TAP CHi K H O A H Q C XA H Q I S 6 3(175)-2013 TRIET H Q C - CHINH TRI HOC - LUAT HOC
GOP P H A N TiM HlfiU TUTUdNG CUA PHAN BOI CHAU
CAO XUAN LONG LAI VAN NAM
T6M TAT
Phan BCii Chiu (1867-1940) li nhi tw tirdng, nhi cich m^ng, nhi vin nhi tho, nha giao due tieu biiu cua ViQt Nam cudi the l<y XIX diu thi t<y XX. Trong cu6c doi hoat 66ng diy thang trim cua minh, ong di iai nhiiu tw tuung cti gii tn Xuit phat diim cho nhwng tw twdng cua dng ia tw nhu ciu diu tranh giai ph6ng din tpc. giii phong con ngwoi. la sw l<it hop giwa tw phwong Dong vi phwong Tiy v&i truyin thing vin hda Viet Nam. O m&i giai doan iihic nhau tw twdng triit hgc cua dng cd sw biin dii va phit triin khdng ngimg. Npi dung tw twdng cua Phan Bpi Chiu bao ham nhwng van di vi ban thi cua thi gidi, nhan thwc luan, quan diim bien chiing, din nhwng vin di vi con ngwdi, quyin con ngwdi, giio due vi d^o dwc.
1 D A N NHAP
Lich SLf Vi$t Nam cuoi the ky XIX (jJu the ky XX la mpt giai doan nhieu bien dpng ve moi mat Su' bien dgng ay da dat ra van de birc thi§t ve con du-ong, each thCfc de giai phong dan tpc, giai phong con ngu'di thoat Cao Xuan Long. Tien sT Tru'ti'ng Bgi hoc Khoa hgc Xa hgi v4 Nhan van ThSnh phe Ho Chl Mmh Lai Van Nam, Thac sT Tiuing Dai hgc T5i chlnh- Marketing
khoi nh&ng ap bCrc boc Ipt, x6a di nhCmg biit oong trong xa hg Nhieu nha tu' tuffng da di^a ra nhCrng phu-ong an khae nhau ehg vipc glal dap nhUng van de cap thiet do cua xa hgi NhOng phu'cng an ay dg han ch4 nhat dinh cua dieu kl$n lich su', va quan diem tu' ti/gng, cc the thanh ccng a nhCrng mCrc dg khae nhau. Nhu'ng da d l lai dau an dae bipt trong lich si> tu' tu'ang giai dean chuyen tiep cuci the ky XIX dau the ky XX. Mgt trong nhCrng nha ttr tcrong tieu bleu d giai doan nay la Phan Bgi Chau (1867-1940) Chu tich H6 Chi Minh da vilt Phan Boi Chau la "bae anh hung, vi thien sir, dang xa than vi doc lap, dupc 20 trieu con nguoi treng vong no lp ton sung" (Ho Chi Minh, 2000, tap 2, tr 172), boi "tam long cao thupng va cuoc dpi d^y hy sinh, nhieu nguy nan cua ong" (Ho Chi Mmh, 2000, tap 2, tr. 172) cho cong cuge giai phong dan tgc, giai phong con nguoi d Viet Nam luc bay gid. Phan Bgi Chau khong chf la nha van, nha tho, nha yeu nuae ma con la nguP! co tu tuong tien bp c6 anh huong kha sau rgng, tieu bilu eho mot giai doan lich su day bien dgng d Viet Nam.
2. NOI DUNG TU" TU'aNG
Tu tuong cua Phan Bgi Chau khgng chf hinh thanh va phat triln tCr yeu cau thuc tiln giai phcng con nguoi ma con la su ke thCra, tilp thu co tinh chu dpng, chon loe va
CAO XUAN LONG, LAI VAN NAM - G O P PHAN TIM H|£U TLfTLfONG..
sSng tao nhCrng tinh hoa vSn h6a phuong Bong, phupng Tay va truyin thing vSn hoa cua dSn t$c Vi#t Nam. NOi dung tu tupng trilt hpe cua Phan BOi ChSu t h i hi#n m$t cich toSn di$n, kh^ h^ thing vi sdu siic,
2.1. Quan dilm v l the gioi
Phan BOi Ch§u da sir dyng cdc pham tru nhu: Dao, Khdng, hw, tim, Chua Trdi,...6k trinh bay quan dilm eua ong v l vu tru, trong d6 pham trii dupc ong diing nhilu nhlt trong Ccle tcic pham cua minh de chf ylu t l d i u tien tao nen t h i gioi Ccle su vat hipn tupng nay la "dao". Co the thay rang m j c du CO su khong ding nhat v l thujt ngu' khi chf ban t h i eua t h i gioi, nhung trong each giai thich cua ong v l yeu to d i u tiSn cua vO try la co su thong nhat. Theo ong y l u tg dau tien tao ra su v^t hipn tupng tren t h i giai nay la vo hinh, vo sac, vo mill vi,... blng cae giae quan cua minh, con ngupi khpng t h i n l m bat mp ta true tiep ban the cua vu trg, nhung no la tuypt doi, khong biln doi, khong mit di, ton tai hipn huu d trong hinh dang den npi dung cua cac su vat hipn tupng cu t h i . Bay eung chinh la dae dilm de phan bigt gi&a ban t h i cua vu tru voi eae su vat hipn tupng cu the "hCfu hinh", "hCru hoai". Phan Bgi Chau giai thich "Nguyen ly eua vu try la mOt giong vo hinh, khong t h i mo ta dupc, ma d i u mo ta dupc cung chang bao gid ciing" (Phan Bgi Chau, 1990, t i p 7, tr.
