Glassy Materials Based Microdevices

Glasses and most polymers are substances frozen in a liquid-like structure characterized by a glass transition temperature; from this comes the common definition of glass materials. The critical issue of robust light coupling into a glass microspherical resonator is addressed in an article by Chiavaioli et al., which presents a comprehensive model for designing an all-in-fiber sensing setup and validates it by comparing simulated results with experimental ones [4].

Study on Micro-Crack Induced Precision Severing of Quartz Glass Chips

Introduction

Until now, these criteria have not been applied to quartz glass, which is difficult to cut, due to the difficulties in producing microgrooves. The goal is to achieve fast and accurate cutting of difficult-to-cut quartz glass.

Micro-Crack Induced Severing of Brittle Workpiece

It would lead to cracks on the cutting surface when it was used for induced detachment. In this paper, a new micro-crack induced separation with static loading and dynamic loading is proposed for crack propagation along a precise and smooth apex.

Modelling of Severing Force

Micro-Grinding of Microgroove on Workpiece Surface

Experiment and Measurement

The spin gouging conditions were given by tungsten carbide wheel V tip angle 120◦in, gouging pressure 0.19 MPa, indentation depth 1 mm and gouging speed 30 mm/s.

Results and Discussions

Therefore, the static cutoff can reduce the cutoff shape error by 36% compared to the dynamic cutoff. Experimental results showed that the loading rate had little influence on the cutting surface roughness, accounting for both static separation and dynamic separation.

Figure 6. The severing surface topographies of quartz glass substrate: (a) mechanical rolling scribe (b) micro-crack induced severing.

Conclusions

They found high coefficients of variation (~50%) and high quartile coefficients of dispersion (~30%), indicating significant variation of β-actin proteins within the same cell type. Different expressions of β-actin proteins were found between individual cells within the same cell type and between different cell types.

Materials and Methods 1. Materials

Coefficients of variation and quartile coefficients of dispersion were quantified to determine different β-actin protein expressions between individual cells within the same cell. Statistical + analysis and neural network-based pattern recognition were performed to determine the differential expression of β-actin proteins among different cell types.

Figure 1. Methodology. Working ﬂowchart for the characterization of the absolute copy number of β-actin proteins at the single-cell level

Results

After the staining step, the cells were divided into two parts, which were placed on an inverted fluorescence microscope (IX 83, Olympus, Tokyo, Japan) for imaging and applied to a microfluidic constriction channel for fluorescence detections. These values of the successful classification rates are in the range of 55–60%, indicating comparable diameters obtained from fluorescence pulses and microscopic images, further validating the fluorescence pulse processing.

Figure 2. (a) Fluorescent pictures of stained A549, Hep G2, and HeLa cells where the intensities of single cells stained with ﬂuorescence labelled anti-β-actin antibodies or isotype controls were quantiﬁed as a function of time under two concentrations of

Conclusions

Single-cell mass cytometry of differential immune and drug responses across the human hematopoietic continuum. Science. An ongoing molecular blueprint for iPSC reprogramming by single-cell mass cytometry progression analysis. Cellular stem cells.

Fabricating Microstructures on Glass for Microﬂuidic Chips by Glass Molding Process

Experiments
Results and Discussion 1. Groove Molding Experiment
Discussions 1. Curved Side Wall
Conclusions

The second part was the investigation of the microstructure morphology during the manufacturing of microfluidic chips by the GMP. So it is much faster to realize the prototyping of the microfluidic chips for research.

Figure 1. Six typical glass microstructure fabrication techniques. (a) Wet etching; (b) Dry etching;

Highly Sensitive Label-Free Detection of Small Molecules with an Optoﬂuidic

Materials and Method 1. Materials

To fix the OFMBR on the substrate, UV glue (NOA68, Thorlabs, Newton, NJ, USA) covered both ends of the microbubble. Figure 2a schematically shows the functionalization of the inner surface of the microbubble with epoxy groups using 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GOPTS, Sinopharm Chemical Regent Company, Shanghai, China). The OFMBR sensor exhibits high sensitivity due to the presence of a significant portion of the WGM field close to the inner surface of the microbubble.

Figure 3c,d shows a fine scan of the transmission spectra of the OFMBR sensor before and after packaging around 774.3 nm.

Figure 1. (a) Sketch of the detection system for the OFMBR sensor; (b) Structure of the packaged OFMBR sensor.

Discussion and Conclusions

Theory and applications of surface plasmon resonance, resonant mirror, resonant waveguide grating, and dual polarization interferometry biosensors.Sensors. Revisiting label-free detection with high-Q microcavities: A review of biosensing mechanisms for integrated devices. Nanophotonics. Ultralow sensing limit in optofluidic micro-bottle resonator biosensor by self-referencing differential-mode detection scheme. Application.

