NQHIEN Cdu - TRAO DOI
25 nam thu hut FDI:
Goc nhin tiif
quan ly nha nu'dc
TS. PHAM HtJfa THAMG Nguyfin Cyc trtfdng Cyc Dfiu ttf ntfdc ngofii - B^ K^ ho^ch va Ddu W
Da 25 n a m , kd tiif khi h o ^ t d d n g t h u h u t d ^ u trf t r i / c t i d p nrftfc ngoki (FDI) drfpc chinh thrfc hda qua Lu§t D^u trf nrfdc ngofti, b a n h a n h n g i y 29/12/1987. Vide thu h u t v^ SI} d y n g FDI drft^c d a n h gid Ik d u n g d d n v^ da c6 nhrfng d d n g g 6 p to ldn cho s\f nghidp phdt t r i d n kinh t d - xa hOi nrfdc t a . Tuy nhidn, c u n g c d n nhrfng h a n c h d xufi't phdt trf nhidu nguydn n h d n , t r o n g dd nhd't thidt p h a i k d ddn cdng
t a c q u a n ly nha nrfdc. A
Nhffng ddng gdp to ldn
(1) FDI bd sung ngudn vd'n quan trgng cho ddu tu vd phdt triin. Ty ttpng vd'n FDI trong tdng vdn diu trf todn xa hdi chidm ddn 30% ttong nhffng nfim 1990.
Trong giai doan 2001- 2005, ti ttpng ndy gidm xud'ng cdn 16%, nhrfng ddn giai doan 2006-2011 lai tfing Idn khodng gin 25%.
(2) FDI gdp phdn chuyin dich cocd'u kinh tivd ndng cao ndng luc sdn xudt. Ndu trong nfim 1988, ti ttpng nong nghidp cdn chidm tdi 80% GDP cua e l ndn kinh
B l i a Dd 1: TlMH HINH THU HUT FDI Tti N A M 1988-2012
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NguAn: - T6ng C y c Thong ke (lilf nflm 1988-20101 - Cyc D S U ttf nifdc ngoili ( n i m 20!) v j 2012)
BAMG 1: Cd CAG KIM NGACH XOAT KHAG THEO KHG V^TC KINH xi. {%)
ram
Kinh te tihit tltr6c Kinht^FD!
2000 53,0 47.0
2005 42,8 57,2
20O7 42,8 57,2
2008 44,9 55,1
2009 46,8 53,2
2010 45,9 54,1
te, thl defn nSm 2011 ch! cdn 22%. Thay v^o dd 1^ cdng nghidp - dich vtj chi^m tdi 78% nha ddng gdp khdng nhd cila FDI. Td'c do tSng tn/dng gl^ bi siln xult cdng nghidp cua doanh nghidp FDI luon cao hdn t£^c dp tdng tn/dng to^n ng^sb cdng nghiep.
(3) FDI da gdp phdn thuc ddy ting trudng GDP vdi miic dd ngdy cdng cao.
Trong thdi kjr 2001 - 2005, kh5i nily ddng gdp tmng binh vko GDP Ik 14,5%, vk tiing Ign 18.9% trong nJm 2011.
(4) FDI ddng gdp ldn vdo thu ngan sdch nhd nudc. Trong giai doan 2006- 2010. kh^i doanh nghi#p FDI di nop ngSn sdch tten 10,5 ty USD, bmh qu8n lr4n 2 ly USD/nSm. N5m 2011 da tang 16n, d»t mtjc 3,5 ty USD.
(5) FDI dd tifo ra nhiiu vifc ldm cho xd hQi. Tinh d^n nim 2011, hOn 2 tli6u lao dQng tn;c ti^p v^ h^ng van lao d^og gidn t i ^ khdc dang \km vi$c trong c % doanh nghiSp FDI, tSng ddng ke so vdi con sS 489.000 ngirdi lao dOng tnic ti^p vdo ndm 2001. Ddng liAi ^ Id, thu nh|p blnh qudn ctia ngudi lao ddng tiong cdc doanh nghiep FDI cao hdn cdc khu vtA:
kinh t«f khdc. Cdc doanh nghi#p FDI cung coi trong vide ddo t^o, b6i dilSng b^ng cdc khda hpc tai chd hdn.