31), boi vi "nguyen lai d trong vu try, nhlt thilt gilng gi da huu hlnh, t i t nhien hiJu ho?i, Ipn d i n tuyln t h i gipi, nhu nhlt luan, dia cly, tinh clu,...cho den tat thay cae giong d trgng vu tru, he dgng luc eo mgt ngay dinh chf, nhipt luc cc mgt ngay tieu
di$t, dgi v$n h|i co mpt ngay t l i chung, ngay t l i chung do la ngay K)r t l , Ky t l thpi eung, ciing thoi bien hoai. Phat gia bao ring: Kilp t j n . Gilo Thien Chiia bap rang:
mjt t h i . NSn trpng Djch ciing phai c6 Ky te.
Tuy nhiSn, e l l eiing m l co biln hoai, d l chf thypc v l phan hinh, d Ph|t gia gpi blng sle, d djch gpi bing khi. Con Ihypc v l phln VP hinh m l chung ta khpng thi thiy: Ph|t gia gpi bang i<h6ng, d Djch gpi bing dao. c l i do khdng bap gip cCing, m l eung khcng bao gip hoai" (Phan Bpi Chau, 1990, t i p 8, tr. 438).
Nhu v|y, nguyen ly vu try voi eae sy v|t hipn tupng tuy ed nhtrng dac diem, ban chit khae nhau nhung nd cd moi lien hp m|t thilt va chuyin hda l l n nhau, trong do dao - la y l u t l dau tien, la nguyen lai cua vO try; tir dpo mdi sinh ra khi nhlt I m nhat duong. Phan Bgi C h l u d l viet: ban the cua vii try mac dii "nhj danh m l g l c van nhlt ly, ed dpo mdi de ra khi, eo khi mdi chirng dupc dao. Thi dy v i o than ngudi ta, tai bilt nghe, mat biet thay, mipng bilt ndi, dd I I khi, m l thugc ve sau khi hti'u hinh roi.
Nhung tai vi sao ma hay nghe, mat vi sao hay thiy, mipng vi sao hay ndi. T i t cd ly sd dT hay nghe, hay thay, hay ndi, ly sd dT dd khdng l l m sao m l mo ta dupc. Do chinh I I dao ma de ra khi. Vo ly|n vigc gi, t i t trudc cd c l i dao, m l say sinh ra v|t l y vi#c l y " (Phan Bgi Chlu, 1990, t i p 8, tr,489); v l tir khi nhlt am nhlt duong ngung i<it mdi thlnh trdi, dit; tir trdi dat mdi sinh ra van v l t k l c l eon ngudi. Ong lj' gili: SP dT vQ try "dupc hpan thlnh, thdi gdc nhd ICic ngyyen thf ed hai khi am, dupng hda hpp ngung k i t vdi nhau, mdi sinh dye dupc van vat, ngyyen khi ngung k i t dd tire la thai hda" (Phan Bgi Chlu,
CAO X U A N L O N G , LAI VAN NAM - G 6 P PHAN T I M HltU TU TUQ-NG.
1990, t i p 7, tr.49). T6m l^i, theo Phan Bpi Chau ban th^ vu trg la yeu t6 "dau tien",
"nguyen ly" tgo ra the giai nay, yeu to do vo hinh, vo danh, vo sac, v^ vo huu hogi,... nhung n6 bilu hi$n minh thdng qua nhung cai huu hinh, h&u danh, huu sac va huu hogi.
V4 nh$n thijc lu$n. Phan Bgi Ch^u huang Sin vl^c nhan thuc ban t h i the giai, nhung ban t h i cua the giai la dgo von vo hinh, vo sac, vd thanh, vo mui v\, nen con nguai khong t h i nh^n thuc tryc tilp vao cai dgo ban the dug-c, ma theo Phan Bpi Chau d l hilu dup'C yeu t l ban nguydn thi c^n phai thong qua cai bi^u hi#n cua dgo do la khi, la trai dat, la vgn vgt va con nguai trong vu trg. Ong vilt; "IVIuon bilu thj chan ly, t i t phai muan nhung giong hO-u hinh ma chi dien cho ra Tugng nao vao ly ay. L# nhu Can tuQ-ng la trai, Khon tuo-ng la dat;
Chan tugng la Sam; Ton tugng la gio"
{Phan BOI Chau, 1990, tap 7, ti. 31). Nhu vgy, trong quan diem nhgn thuc cua minh, Phan Bpi Chau cung di t u nhan thiPC cam tinh den nhan thuc ly tinh, t u nhgn thuc cac dac dilm neng re, thuang xuyen bien d l i cua sg* vgt hi^n tugng tren t h i gio"! d l khai quat ban chit, tinh on dtnh va bit biln cua ban t h i vu tru.
VS quan diem bi$n chCeng, tren ca sa v l ban the cua the giai xult phat ti> dgo, Phan Bpi Chgu cho rang mpi sg' vgt hi^n tugng co moi lien hg, tac dpng, chuyen hoa qua Igi l l n nhau theo quy lugt tuang sinh tuang khae va thong nhlt a nguon goc cua the giai la dgo, Ong xem xet sg' v^t hi$n tugng trong si^ van dgng va phat triln, nhung quan niem vgn dpng va phat trien cua fing theo xu huang tuan hoan tra v l vai cai g l c ban d i u , ong cung chua chi
ra dugc ngu6n glc, each th^c, dpng li/c v^ khuynh huang cua sy vgn dpng va phat trien, thgm chi doi khi ong da su dgng ca thu|t to^n s6 <3k giai thich sg' v^n dpng, nhung ong da khang djnh va chung minh sy v^n d$ng phSt triln cua t h i giai la c6 quy lugt t y than cua no, chu khong phai diln ra mpt each nglu nhidn. Tren quan dilm bi$n chung khi xem x6t v^o dieu klgn ljch si> xa hpi Vigt Nam ong cho rang mac du hign nay d i t nuae gap kho khan, bj thye dan Phap xSm luge va do hp, nhung vai sy doan kit quyet tam cua ea dan tpc, ong tin tudng vao mot tuang lai tuai sang cua dat nuae Vigt Nam.
