tung cd hieu lUc thi hanh nhU mdt ban an, quyei dinh cua toa an hoac mdt phan quyei cua trpng tai, dUdc thi hanh theo thu tuc thi hanh an dan sU,
Trong td tung dan sy, hoa giai la thu tuc bat budc trudc phien toa sd tham; neu cac dUdng sy thda thuan dupc vdi nhau ve toan bd cac van de phai giai quyei trong vu an thi Toa an lap bien ban hoa giai thanh. Hei thdi han 7 ngay ke tfl ngay lap bien ban hoa giai thanh ma khdng cd dUdng sy nao thay ddi y kien ve sy thoa thuan dd thi tham phan ra quyet dinh cdng nhan sy thoa thuan cua cac dUdng sU, Quyei dinh nay cd hieu lyc phap luat ngay sau khi dupc ban hanh va khdng bi khang cao, khang nghi theo thu tuc phiic tham, nhung cd the bi khang nghi theo thu tuc giam ddc tham (Dieu 187, 188 Bp luat Td tung dan sU). Tai phien toa sd
tham, neu cac dUdng sU thda thuan dUdc vdi nhau ve viec giai quyei vu an thi hdi ddng xet xfl cung ra quyei dinh cdng nhan sU thoa thuan cua dUdng sy (Dieu 220 Bd luat Td tung dan sU). Cdn trudc hoac tai phien toa phiic tham, neu cac dUdng sy thoa thuan dUdc vdi nhau ve viec giai quyet vu an thi hdi ddng xet xfl phiic tham sfla ban an sd tham, cdng nhan sy thoa thuan cua dUdng sU (Oieu 270 Bd luat Td tung dan sy). Nhu vay tuy thudc vao viec hoa giai thanh d giai doan td tung dan sy nao ma hinh thflc the hien ket qua hoa giai trong td tung dan sy cd the la mdt quyei dinh td tung hoac ban an cd hieu lyc bat budc ddi vdi cac ben dUdng sy, dupc thi hanh theo thu tuc thi hanh an dan sy,
Theo Oieu 37 Phap lenh Trpng tai thUdng mai nam 2003, trong qua trinh td tung trpng tai, cac ben cd the yeu cau Hpi ddng Trpng tai tien hanh hoa giai. Trong trudng hpp hoa giai thanh, thi cac ben cd the yeu cau Hdi ddng Trpng tai lap bien ban hoa giai thanh va ra quyei dinh cdng nhan hoa giai thanh. Quyei dinh nay la chung tham va dUdc thi hanh nhU mdt quyet dinh trpng tai. Luat Trpng tai thUdng mai (mdi dUdc Qud'c hdi thdng qua ngay 17/6/2010 va cd hieu lyc tfl ngay 01/11/2011) cung quy dinh theo hudng dd,
Nhu vay ddi vdi hoa giai trong td tung dan sy tai toa an va hoa giai trong td tung trpng tai, hieu lUc cua thoa thuan hoa giai da dUdc phap luat xac dinh ro;
nhung ddi vdi hoa giai ngoai to tung thi chua cd quy dinh cu the.
Tuy nhien, cung can ndi them rang, phap luat hien hanh khdng chi thieu rieng quy dinh ve hieu lyc cua thoa thuan hoa giai, ma thieu cd sd phap ly chung cho toan bd hoat dpng hoa giai tranh chap thUdng mai. Do vay viec hoan thien cac quy dinh phap luat ve hieu lUc cua thoa thuan hoa giai can dUdc dat trong kien nghi tdng the ve xay dyng md hinh hoa giai tranh chap thUdng mai d Viet Nam.
Cd the du bao rang, trong tUdng lai, hoa giai se trd thanh mpt phUdng thflc giai quyei tranh chap thUdng
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mai ddc lap va tien tdi ngay cang mang tfnh chuyen nghiep d Viet Nam. Mpt minh chflng la nam 2007, Trung tam Trpng tai thUdng mai qud'c te Viet Nam (VIAC) ben canh Phdng ThUdng mai va Cdng nghiep Viet Nam da bd sung them chflc nang hoa giai bang viec thanh lap rieng mpt bd phan tien hanh hoa giai chuyen nghiep va da ban hanh Bd Quy tac hoa giai rieng gdm 20 dieu, cd hieu lUc tfl 10/9/2007. VIAC da nam lan tie'n hanh hoa giai theo de nghi cua cac ben va deu hoa giai thanh (tuy mdi chi dflng lai d hoa giai tranh chap gifla cac doanh nghiep trong nudc)''^. Tuy nhien, de hoa giai timg budc phat then d Viet Nam, khdng nen chi trdng dpi vad sy phat then ty than cua nd, ma can cd sy tac ddng tfch cyc tfl phfa Nha nudc bang cac giai phap ddng bd ve mat the che, td chflc, nhan sy, cd sd vat chai, nang cao nhan thflc xa hdi.,,, trong dd, yeu td the che (phap luat) ddng vai trd quan trpng trudc tien, lam cd sd, tien de cho cac yeu td khac.