(6) FDI ddng gdp quan trQng vdo Idnt ngfich thmmg tnpi c&a cd nudc, chi^m t^
g i n 60%4Aie kim ng^ch xuSft khiu hdng
hda cSa ViJtNam. 4
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(7) FDI dong gdp vdo vi$c ddi mdi vd chuyen giao cdng nghi d nrfdc ta ttong hiu hdt cfic ngdnh nghd, ITnh vrfc va sdn phlm. Dae biet la ttong ITnh vrfc eong nghd thdng tin vd vien thdng, dau khi, hda chd't, xdy drfng vd vdt lieu xay drfng, luyen kim vfi cd khi, dien tff, dtd - xe mdy...
(8) FDI gop phdn ndng van chdt lugng dich vu, nhrf: tai chinh, ngdn hdng, bdo hidm, kiem tofin, mdi gidi, trf vdn luat.
phdn phdi hang hda, khdch san, \;in tai, kho bai... Cac dich vu nay da di cOng vdi FDI vdo nrfdc ta vdi cac phrfdng thffe hoat dpng. qudn ly mdi tff nffdc ngofii.
Ngofii ra, FDI cdn cd cdc ddng gdp thdng qua nhffng ydu td khdng Iffdng hda du'de, nhff: cdch td chffc. qudn I;?, phffcfng thffc kinh doanh mdi da co lac dpng lan tda tdi cac thanh phan kinh td khdc;
tao ddng Irfc canh tranh cho cac doanh nghidp ttong nrfdc; Idm clu noi drfa Viet Nam hdi nhap sau rpng vfio kinh td khu vffc va qud'c td, md rpng quan he dd'i ngoai.
M$t so han che
Tuy nhien, ben canh nhffng ddng gdp mfi FDI dem lai, cung cdn khdng it khuyet diem, dfic biet nhin tff gdc dp quan ly nha nffdc.
- Chung ta chrfa cd chien Irfdc thu hut FDI rieng, trong khi FDI Id van de cua ca nen kinh td, cd dnh hrfdng vfi tac ddng phffc tap ddi vdi ca ndn kinh te'.
- Quy hoach riSng cho FDI theo viing, ngfinh, sdn pham eung chrfa cd, mfi mdi chi cd xac dinh cdc muc tieu thu hiil va sff dung vdn FDI trong kd hoach phdt trien kinh te - xfi hpi bfing nam, 5 nfim... Do vay, cdn cd dff dn FDI dffpc clfp phep khdng phu hpp vdi quy hoach khdng nhChig gay tdn that, lang phi ve cdc ngudn Iffc, md cdn khdng gdp phin vdo cde can ddi ldn cua cd ndn kinh td.
- Hd thd'ng ludt phdp Ii6n quan ddn dau tff, doanh nghiep chffa hodn chinh, cdn chdng cheo, mdu thuan giffa Ludt Diu ttfvfi cfic iudt khfic.
, - He thdng thdng tin vd xiic tidn diu ttf cdn thidu, chffa dfip ffng dffpc ydu c l u cfla nhd dau M. Phdi hdp ttong boat dpng xiic tidn dau trf giffa cdc d|a phffdng vfi giffa dia phrfdng vdi cdc bd, ngfinh d Trung rfdng cdn ydu.
' - Cdng tac thlm tta vd c l p Gidy ehffng tih^n diu trf chrfa dfip ffng drfdc yeu clu
xfic dinh hidu qud kinh te-xa hdi cua cfic drf fin, chrfa ndi ddn ddm bdo Idi ich qudc gia. Do vay, da cd nhffng quyet dinh cap phdp khdng phil hdp vdi quy hoach vfi ed nhffng quyet dinh ve chinh sfich uXi dai ddi vdi nhfi dau tff khdng phii hdp vdi phfip luat.
- Vipc qudn ly sau cap phdp chffa chat che. Nhieu dff an chain hofic chrfa trien khai, nhffng khdng kjp thdi Idm ro nguyen nhan dd cd cde phffdng fin hd trd, khdc phuc dSn ldi tinh Irang lang phi ihdi gian, tai sdn, ddl dai.