2 2. Quan dilm ve con nguai
vi ngudn gdc con ngutfi. Tren quan diem Dich ly, Phan Bpi Chau cho rang trdi la cha va dit la mg, hai yeu to nay la nhiin (hetu), sy ket hgp cua trdi-cha va dat-mg la duyen (pratitya), va con ngudi la sy ket hgp gii>a trdi va dat do la qua (phaia). Cng viet: "Can la cha, khon la mg, ngudi hon hap vdi can khon ma d chinh giua" (Phan Bpi Chau, 1990, tap 4, tr. 182-183). Tuy nhien, Phan Boi Chau cho rang sy kit hgp eua trdi va dat trong m6i con ngudi la khong gilng nhau, vi t h i mdi tgo thanh ngudi eon trai, ngudi eon gal va a m5i con ngudi c6 nhung net dgp rieng Ong vilt: " 0 trong khi am duang kit hgp, duang khi mgnh han am thdi thanh trai, am khi mgnh han duang thdi thanh gai" (Phan BOi Chau, 1990, tgp 4, tr. 184). Nhu vgy, t u npi dung nguon goc con ngudi, Phan Bgi Chau cho rang sy xult hi^n eua con ngudi la "can thilt d l i vdi sy can bang trong vu try" va con ngudi khong phai la san pham than thanh, Thugng de hay y thuc sang tao nen, ma do nlian duyen can I<h6n tfiiu hqrp lam xult hien.
CAO XUAN LONG, LAI VAN NAM - G O P PHAN TIM H|£U TU TU'O'NG..
VS ciu tao con ngwdi. Phan B|l Chau cho ring cgn ngud'i dupe tao n l n bdi hai bp phan, dp I I t h i n t h i v l nhln tinh. Trong dd t h i gidi nhye t h i I I "than t h i cua ecn ngudi"; thin t h i dd dupc c l y tao bdi ngO quan, ngO t^ng, iuc phu vi m^ch miu.
Theo dng, tao hda da tpo ra con ngudi
"thlp phln chy dio" (Phan Bdi Chly, 1990, t i p 4, tr 201), elc bp phpn trln thin t h i cua con ngudi khdng thira m l cQng khdng thilu, d o CO quan dd d i u cd chire nang rilng va cd m l i quan he vdi nhau giup cho
"thlnh" "phy" ciJa thi gidi linh hdn t i n tai.
Cdn nhin tinh II tinh ngudi, nhd dd con ngudi hon h i n c l e IcIi khie. Phan Bgi Chau eho ring b i n tinh II c l i von cd tren CO sd cua ngy quan, ngu tang, lyc phy khong phai do trpi phu nhu mpt so n h l trilt hgc trude quan nigm. Thep ong nh|n djnh:
nhln tinh cua "ngudi ta d khi mdi de ra m l gpi bing tinh. thdi chang ai tuypt del hon, eung ehing ai tuyet doi kem, chf xe xich gan nhau m l thdi. Nhung vi say khi ngudi da ra dpi, hole vi tap tuc eua xa hgi, hgic vi t i p quin ciia h c l n canh, m l ggi bing
"tip"; tap t i t ngly cing t i t them, liic l y mdi thiy ngudi vdi ngudi trinh dp each xa nhau" (Phan Bdi Chau, 1990, t i p 4, tr. 206- 207). Phan Bpi Chlu cho ring con ngudl muln t i t llnh thi can dua v i o vi|c ehlm chf luyin t i p v l ed nhCVng dilu kipn, holn eanh xa hdi tit. Chinh su luypn t i p v l dllu kien xa hpi I I v l n de cp b i n , n l n t i n g t i e dpng d i n con ngudi. Trong dilu kipn xa hgi Vipt Nam d cuoi the ky XIX d l y the ky XX, de ed nhung cpn ngudi tot thi chung ta phai thay d l i dilu kipn xa hOi, eo nghia la phai d l n h dull q y i n x l m lupe.
Vi vi tri, vai trd cua con ngwdi. Phan Boi Chau d l khang djnh con ngudi cd vl tri, vai
trd hit sire quan trpng trpng dai vO tru.
B i l y dd dupc dng xem xet qua hai mli quan h | cat b i n trdng dai vu try. iVtdt li, vi tri vai trd cua con ngwdi trong mii quan h$
vdi Irdi dit, Thwptng di, hay ding tao hda.