Developing an efficient and general strategy for the immobilization of small molecules onto microarrays using isocyanate chemistry. Sensors.

A Review of the Precision Glass Molding of Chalcogenide Glass (ChG) for Infrared Optics

Modeling and Simulation of ChG Molding 1. Modeling of Elastic-Viscoplasticity Constitutive of ChG

The thermo-mechanical behavior test of ChG is mainly applied in the pressing phase. Two representative points are selected in the simulation model of ChG, as shown in Figure 13. Point A is at the interface between ChG and the tip of the mold microstructures.

As the temperature of ChG continuously increases, the internal voltage of ChG gradually decreases.

Figure 7. The variations of strain with time under different pressing forces at the following molding temperatures: (a) 382 ◦ C and (b) 392 ◦ C.

Molding Process of ChG for Aspherical Lens 1. ChG Molding Condition Optimization

The area ratios of the microdimples increase approximately logarithmically with the increase in molding temperature, as shown in Figure 16. As shown in Figure 17, the area ratios of the microdimples decrease with the increase in pressing force at a molding temperature of 382◦C. Therefore, the surface roughness of the molded aspherical lens can be improved by using a lower molding temperature.

Due to shrinkage, there is also a difference between the profile of the molded aspherical lens and the mold.

Figure 15. The surface morphology and contour of a formed ChG pillar.

Molding Process of ChG for Freeform Optics 1. ChG Molding for Microlens Array

The peak-to-trough height error is 0.121 μm and the average height error is 0.034 μm, which meets the design requirements. Microscopic observations of the ChG surface and mold surface are performed using a confocal laser scanning microscope and the microscopic observations of the microstructures are displayed. The contour curves of the microstructures on the ChG surface and the mold surface are extracted to analyze the molding quality, as shown in Figure 28.

The average error of the height is 0.36μm, and the peak-to-valley height error is 0.97μm.

Figure 24. Microscope images of microlens arrays: (a) microlens arrays on the mold and (b) microlens arrays on the ChG.

Innovations of ChG Molding

Therefore, a gas-assisted non-contact molding process has been developed to form a microlens array, avoiding interfacial adhesion problems [66]. The IR heater is placed on top of the fused silica chamber with mold temperature programming control. In addition, the surface profile of the molded lenses can be precisely controlled by changing the applied gas pressure, mold temperature and length of time.

SEM images of ChG microlens array: (a) the cross-sectional image of the cast ChG microlens array and (b) the appearance of cast ChG microlens array [66].

Figure 31. Microscope images of microstructures on (a) mold surface and (b) molded ChG surface after localized rapid heating process [65].

Outlook

Investigation of the properties of far-infrared chalcogenide Ge-Ga-Te-Ag glasses. Acta Photonica Syn. Application of a novel chalcogenide glass in the design of low-cost thermal imaging systems. Infrared laser Eng. Design and fabrication of low-cost thermal imaging optics using precision chalcogenide glass design. Proc.

Effect of temperature on the formation of chalcogenide glass lenses for infrared imaging applications.Appl.

2D Optical Gratings Based on Hexagonal Voids on Transparent Elastomeric Substrate

Results and Discussion

This effect can be attributed to an increase in the diffraction distance in the parallel direction of the stretch, and a consequent decrease (contraction) on the other side. It is clear that the initially circular semi-cavities become elongated ellipses in the direction of the applied stress. In addition, we see an increase in the intensity of the transmitted diffracted light at longer wavelengths.

In Figure 7, we report the variation of the peak positions of the deflected light (a) for spot 1 and (b) spot 6 with respect to the % applied strain.

Figure 2. Schematic illustration of the experimental approach employed for the realization of 2D PDMS replica patterns (a) formation of 2D colloidal crystal by means of wedge-shaped cell (b) functionalization and inﬁltration of PDMS by capillary force; (c)

Compound Glass Microsphere Resonator Devices

Glass Materials

Germanate glass has a lower phonon energy, which is essential to increase the radiative transition rate and probability of infrared transmission of rare earth ions and is therefore a better material to achieve high brightness in the infrared band. The low non-radiative transition rate increases the luminescence of the glass in the infrared. Heavy metal silicate glasses have attracted wide attention in the field of photonic crystal fibers, because the addition of heavy metal ions that can increase the luminescent properties of the glass.

Since the constituent atoms are heavier, the binding energy is very low, which means that chalcogenide glass is transparent in the MIR region and the low phonon energy (550 cm−1) makes it an excellent host material for rare earth doping [47].

Fabrication of Compound Glass Microspheres

The glass fibers are softened by a heat source, and then microspheres are formed due to the surface tension of the glass fibers. A schematic diagram of the experimental setup for the production of a lead silicate microsphere is shown in Figure 3. Finally, the remaining HF solution on the surface of the microsphere was cleaned with deionized water.