- Vide phdn cap qudn ly nhfi nffde ve FDI edn nhieu bat cap. trong dd chrfa phan dinh ro rang, cu the nhiem vu. tham quyen, trach nhiem eua mdi cap dd'i vdi nhicm vu da drfdc phan cap.
- Cdng tac dff bfio, dfinh gia xu thd FDI. xfic dinh doi tfic chien Irfdc trong Ihu hiit FDI cdn lung tung, chrfa ddp ffng dffdc yeu cau ciia quan IJ' nha nrfdc.
Ph^i lam gi?
Trong khudn khd bai vicl, tdc gia xin cd mpt so' phdn dnh va de xua't ve van de "Nang cao chat Irfdng vd hieu qua quan ly nhfi nrfdc ddi vdi FDI". Trong dd, cd hai khia canh la: Cdng tac quan ly nhfi nrfdc ddi vdi FDI; Lrfa chon dd'i tdc chien Irfdc trong thu hiit va sff dung FDI.
Thd nhd't, chgn mo hinh qudn ly phii. hOp Cdng tac qudn I^ Nhfi nffdc dd'i vdi FDI cd hieu qua hay khdng phu thudc vfio bd mfiy quan ly. Trong 25 nfim qua, bp may quan ly nhd nffdc vd FDI drfde td chffc theo 2 mo hinh sau:
Md hinh uy ban lien bg: Md hinh ndy drfdc hinh thanh trf nam 1987 - 1995, giai doan dau tien ngay sau khi Luat Dau trf nrfdc ngofii ra ddi. Giai doan nay, Chinh phu chii ttrfdng thd'ng nhd't qudn ly nha nrfdc dd'i vdi FDI vfio Uy ban Nha nffdc v l Hdp tfic va dau trf (goi tit tieng Anh Ifi SCCI). Ddy Id md hinh to chffc qudn I^ lien bp, vdi ngffdi dffng dau Ifi Chu nhiem Uy ban (ca'p Bp ttrfdng, do Thii trfdng Chinh phu bo nhiem), cdc Phd chu nhidm (cd'p Thff trrfdng vd trfdng drfdng drfdng nhi6m ciia edc bd, ngdnh lien quan khfic nhrf: Bd Tfii chinh, Bd Cdng nghiep, Bd Ngoai thrfdng, Ngdn lifing Nhfi nrfdc...). SCCI Ifi cd quan cd'p bd, ed chffc nfing vd quydn ban nhff cdc bd, nganh khac trrfc thudc ttrfc tidp Chinh phff, nhrfng ehi qudn l^ i^ha nrfdc chuydn ngfinh vd FDI (luc dd chrfa ed FDI cfia Vidt Nam ra nrfdc ngodi). Giup vide ttffc tidp Uy ban cd Vfin phdng Uy ban vfi mfit sd bd phfin cap vu lidn quan nhrf: Tham dinh dff dn, Trung tdm giao dieh diu tff...
Dinh kJ bfing thdng hoSc theo yeu clu ddt xuat, Uy ban hpp phidn toan the ban lanh dao, gdm: Chfl nhidm L)y ban (ngrfdi chu tn), mdt so Phd chff nhiem drfdng nhidm Ifim vide ttrfc tidp tgii Uy ban va mot sd Phd chd nhidm kidm nhidm Ifi edp Thff ttffdng hoac tffdng drfdng tff cfic bp, ngfinh. Mpi van dd ldn lien quan ddn FDI, dif an FDI... ddu drfdc bfio cfio va thdo ludn t^i phidn hpp. Sau phien hpp, cfic Phd chu nhidm
^^"'wny and Forecasi Review
71
GHIEN CtlU - TRAO D 6 |
HiihiC'p FDI vU Vi^tNamfi thSi mOt Iu6i^
Mnh kill mi)i vio LdchoijldOng -."m xuai v i kinh iltianhirtmgnuft:
kiem nhidm tff cfic bp. ngfinh khfic se trrfc tidp chl dao bd mfiy giup viec clp drfdi xff I^ cdc van dd liSn quan den FDI, den dif fin FDI thudc chffc nfin^ nhidm vu cua bd, ngfinh minh. Tff dd. Chu nhidm Uy ban tdng hdp lai gidi quyet theo tham quydn hofic bfio cfio xin y kien Thu trfdng Chinh phu ddi vdi cfic vd'n de vrfdt tham quyen.