Phan B|i C h l u chp ring "ngudi I I ecn de ciia trdi d i f , "II sy k i t tinh cua c l n khdn", m l chiing ta iai cd c l u "eon hon cha I I nha cd phue". Chinh vi vly, doi vdi con ngudl thi d i n g tgp hda ludn mpng muln con ngudi vuon len, ty khang dinh minh dli vdl van v|t xung quanh. i-ial li, vi tri vai trd cOa con ngud'i trong mdi quan h$ ddi vdi van vit. Phan Bdi C h l u khing djnh eon ngudi khdng chf I I mpt "san phlm cua gidi t u nhien", ma vupl len tren het dd I I mpt
"sin pham h o l n my nhlt", "mpt gilng than linh d trpng van vpt, ma eung ep t h i ggi la mgt v|t tdn trudng trong van v|t" (Phan Bpi Chau, 1990, t i p 4, tr. 185). Bdi vi, tao hda da ban cho eon ngudi "eo mgt bg 6c khdn, cd mgt mdn nang luc ma cac dpng v|t khae khdng ec" (Phan Bdi Chlu, 1990, t i p 4, tr. 186). Theo Phan Bpi Chau, cung chinh nhd "dc khdn", "nhung nang lyc dac bipt" CLia minh ma eon ngudl mdi cd t h i ti/
v|, d l t i n tai v l chinh phyc vpn vpt trong t h i gidi nay.
V l bin chat con ngwdi. Phan Bgi Chlu eho ring eon ngudi I I chung tgc bilt thuang yeu, diim bgc v l giiip da nhau trong cupc sing. Ong vilt "Trdi dat smh ra v|t, chia ra c i c chiing tgc. Chung tpc co v l y thi a dudi nudc, chiing tpc cd ldng thi d tren cao; con ngudi ta d i u ed chung tpc.
Ciing mpt ehung tgc ma lai hal lan nhau, dd I I gilng vat tam thudng. Ciing chung tgc bilt thuang yeu nhau mdi ggi I I eon ngudi" (Phan Bgi Chlu, 1990, t | p 2, tr 346). Tir ngi dung nguon goc v l ban chit
CAO XUAN LONG, LAI VAN NAM - GOP PHAN TIM HlEU TLT TLfONG..
eon ngudl, Phan Bpi ChSu da gui vao do mpt thong digp gian di nhung co y nghTa nhan van sau sac. Do IS, trong dllu kign lich su xa hpi cuoi t h i ky XIX d i u t h i ky XX, mpi ngudi dan trdn d i t nudc Vigt Nam phai doan kit, thuang ydu giup dd l5n nhau d l tgo thanh mOt sue mgnh to Idn nham "chong lgi nhO-ng ke khdng phai Id ngudi" d l giai phong con ngudi, glal phdng dan tpc Vigt Nam va tgp mpi dieu klgn thugn Igi cho con ngudl phat trien.
2.3. Quan dilm chinh trj-xa hpi Van de nhan c^ch-quySn cua con ngwoi.
Theo Phan Bgi Chau nhan each la khal nl$m dung de chi each ma eon ngudl bilu hign vdl ba moi quan hg trong qua trinh hinh thanh, phat trien cua minh, do la "tren doi vdl trdi, dudi doi vdl dat, gl&a doi vdi vat va nga" (Phan Bpi Chau, 1990, tgp 10, tr. 145), each bleu hign do buOc con ngudi phai thyc hien cho d i n t§n cung trong van d l "pham each lam ngudi, each thuc lam ngudl, each dieu lam ngudi" (Phan Bgi Chau, 1990, tap 10, tr. 145).
Npi ham, ban chat cua v l n de nhan each bllu hign thdng qua ba m i l quan hg ca ban cua con ngudi. Mgt 1^, xet trong moi quan hg cua con ngudl vdi Dang tgo hda, dilu cd nghTa dau tien cua nhan each - do la ph^m each thiy nhit eua con ngudi trong bang xep hgng cua the gidi ty nhien 'Vd thi>c" va "hOu thuv" Phlm each dd khdng phai do con ngudi "ty phong" cho minh, ma chinh nhd nhung gid trj ve tri tug, dgo due va nang luc vugt trgi cua loai ngudi han han so vdi sy vat hign tugng trong t h i gidi nay. Ong cdn khlng djnh rang: thgm chi "loai ngudi dan ngu lam nua cung v l n thieng hgn loai vat" (Phan Bpi Chau, 1990,
tgp 2, tr. 58). Cho n§n D i n g tgo hda da phong ham "nhSt phim" cho con ngudi.
Hai 1^, xet trong mli quan hg giij'a con ngudi vdl xa hpi dilu cd nghTa thu' hai eua nhdn cdch - do chinh la tw cdch cua con ngw&i. Van d l tu cdch cua con ngudl duge t h i hign qua mli Hdn h$ cua con ngudi vdi van de dOc l§p dan t0c, v l n d l chu quyln cua mdi qu6c gla vd van d l nhan quyen trong xd hOI. Cdn khi can cu vdo Luat tr&i vd Cdng phdp vgn quSc, Phan Bpi Chau da khlng djnh dge Igp t y do la quyen cua moi dan tgc khdng ai cd quyln xam pham, chinh vi vgy, vigc dau tranh gianh lai quyln dpc Igp t y do cho dan tpc ta Id hgp lugt trdi vd lugt phdp quoc te. Chinh vi vgy, theo dng mgt d i t nudc neu bilt each d l eao dan quyen thi khdng nhung nhan dan se dugc ton trgng md dit nudc ay cung se mgnh len. Nlu dat nudc nao dan quyen bj xem nhg, thi khdng nhOng dan bj coi khinh, ma nude l y eung y l u . Cdn dan quyln cua nudc ndo hoan todn bj mdt thi nhan dan se mat, md dat nudc cung khdng con. Xet nhan each cua con ngwoi trong quan h$ v6i h$ thdng nha nw&c, npi ham nhan cdch trong mdi quan hg ndy duac t h i hign qua quyln ddn chu cua ngudl dan trong dat nudc. Phan Bpi Chau sau khi tim hieu nhung uu khuylt dilm cua the ehl chinh trj d cdc nudc tren the gldl, da nhgn thuc dugc ring su phat trien quoc gia bieu thj thdng qua vigc ton trgng quyen eua con ngudi md dge bigt la quyln lam chu cua ngudi dan. Ong da viet: "nhung cudng qu6c, tuc Id deu Id nhij-ng nudc md ddn quyln dugc d l eao" (Phan Bpi Chau, 1990, tgp 2, tr.