Due to the surface tension of the chalcogenide glass, the end of the microfiber melted into a microsphere, thus resulting in a chalcogenide glass microsphere resonator.

Figure 1. Schematic diagram of the experimental setup for making a silica microsphere

Application and Characterization of Compound Glass Microspheres

In this experiment, the diameter of the silica tapered coupling fiber and the microsphere were 3μm and 80μm, respectively. The blue line in Figure 11b is the fluorescence spectrum of the Bi-doped germanate glass. Figure 13b shows the relationship between the output laser power of the tellurite glass microsphere and the absorbed power.

Whispering-gallery mode (WGM) resonance in a chalcogenide glass microsphere (black) compared to the unmodulated fluorescence spectrum of the chalcogenide glass (blue).

Figure 8. Relationship between the absorbed pump power and laser output; inset: spectrum of the laser output

Conclusions and Outlook

Composite glass microsphere resonators overcome the limitations associated with traditional resonators in terms of glass materials. Linear and nonlinear optical properties of Ag-As-Se chalcogenide glasses for all-optical switching. Opt. Quasi-one-piece laser output from a terrace structure added to a Nd3+-doped tellurite glass microsphere prepared using localized laser heating. Opt.

Ce-Tb-Mn combined white light glasses suitable for long-wavelength UV excitation. Opt.

Long Period Grating-Based Fiber Coupling to WGM Microresonators

Overview of the All-in-Fiber Coupling System

The first LPG allows the coupling between the basic core state and a specific cladding state depending on the lattice parameters. Finally, the light is coupled back from the previous cladding state to the fiber ground state via the second LPG. The cross-sections of the microresonators, together with a sketch of the tapered fiber waist, are shown in Figure 2.

Materials and Methods

The first row of the matrix M is obtained by fitting either Eθ, for TE modes, or Hθ, for TM modes, atr=Rs. By setting equal to zero the determinant of the matrix M in Equation (9), the characteristic equation for the microbubble is obtained. Lκxy(z)dz.κ is the power coupling constant, while κ2 is the fraction of the power transferred from the fiber to the microresonator across the interaction region [21].

The power coupling constants are also related to the time evolution of the coupled modes.

Results and Discussion

In other words, the WGM774,774,3 transmission is predominant over the contribution of the other WGMs. Transmit power of the microsphere-based setup calculated for different gap values ranging from g = 0 nm to g = 1000 nm. In this case the transmission of WGM998,998,3 is predominant over the contribution of the other WGMs.

Transmitted power of the microbubble-based setup calculated for different gap values ranging from g = 0 nm to g = 1000 nm.

Figure 3a shows the transmittance T of the microsphere-based setup, calculated for three different WGM l,m,n , as a function of the radial order X of the LP 0,X cladding modes, considering a gap g = 0 nm (i.e., taper and microsphere in mechanical contact,

Direct Metal Forming of a Microdome Structure with a Glassy Carbon Mold for Enhanced Boiling

Heat Transfer

Fabrication the GC Mold with Macrodome Cavity

The degassed furan mixture was poured into the photopolymer intermediate mold and a two-step thermal drying process was performed to avoid distortion of the repeating furan precursor [ 24 ]. Finally, the furan precursor placed in the microdome cavity was released from the photopolymer mold, and the back of the furan precursor was polished to obtain the desired thickness and flatness. To obtain the GC mold, we performed carbonization of the fabricated furan precursor in a tube furnace under a vacuum environment (modified MIR-TB1001-2; Mirfurnace Co. Ltd., Pocheon, Korea).

Figure 2a shows a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image of the fabricated microdome cavities on the GC mold.

Fabrication of a Microdome Patterned Al Substrate by DMF

Figure 4 shows the three-dimensional surface profiles of (a) the GC mold and (b) the Al substrate of the fabricated DMF microdome taken by a laser confocal microscope (OLS-4100, Olympus. The measured height of the microdome in the GC mold was ~0.76μm, the thickness of the Al substrate 76μm and that of the substrate 4μm. may affect the reproduction quality of the DMF process.

To investigate the chemical reaction during the DMF process, we analyzed the elemental compositions of the GC mold and the Al substrate before and after the DMF process using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), as shown in Figure S2 (supplementary material).

Application of the DMF Microdome Al Substrate to Enhanced Boiling Heat Transfer 1. Experimental Setup and Measuring Method for Boiling Heat Transfer

Table 1 summarizes the uncertainty of the pool boiling heat transfer experiment and the calculated values. A series of boiling experiments was performed to evaluate the heat transfer performance of the DMF microdome Al substrates. The maximum HTC values of the bare Al substrate and the DMF microdome Al substrate were calculated as 5.96 kW/(m2·K) and 8.0±0.3 kW/(m2·K), respectively.

Comparison of the boiling curves of three DMF microdome Al substrates and a bare Al substrate.