L/u diem cua mo hinh nfiy Id lap trung quan ly FDI tten pham vied nrfdc vdo mdt diu mdi, nhddd da ndm chac drfdc tinh hinh, kip thdi gidi quyet drfdc cde vrfdng mdc ttong qud trinh dirfc hidn. To chffc quan ly theo dinh hrfdng "mpt cffa-mdt dau" da gidm thieu thu tuc hfinh chinh. Ngofii ra, qua md hinh nay, Viet Nam cd drfdc mdt ed quan qudn ly nhfi nrfdc chuyen trfich ve FDI. Nhd dd, sff hdp Ide qudc le vd FDI cung rd rdng vfi thuan Idi hdn.
Tuy nhidn, nhffdc diem cua md hinh nfiy Ifi khong cd phan cap todn didn qudn 1$ hoat ddng FDI ve dia phffdng (hofic chl phan edp ca'p phdp vfi qudn I^ hoat dpng FDI tten dia bdn ddn mot quy md drf fin nao dd nhff trffdc kia, ndn khdng phdt huy he't dffdc nfing Irfc cua bp mfiy qudn ly tai cfic dia phiftJng).
Md hinh true thugc bd vd phdn edp: Cudi nfim 1995, SCCI vfi Uy ban Kd hoach Nhd nrfdc hop nhdt thfinh Bd Kd hoach vfi Diu tff. Thfing 8/2000, Thii trfdng Chinh phu giao Ban Qudn I^ cfic khu cdng nghidp Vidt Nam vd Bd Kd hoach vfi Diu trf. Chu trrfdng phfin edp qudn 1^ drfdc thrfc hidn. Bd mdy qudn ly nhd nrfdc ve FDI trrfc thupc mdt bp vd phdn edp qudn ly hoat dpng FDI vd UBND cap tinh, thdnh phd vfi ban qudn IJ cfic khu cdng nghidp, cong nghd cao, khu kinh td (gpi chung Ifi khu kinh ti - KKT) nhrf hipn nay. Theo dd, tff nfim 2006, Chinh phd da giao cho UBND cdc tinh, thdnh phd, ban qudn 1^ cdc KKT edp phdp cfic dff dn FDI. Ddi vdi cdc drf fin cd tlm quan ttong qude gia thl phdi dffdc Thu trfdng Chinh phii chdp tfiuSn trdn cd sd
^ kidn cua cdc bO lien quan.
Theo md hinh ndy, cd quan qudn IJ nhd nrfdc vd FDI hidn nay Id B6 Kd hoach vd Diu M. Cfic bO ph$n
thudc Bd trrfc tidp qudn IJ cfic boat ddng FDI trong pham vi ca nffdc Ifi Cue Diu trf nrfdc ngodi, Vu Quan iy cfic KKT, va mdt so' cdc ddn vj lien quan nhidu den FDI nhff: Vu Thd'm dinh. Vu Phdp chd, Tong cue Thdng ke
Cue Dau trf nffdc ngodt theo ddi trrfc tidp linh hinh hoat ddng cua doanh nghiep FDI ngofii cfic KKT, cd trdeh nhipm tdng hdp chung dnh hinh, kdt qui boat dpng cua doanh nghipp FDI trong todn qudc, bao gdm cua cfi cfic KKT. Vu Qudn IJ cfie KKT theo ddi vfi tdng hdp tinh hinh FDI tai cfic KKT.
Theo cd che phdn cap quan IJ hoat ddng FDI hidn nay, UBND cap tfnh, thfinh phd va ban quan IJ cfie KKT trtfc tid'p qudn Iy tofin didn efic hoat ddng FDI trdn dia bfin vfi ttong cfic khu KKT, tilf cfic boat dpng ban diu ta xuc tien diu tff, tham tra vd cd'p Gidy ehffng nhfin diu trf de'n qudn ly sau edp phdp.