387). Theo dng nhiJng nude bilt de cao dan quyen phai Id nhung nude cd "hinh
CAO X U A N LONG, LAI VAN NAiVI - G O P PHAN TIIVI Hi^U Tir TLfONG..,
phdp, chinh Ignh, t h u l khda, tidu dung d i u do nghj vi^n quylt djnh, md nghj vi$n thi deu do nhan dan t l chCfC ndn, Chinh phu khdng duge can thigp vdo. Hdng ndm d i n ky nghj vi$n hgp, ede nghi vidn tg t^p ddng du. Chlnh phu phai trinh bdy d y an trudc nghj h$i. Nghj hpi tuc la nhdn ddn. NhO'ng dllu nhdn dan cho la phai ehinh phu khdng I h l khdng lam; nhung dieu nhdn ddn eho la trai, chinh phu khdng duge lam. Tuy rdng sac chilu cua fHodng d l r l t Id ddng tdn trgng, nhung n l u nghj vign khdng ding y thi cung phai thu hoi mgnh Ignh dd. Dan quyen ddng sg nhu the vgy!" (Phan Bgi Chau, 1990, tgp 2, tr. 387) Chinh vi vgy, theo dng mil quan hg giua nhdn ddn vdi chinh phu Id moi quan hg bign chung tac ddng, chl phoi ldn nhau, Bdi vi, khi ngudi dan ed quyen Idm chu thi dat nudc eijng theo do md cd sue mgnh, Ong vilt: "IVldt ngudl, mgt nha hay mpt nude, tat thay la mgt phdn t u d trong xa hdi... ehung ta dem than vdo xa hpi, khdng can xem d nai xa hpi, ma can phai xem nai than ta, bdi vi than ta chinh la mpt phan t u d trong xa hpi Nlu thdn ta tdt thdi xa hpi dugc mgt phan tu tot roi, d i n da ldu lie, anh hudng cang dl eang xa, d i n lue cuoi cung, tat nhien tuyln xa hpi tot cd" (Phan Bdi Chdu, 1990, tap 9, tr 192). Theo dng quyen ty do eua nhan ddn la quyln duge lam nhung dilu trong khudn kho phap lugt eua nha nude da quy dmh Khi khdng dmh quyen lam ngudi, Phan Bgi Chau da vugt len hdn quan diem cua Nho giao khi xem xet quyen Idm ngudi cua nam va nu", vd dac bigt chu y den quyen eua ngudi phy nu, theo dng van de nu' quyen d phuang Ddng dugc chu y dung muc vdo khoang "cuoi t h i ky XIX dau the ky XX ddi song van minh Au
ehdu d l y it nhieu bpt beo trdn vdo Ddng A.
Thinh linh md hal chO' nhan quyen mdi nly ra trdn m i y t d bdo nham. T h l p thoang d bdn tai m i y cd m i y chj mdi cd hal chu nu quyln" (Phan Bgi Chau, 1990, tgp 4, tr. 88- 89). Ong eho rang vige phdn bigt nam quyln vd niv quyln la do e h l dO qudn chu dyng nen d l phu nhgn hay han cha quyln Idm ngudi cua ngudl nu.
X^t tr&n mdi quan h$ cua con ngieoi ddt v&i chinh bin thiin minh da lam nen nghTa thu ba cua nhan edeh - dd chinh Id each thOv Idm ngw&i. Cdch thuc lam ngudi do ehinii mdi ed nhdn ddt ra, nd dugc quy dinh thdnh nhO'ng "khudn mdu", "nhu trung tin, liem si, dao due, luan ly, v.v. cho d i n Id tai nghe cho to, con mat thiy cho sdng, bd 6c thiy cho sau, sue phln dau cho manh dgn, gan mgo hiem tien thu cho ben dai" (Phan Bgi Chdu, 1990, tgp 4, tr 216), md tung ca nhan phai gin glO, phai phln dau thuc hien trong suit cuge ddi cua minh. Theo Phan Bpi Chdu, trong dieu kign ljch su xa hdi Vigt Nam luc bay gid thi trong ngi dung nhdn edeh chi cdn each thuc lam ngudi la chung ta cd t h i giu duge. Bdi vi, nd tdn tai trong chinh bdn than moi con ngudl "dau ai cung khdng phep gi ngan elm dugc ta, md eung khdng ai cudp bdc dugc ta"
(Phan Bpi Chdu, 1990, tgp 4, tr. 216). Ong edn khang dmh rang trong cdc npi dung cua nhan each con ngudi thi "dong bao ta thigt chi edn ngan l y Id cd gid tn" (Phan Bpi Chau, 1990, tap 4, tr. 216)
Tw tw&ng cOa Phan BQI Chau vd giai phdng con ngw&i. 6ng cho ring v l n d l gidl phong con ngudi la cdn thiet, hgp quy ludt, chlnh nghia vd t i t y l u se gianh thang Igl. Tu mpt niem tin vijng chae vao chiln thing, dng dd ehi ra ngi dung glal phdng
C A O X U A N LONG, LAI V A N NAM - G C P PHAN T I M HISU TU" TU'O'NG.
con ngudi nhy sau: Vd ddi twgng gidi phdng, t u tudng Phan Bpi Chau v l con ngudl khong phai Id con ngudi chung ehung truu tugng, cung khdng phai Id todn b l nhdn dan lao dOng tren todn t h i gldl, ma dd chinh Id dan tpc Vigt Nam, nhdn ddn lao dOng Vigt Nam dang bj dp buc bdc Ipt. v l ndi dung gidi ph&ng con ngw&i.