Vi vay kien nghj dau tien mang tfnh tdng the va lau dai la can xiic tien viec xay dyng Luat Hoa giai, nham tao cd sd phap ly thd'ng nhai, dieu chinh toan dien mpi van de ve hoa giai, trong dd cd van de hieu lyc cua thoa thuan hoa giai (hien nay Luat Hoa giai da dUdc dua vao ChUdng trinh xay dyng luat, phap lenh cua Qud'c hdi khoa XII do Bd Tu phap chii tri soan thao).
Pham vi dieu chinh cua Luat Hoa giai cd the bao gom ca hoa giai tranh chap thUdng mai, hda giai d cd sd va hoa giai trong cac Hnh vyc khac.
Khi xay dyng Luat Hoa giai, hieu lyc ciia thoa thuan hoa giai nen dUdc quy dinh nhu the nao, theo each tiep can thfl nhai hay each tiep can thfl hai?
Viec lya chpn each tiep can nao phu thudc vao dieu kien, hoan canh cu the cua mdi qud'c gia. Trong dieu kien hoa giai tranh chap thUdng mai (ngdai td tung) d Viet Nam mdi manh nha, chua phat then, theo chiing tdi, can phai cd nhifng quy dinh phap luat mang tfnh thiic day de khuyen khfch viec sfl dung phUdng thifc hoa giai. Nghi quyei sd 49-NQ/TW cua Bd Chfnh
tri ngay 02/6/2005 ve Chien lUdc cai each tU phap de'n nam 2020 da khing dinh: "Khuyen khfch viec giai quyei mpt sd tranh chap thdng qua thUdng lUdng, hoa giai, trpng tai; toa an hd trd bang quyei dinh cdng nhan viec giai quyei dd", Hien nay cung cd y kien cho rang, de hda giai dUdc cac doanh nghiep lya chpn nhu mdt bien phap giai quyet tranh chap, can cd cd che hd trd tu phap ddi vdi viec giai quyei cac tranh chap theo hudng kei qua hda giai cd the dUdc tda an cd tham quyen cdng nhan de dam bao kha nang thi hanh tren thyc te"'''. Van de dat ra la toa an cdng nhan kei qua hoa giai nhuthe nao? Oieu nay can dUdc quy dinh rd trong Luat Hoa giai.
Theo chiing tdi, Luat Hoa giai nen quy djnh theo hudng cac ben tranh chap cd quyen yeu cau Toa an cdng nhan thoa thuan hoa giai theo thu tuc giai quyei viec dan sy. Bdi theo phap luat td tung dan sy hien hanh, Toa an cd tham quyen giai quyei ca cac vu an dan sy va viec dan sy. Can cfl vao ban chai cua cac loai viec dan sy, cd the chia cac viec dan sy thudc tham quyen giai quyei cua Toa an thanh hai nhdm:
Nhom thd nhat la cac viec dan sy ma ban chai la khdng cd tranh chap ve quyen, ldi fch hdp phap gifla cac ben do cac dUdng sy da thoa thuan dUdc vdi nhau va cung yeu cau Toa an cdng nhan de lam cd sd cho viec thi hanh an. Theo quy dinh cua Bd luat Td tung dan sy, nhdm nay hien chi bao gom hai loai viec ve hdn nhan va gia dinh: Yeu cau cdng nhan thuan tinh ly hdn, nudi con, chia tai san khi ly hdn va yeu cau cdng nhan sy thoa thuan ve thay ddi ngudi trUc tie'p nudi con sau khi ly hdn; Nhom thi^hai la cac viec dan sy ma ban chai la khdng cd tranh chap ve quyen, ldi fch hdp phap gifla cac ben do tfnh chai dac thii cua loai viec va chi mdt ben dUdng sy yeu cau Toa an giai quyei, NhU vay tren cd sd xac dinh dUdc ban chai ciia hai nhdm viec dan sy, cac nha lam luat hoan toan cd the md rdng, quy dinh bd sung nhifng loai viec dan sy khac cd ciing ban chai dUdc giai quyei theo thu tuc giai quyei viec dan su''^, trong dd cd yeu cau Toa an
Qlqhim eiiu - Q'fofi^ doi
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cdng nhan thoa thuan hoa giai. Sau khi tranh chap da dupc hoa giai thanh (ngoai td tung), cac ben cd the yeu cau Toa an cdng nhan sy thoa thuan dd theo thu tuc giai quyet viec dan sy - mpt thu tuc ddn gian, td'n ft thdi gian va chi phf hdn nhieu so vdi thu tuc giai quyet vu an dan sU. Vdi quyet dinh cdng nhan sy thoa thuan cua Toa an, cac ben cd le se bdt lo ngai hdn ve hieu lyc "yeu" cua thoa thuan hoa giai (tuy nhien, quyei dinh cdng nhan sU thoa thuan cua Tea an cd dupc thi hanh tren thyc te hay khdng cdn phu thudc rai nhieu vao chai lupng, hieu qua cua cdng tac thi hanh an dan sy).