Uu didm cda mo hinh nfiy Id: Phdt huy dffdc nfing Irfc ciia bO mfiy qudn 1^
tai cdc dia phrfdng; Kip th&i va gin ket drfdc chfit che hdn FDI vdi cde ngudn Itfc khdc ttong xay drfng kd hoach phdt tridn kinh td - xa hdi hang nfim va 5 nfim;
Tfing crfdng vai trd qudn IJ eiia cfic dia phrfdng ddi vdi FDI.
Nhrfng, nhffdc didm rdt rd ciia mfi hinh Id Trung rfdng khdng kip thdi nam drf^c tinh hinh, didn bidn thrfc td hoat dpng FDI ttdn pham vi cd nffdc. Do vdy, da xdy ra dnh ttang edp phdp phd v5 quy hoach, hoat dpng xdc tidn dau trf chdng chdo, khdng hidu qufi. M6t sd dia phrfdng da ban hanh vfi Ihrfc hidn cdc quy dinh vd rfti dai d i u trf trdi phfip ludt
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Ifim dnh hffdng de'n l0i ich ehung. Mpt nhffdc didm nffa Id khong tfip ttung vd xff 1^ ngay drfdc cdc vu vide ldn xdy ra trong FDL nhd't Ifi cfie vu vide vffdt qud thlm quydn cua dia phffdng, Hen quan ddn chffc nfing ciia nhidu bp, ngdnh d Trung ffdng.
Quaphdn tich trin, cd thi xem xet de xuat mgt mo hinh thd 3 nham phdi huv cdc Uu diim vd khdc phuc cdc nhugc diem cda hai md hinh trin. Cu thd Id:
- Tiep tue mo blnh qudn iy nhrf hidn nay, tdp trung diu md'i vfio mdt bo - Bp Kd hoach vfi Diu trf, rid'p tuc thffc hipn viec phan cd'p qudn ly FDI, nhimg gidi han lai chl phan edp edp phdp ddi vdi cdc dtf dn cd quy mo von ddn IOO tridu USD (ddi vdi cdc thdnh phd Idn) vfi de'n 50 ttidu USD (ddi vdi cfie dia phffdng cdn lai). Didn tich ddt se sff dung ciia drf dn ddn 50 ha cho tdt cd cdc dia phrfdng. Cdc vd'n dd cln Idy y kidn ciia cfic cd quan qudn ly nhfi nrfdc cd lien quan trrfdc khi clp ph6p ddi vdi td't cd cdc dff fin, khdng phan biet quy mo vd'n, dien tieh dat se su" dung. Dae biet la dd'i vdi cfic dff fin chuydn ngdnh, cfic drf fin cd tam quan trong qudc gia van giff nguyen nhff hien nay. Chffc nfing qudn I^ nhfi nffdc cfie drf fin FDI hen dia bfin cua UBND tinh.
thanh phd nhff hien nay.
-Tfingerfdng vai ttd vfi nfing Irfc qudn ly cho mdt cd quan thudc bd diu mdi vd qudn 1^ FDI hien nay. Theo dd, thdnh lip mdt Tong cue Diu trf nrfdc ngofii do mfit thff trrfdng cua B6, kidm Tong cue trffdng didu hanh tten cd sd eac ddn vi hien cd ciia Bp Kd hoach vd Dau trf, cung nhrf cua mdi sd bp, dia phrfdng lidn quan. Trong dd ed cfic bO phan chuyen sfiu vd xfic tidn diu trf. thlm tta cd'p Gidy ehffng nhdn diu trf, qudn IJ FDI sau cd'p phep, phfip ehe, tdng hdp - thdng ke, Tnmg tam tidp nhdn, phan ri'ch, xff I^ sd lieu FDI, bd phan lidn kdt xdc tidn dau tirvdixffc tidn thrfdng mai... Tdng cue cd dai didn d phia Nam (TP. Hd Chi Minh),
midn Trung vd mpt sd thfinh phd khac khi cln thid't.