Phan Bgi Chau quan tam giai phdng eon ngudi todn dign - ca v l nhdn the va nhan tinh. Tren quan dilm cua Nho giao dng da dua ra phuo-ng phap qudn ly xa hgi bang nhdn trj, due trj. Trong dd Phan Bgi Chau ehu trgng d i n hal vigc dd la dudng ddn vd giao dan, hal vigc ndy cd moi quan hg chgt che vdl nhau, bo sung cho nhau gdp phln lam cuge sing con ngudi tot dgp hen.
Phan Bpi Chdu cho rang: "Duang dan la lo eho dan ve phln song xac thit Giao dan la lo cho ddn ve phln song tinh than Duang vdi gido v l n dong thi ttnh hanh, nhung cung dc hoan d p sai nhau chut dinh;
trude lo dudng roi sau mdi lo den gido"
(Phan Bpi Chau, 1990, tap 10, tr, 71). Theo Phan Bgi Chau, d l cai tgo xa hpi, glal phdng v l mgt nhan the thi can phdi ed nhiJng eon ngudi cd nhan tinh tot, nhung ngudi dd phdi vua cd tri tug, vua ed t l m ldng san sang hy sinh vi ddn tgc. Nhung eon ngudi bilt hy sinh vi dan tpc va dong logi la nhu'ng con ngudi duae giao dye tit.
Do do, de glal phdng eon ngudl, Phan Bpi Chau cho ring e l n phai thye hign hal nhigm vu - dd la dw&ng dan va gido ddn:
2 4 Quan diem v l dao diec, giao dye Vd vdn dS d^o dwc Theo Phan Bpi Chdu dgo due Id nhung chuan muc, nhung quy tie dung dan cd s i n , la le phdi t u nhien, goc d le trdi ma eon ngudi phai thyc hign nham chung td ban chat cua minh. Dp dd.
dng cho rang dgo di:>c c6 vai trd rdt quan trQng trong vi$c chi phdi hdnh ddng cua con ngw&i. nhung chuln myc dgo due dugc xem nhu banh ldl, cdi neo cua mpt con thuyin, n l u khdng c6 dgo due dinh hudng thi hdnh d0ng cua con ngudi khdng xdc dinh dugc sy dung sai, t i t x l u , cQng gilng nhu eon thuyin khdng bdnh lai mit phuang hudng tren biln ea. Do dd dng khlng djnh rang: "Chua ed al muon chd thuyin cho thdnh thgo md Igi d l no ehim nli ty nhien; Muon giu' tam eho dung ddn md Igl d l nd thu phdng quang xien. Phai theo dgo cho dung thi tdm mdi khdng thien.
Phdi giO' Idi cho vung thi thuyen mdi di yen.
Hgp lai md xem, d l phdng Idng due edn khd han de phdng ddng nude; ndi ra cho rgng, dieu khiln eon tam cung nhu dilu khiln con thuyin" (Phan Bgi Chau, 1990, tgp 1, tr 55). Nhu vgy, de cho tdm eon ngudl khdng dao dpng, khdng ehao dao nhu "cai thuyin khdng Idi, khdng neo" thi can phai cd "dao tdm" md dgo tdm do bilu hign qua b i n ehuan myc dgo due ca ban, dd Id nhdn, nghia. Id. tri. Phan Bpi Chdu da ly gldl rd them' "Phai lly nghTa Idm sdo ma day, lay nhan lam cheo md bai Thing eua dao ma vdo, Idi vi>ng du ddng tdy vdn duge, eu bd dao md tiln, Idi chae du ta huu khdng sai. T h i Id thuyen theo lai, nen du tdu to xuong nhd, chi huy vdn duac xong xudl" (Phan Bpi Chdu, 1990, tap 1, tr.
55). Bon chuan myc dgo due neu tren, Phan Bpi Chau tren quan diem cua Nho giao gpi la Tu doan. 6ng gidi thich:
"Thuylt tu doan Id ndi d trong Idng ngudl ta cd b i n m i l ldnh cung gpi Id bdn tinh:
thuang yeu ngudi Id moi nhan; biet xau thgn la moi nghia; bilt tu nhugng la mdi li;
bilt phan biet dieu phai trdi la mdi trf
CAO X U A N LONG, LAI VAN NAM - G 6 P PHAN T I M H I E U TLT TLfONG-
(Phan Bpi Chdu, 1990, tdp 4, tr. 202-203.