Ben canh giai phap ve hoan thien phap luat, can cd nhieu giai phap ddng bd khac de thiic day sy phat then cua hoa giai ndi chung va hoa giai tranh chap thUdng mai d Viet Nam ndi rieng. Giai phap ve td chflc va con ngudi cung ddng vai trd rai quan trpng. Do dd, Bd Tu phap can khan trUdng hoan thanh De an xay dyng md hinh td chflc hoa giai thUdng mai theo Quyei djnh sd 961/QO-TTg cua Thu tUdng Chinh phu ndi tren, trong dd de xuai md hinh td chflc hoa giai thUdng mai phu hdp vdi dieu kien ciia Viet Nam. Theo chimg tdi, nen xay dyng td chflc nay cd dia vi phap ly tUdng ty nhu cac trung tam trpng tai thUdng mai, la td chflc phi ldi nhuan, cung flng dich vu hoa giai cd thu phf, vdi cac hoa giai vien mang tfnh chuyen nghiep nhu cac trpng tai vien, dupc dao tao ve ky nang giai quyei tranh chap thUdng mai. Ban than cac trung tam trpng tai cGng cd the thyc hien dich vu hoa giai tranh chap thUdng mai (dieu nay da dupc quy dinh treng Luat Trong tai thUdng mai).
Ngoai ra, can tang cUdng cac bien phap truyen thdng nham nang cao nhan thflc cua gidi doanh nhan ve cac phUdng thflc giai quyei tranh chap thUdng mai ngdai toa an, trong dd cd hoa giai, giiip hp tha'y rd dupc nhflng uu viet va nhflng ldi fch ma hoa giai dem lai, de timg budc hinh thanh thdi quen giai quyet tranh chap bang hoa giai - mdt phUdng thflc ddn gian, tien ldi, nhanh ehdng, tiei kiem thdi gian, chi phi, dam bao tdi da
quyen ty dinh doat cua cac ben va thoa thuan hoa giai cung dupc thi hanh nhu mdt ban an hay mdt phan quyei trpng tai ne'u nhu dUdc toa an cdng nhan •
1. Xem Dieu 1, UNCITRAL tVlodelLavi/on International Commercial Conciliation 2002, www.uncitral.org.
2. Nha Phap luat Viet - Phap, Bo luat Dan si/cda nudc Cong hoa Phap, Nxb. Chinh tri Qudc gia, Ha Noi, 1998, tr 514.
3. Bo luat Dan st/ va Thuang mai Thai Lan, Nxb. Ctiinh tri Qudc gia, Ha Ngi 1995, tr 215.
4. UNCITRAL Conciliation Rules 1980, www.uncitral.org.
5. UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Conciliation with Guide to Enactment and Use 2002, www.uncitral.org
6. Alexander, N. "The UNCITRAL tVlodel Law on International Commercial Conciliation - An interview with Jernej Sekolec", 15 (4) World Arbitration and tvlediation Report 2004.
7. Alternative Dispute Resolution Act of 2004 of the Philippines, Section 17(d), http://www.lawphil.net/statutes/
repacts/ra2004/ra_9285_2004.html
8. ALEXANDER, N. "The UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Conciliation - An interview with Jernej Sekolec", 15 (4) V/odd Arbitration and Mediation Report 2004.
9. Xem them: Tore Wiwen-Nilsson, Conciliation:
Enforcement of settlement agreements, Bao cao khoa hoc tai Dai hgi ky niem ky hgp thuang nien lan thd 40 cQa UNCITRAL, Vienna, 9-12/7/2007, www.uncitral.org/
pdf/engllsh/congressA/Viwen-Nilsson.pdf
10. Tran Viet Anh, Hoa giai ngoai to tung - Mgtphaang thitc giai quyet tranh chap thuang mai. Tap chi Dan chu va Phap luat, sd 5/2010, tr 53.
11. Huy Anh, Giai quyet tranh chap ngoai to tung:
"Chuyen nghiep hoa" hoat dong hoa giai, xem tren trang web: htip://vbqppl.moj.gov.vn/ct/tintuc/Lists/Thongtinkhac/
View_Detail.aspx?ltemlD= 4167, ngay 29/3/2010.
12. TS. Tran Anh Tuan, Van de nhap, tach cac yeu cau trong vu viec dan sd va ca che chuyen hoa giCta viec dan Sd, vu an dan sd, Tap chi Toa an nhan dan thang 9-2006 (sd 18), tr 10.