Dfinh cdc didu kien tdt nhd'l ve cd sd vat chat, ngudn Irfc lao ddng, ddm bfio dii ngdn sdeh eho Tdng cue Dau trf nrfdc ngodi ndy hoat dpng.
Thd hai, chgn dung ddi tdc chien lU(fc Day Ifi vfi'n de da dffdc Bd Kc hoach vfi Diu Iff dat ra trong qud trinh qudn ly nhii nrfdc ve FDI Irong thdi gian vffa qua, vdi moi so' drf ihao vd gdi la'y •^ kien.
Nhffng, ket ludn eudi cDng chffa dffdc hffdng din, vd dinh hffdng thu hdt FDI van Id "hudng vdo nhdng thf trudng gidu tiem ndng vd cdc lap dodn kinh ti hdng ddu thi gidi, tgo sU chuyin biin mgnh me vi sd lugng vd chdt lugng, hiiu qud ngudn vdn ddu tu trdc Hip nudc ngoai". V§y cfic dia phrfdng vd trrfc tidp Ifi cdc can bd xijc ticn dau tff se ttien khai ra sao?
Theo tde gid, vipc ehi ro "ai Id dd'i tdc chie'n Iffdc ttong thu hut FDi" dd'i vdi tffng dia phffdng vfi cfin bp xijc tid'n diu trf Id khd. Vdy, viec giai quyet can dffdc dffa trdn cdc thong tin, dieu kien sau day:
- Dinh hffdng ehung ve Ihu hfft FDI nhff da ndu d ttdn;
- Dd'i tdc Id cdc nhd diu tff dd'n tff cdc qudc gia ma Viet Nam da ky kd't cdc thda thuan vd hdp tdc chie'n Iffdc ve kinh td;
- Lffa chpn ddi ifie phai dtfa tten quy hoaeh FDI theo ngfinh, sfin ph^m vfi dia bdn (cfic quy hoaeh nay hipn cdn thid'u - khi xdy dffng quy hoach cln cd hrfdng dan lrfa chon ddi tde hofic it nhat quy djnh cdc didu kien cua dd'i tfic se drfde Irfa chpn de eac dia phrfdng can cff vfio dd trien khai);
- Cae dia phffdng, trrfdc hd't Id cfic bp phan xue tidn dau trf, bp phan tham tra drf dn trrfdc khi ca'p phdp can phdi chff ddng tlm hieu ve nfing Itfc ddi tdc; tdi chfnh, eong nghd, kd't qui cfic drf fin mfi dd'i tac da diu trf..
Lrfa chpn dd'i tdc chid'n Irfdc trong thu hut FDI tff cdc nrfdc cd cdng nghd ngudn, cd nfing Itfc tai chinh nhim bd sung ngudn vd'n quan ttpng cho dau trf, phfit trien kinh td- xa hpi cua da't nrfdc ttong giai doan tdi Ifi hdi sffc can thid'l. Bdn eanh viee Itfa chpn ddi tfic chidn Irfdc, theo chung tdi, cln tridn khai ngay stf cham sdc, ho ttd cdc doanh nghidp dd'n tff nhffng thi trffdng gidu tidm nfing vd cdc tdp dofin kinh td hfing diu hipn cd tai Vidt Nam. Didu ndy se minh ehffng cho sff cdi md, mong mudn cung hdp tfic vdi hp de phfit tridn diu trf - kinh doanh tai Vidt Nam, nham tdi stf thmh vrfdng chung eda cdc bdn.H
-' -jAlLlfclTTHAM KHAO „
• 1. GS, TSKH. Nguydn Mai (2012). Phdn cap qudn ly kinh tivd FDI, Didn ddn kinh td mda thu, B^ Ria. Vung Tdu, 28-29/9/2012.
2.20 nfim dau tff nffdc ngofii, Vietnam investment Review.
f 3. Tfii lieu hdi thdo "Gidi phdp thdc day vd ndng cao chdt lugng dong vdn FDI vdo Viet Nam ", [Ha Ndi, 15/3/2012.
• 4. Bdo cdo thdng ki vi FDI - Tdng cue Thdng kd vd Cue Diu trf nrfdc ngoai - Bd Kd hoach vd DIu tff.
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