Vai trd cua t u doan r l t to Idn, nd khdng chi ed gid trj d l i vdi tung ed nhdn, md nd cdn cd gid tn d i l vdl vige t l gia, trj quic, binh thien hg. Ong vilt. "Ldng t u doan khi mdi md m l i , chi nhu mOt gIgt nude chay ra, ma gigt nudc l y chay mai ehay hodi thdi chac cd luc di d i n tgn be md thdnh ra b l Idn, ngudi ta thigt khodch sung t u doan thdi cdng vigc t l gia, tn qu6c binh thien hg cung ehi d t l m Idng suy ra md thdi" (Phan Bpi Chdu, 1990, tgp 10, tr. 33).
v l gido due. Trpng dllu kign nude Vigt Nam nua culi t h i ky XIX d i u t h i ky XX thi nhigm vy gido dan cang trd ndn d p thiet han bao gid hit. Bdi vi, theo dng dat nudc ta tri trg, chgm phat then vd khdng chong dd dugc qudn xam Iuae Id do loi t u duy cu ky lac hau, va mpt n l n gido dye hu cyu lue bay gid da che mdt nhdn ddn ta, Idm cho nhdn ddn ta ngu mugt Vigc chin hung dat nudc, gidi phdng dan tdc d n phdi ed mdt nen gido dye tien tiln theo kip vdi thdi dgi N l n giao dye do duge dng d l ra nhu sau.
v l muc dich gido due. doi vdi tung ea nhdn giao dye ed vai trd r l t quan trpng doi vdl vige hinh thanh nhan each con ngudi Phan Bpi Chdu khlng dinh: "Chung ta sd dT hgc la cot d l hoc lam ngudi, md khudn mdu Idm ngudi, tat phai Idm eho den thanh;
ma muon lam che d i n thanh t i t phai tim eho ra tinh tuy eua thdnh nhan; t i t phai hit sue dyng cdng d nai vigc hpc" (Phan Bgi Chdu, 1990, tgp 9, tr.259). Giao dye khdng chi ed tac dyng doi vdl tung ngudl ma nd cdn cd anh hudng rat Idn den v l n d l gial phdng dan tpc vd sy phat trien b i n vu'ng cua mdi quoc gla, dan tgc. Ong vilt: "Cd chil trong gido due thi mdi bd dugc viec rieng t u ma theo cdng Igl, mdi Idm cho
nude gidu mgnh t i l n tdi" (Phan Bpi Chau, 1990, tgp 2, tr 263).
v l ddi tuxp^ng gido due. Phan BOi Chdu cho ring vigc gido dye Id c l n thilt cho mpi ngudl, vdo mpi luc mpi nai, mpi thdi diem,
"cdn td ngw&i. thi cdn phdi gido due".
khdng phdn bigt gidu nghdo. sang hen,,,.
Ong dge bigt quan tam d i n viec gido dye binh linh, phy nO- Bdi vi dng eho ring, binh linh Id lyc lugng bao vg, giup da mpi ngudi ddn trong xa hpi. cdn phy nu ed trdch nhigm lam mg. giup d d chong eon, vd cung Id ngudi cd anh hudng rat Idn din vide hinh thdnh nhan each, tinh cam va tri tug cua tre - "nhO'ng chu nhdn tuang lai cua dat nudc" V l n0i dung gido due eon ngw&i. Phan Bdi Chau cho ring can phai gido due con ngudl todn dign. cd ich cho xa hgi, d l Idm dugc dilu dd cdn phdi chu trpng ea hal mat du-c dye vd tri due. "nhdm md mang Idng dan yeu nude vd Idng tin yeu ldn nhau, khal dan tri, giup dan quyln khiln cho al al cung tien bp ngdn dgm"
(Phan Bpi Chdu, 1990, tgp 2, tr. 262-263).
Ong cho rang ngl dung giao due khdng duge bd sdt thu* gi, nhung cung e l n phai tgp trung dgy nhO'ng dieu ngudi ddn can hpc, d n su dung, nhO'ng dilu cd ich dli vdl sy phat trien cua ban than vd cua dat nudc, ehu khdng phai "gido due nhO'ng dilu minh sdn cd". T u vigc tim hilu md hinh, edeh thuc gido dye cua cde nudc, dge bigt kinh nghigm giao due cua Nhgt Ban thdi ky duy tan, Phan Bdi Chau da thilt ke mpt md hinh giao due cho nudc nha h i t sue phong phu vd dac sac. Ong vilt: "Gido due, due dye, the due, khdng bd sdt thu gi. Hoe Trung Quoc, hgc Nhat Ban, hpe chau Au, hpc du ede dilu. Cdc au tri vign, dye anh vign, cac trudng tieu hpc.
C A O X U A N LONG, LAI VAN NAM - GOP PHAN TIM HIEU TU"TUONG..
trung hpc, dgi hgc khdp thdnh thj, thdn que cho ndo cung cd. Khi mdi duy tdn thi cdc thiy giao dgy d cdc trudng cdn phai mdi ngudl Nhgt Ban, ngudl chdu Au, chdu My v l dgy Khi da duy tdn kha khd r6l thi vua ngudl nudc ta thi da cd trinh dp han ca ngudl chdu Au, chau My, phai khdi mdi ngudl nudc ngodi nu-a. Cdch thCpc md trudng, sdp xep vi$e hgc, vi^c dgy, vigc bo nhigm nhu-ng ngudi hpe da thdnh tal, d i u bat chude theo cdi hay cdi t i t eua cae nudc nhu Nhgt Ban vd chau Au. Hpc trilt hpc, vdn hpc, su hgc, chinh tri. kinh t l , qudn sy. phap lugt,,.. hpc cdng nghigp, thugng nghigp. ndng nghigp, nu' cdng, ky thugt, lam nghigp,... Mgi vigc m d d d n ta d n hpc deu mdi thiy, md trudng d l cho ngudl nudc ta bat ky giau hay nghec, sang hen, trai gai k l ti> 5 tuoi trd len, thi vao hgc d trudng l u tri vign, d l chju sy giao dye cua bgc l u trT, tdm tuoi trd len thi vao hpc d trudng tieu hpc, d l chiu sy gido dye eua bgc t i l u hgc; mudi b i n tuoi trd len thi vdo hgc d trudng trung hgc, d l chju sy gido dye cua bgc trung hpc. D i n tuoi 18 thi tdi chat da kha, thi vao cdc trudng eao ddng, de chju sy giao dye eua cae trudng eao ding ehuyen nghigp" (Phan Bpi Chdu, 1990, tgp 2, tr. 261-262). Nhu Phan Bgi Chdu da khdng dmh. gido due id "cdi khudn due" tgo ra con ngudl, nlu khudn diic do t i t dgp, sac sao thi tgo ra tmh hoa, ra sue manh cho dat nudc. eho nen mpi v l n de trong npi dung gido due phai 6ir<yc thyc hign, ddn die, giam sdt, kiem tra mpt each nghiem tuc, can thgn cua todn xa hpi, tu vigc cham lo to chuc cdc Idp hpc, cdc cap hpc d l gido dye con ngudl, d i n nhO'ng bp giao trinh chuln. thing nhlt tiy tren xuong dudi do Bp Gido dye quy dlnh dudi sy kilm tra nghiem nggt cua Nghj vign.
Mgt khde, d l gido dye con ngudl cd higu qud Phan Bpi Chdu da chi ra nhO-ng yeu d u cy t h i d n phai cd cua thiy va trd.
trong do d i l vdl ngw&i thdy, Phan Bgl Chdu eho ring de Idm dugc thay ngudi khde mOt cdch "ehinh danh" trude h i t khdng dugc quen "dn c l nhi tri tan, kha dT vl su hy" (Lugn ngu', 1950, tr. 20). Mdt khde, ngudi dgy khi giang dgy can phai xdc djnh ro d l i tugng hpc d l ed cdch dgy phu hgp vdi trinh dp cua tu-ng ngudl. Theo Phan Bpi Chau, ngudl thiy giao gidi cOng nhu "ngudi thay thulc gidi, thudng hay tuy bgnh ehung tung ngudl md khai dan thulc"
(Phan Bdl Chdu, 1990, tgp 9, tr 240). Ngodi ra, ngudl thdy eung can vgn dyng phuang phdp trye quan, neu guang trong edng tdc gido due ddo tgo. Theo Phan Bdi Chdu ed mgt each day ngudl bang tryc quan, khdng su dung Idi ndi de truyen dgt thdng tin d i n ngudi hgc ma thdng qua nhu'ng ei>
chi', hdnh ddng va t l m guang dgo due eua ban than, ngudi gido vien bilu dat thdng tin eho ngudi hgc Idm theo va ghi nhd.
Ldm nhu vay ngudi thay ben ngodi nhln vdo cd ve khdng day, nhung thye chat "Id day roi, khdng can day bang migng ndi"
(Phan Bgi Chau, 1990, tap 9, tr, 244) Ben cgnh dd, dng cdn eho rang ngudi day d n trdnh hai dllu trude tien can tranh ndi nhu-ng dieu vd bd khdng cd ich vdl ngudl hpc, cung nhu khdng dap ung duge yeu d u eua xd hpi dang dgt ra, ngoai ra, ngudi dgy eOng nen tranh thdi dp qua nghiem khde thdi qua doi vdl ngudi hpe.
Cdn ddi v&i ngw&i hpc, Phan Bgi Chau da neu ra ba yeu d u quan trpng d l giup ngudl hpc dgt k i t qua eao trong hgc tgp.
Vd y thuv dao dwc trong hpc t$p. dng khuyen ngudi hgc edn phdi khiem t i n ,
CAO XUAN LONG, LAI VAN NAM - G O P PHAN T I M HIEU TU" TU'O'NG..
thlnh that, nghilm tuc v l chu dpng slrig tpo trong hpe t i p . Ong cho ring: "Chiing ta hpc thlnh nhln, ching nhCrng hpc nhCi-ng dilu Ngai ndi, m l dllu Ngli khdng ndi Chung ta cing n l n d l y l l m " (Phan BOi Chlu, 1990, t i p 9, tr, 247).
Vi cich dpc sich. Phan Bdi Chlu cho ring d l y I I mdt trong nhifng phuang phlp quan trpng giiip ngudi hpe tilp thu kiln thirc cua ngudl day t i t han, dng ndi: "Hpc sleh khdng phli I I dpe chCi' cho thue I I ggi blng hgc dupc d i u ! T i t thay phli phat minh y tir cua sleh d ngoli m|t chu mdi gpi bing bilt dpc sach" (Phan Bpi Chlu, 1990, tap 9, tr 213).
Vi vin (Ji chon ban, de vipc hpc dpt k i t q u i t i t nhlt thi mpt trong nhu'ng v l n d l quan trpng I I vi|c k i t bpn. Mdi chiing ta nen chpn nhiJng ngudi lam ban cc ich cho vigc hpc ciia minh.
3. KET LUAN
Npi dung t u tudng trilt hpc cua Phan Bpi Chlu I I dae sac, phong phii v l tuang d l i CO hp thing tren nhieu khia canh tif nhu-ng v l n d l v l ban the cua the gidi, nhpn thirc lu|n, quan diem bi|n chimg, d i n nhifng v l n de v l eon ngudi, quyln con ngudi, giao due, dao dire, Nhu-ng npi dung dd I I su ke thifa, k i t hpp cd ehpn Ipe nhifng tu tudng dpo difc cua phuang
Bdng, phuang T l y v l truyin thing vln hda ciJa d i n tdc Vipt Nam, nhlm gili phdng con ngudi, giai phdng dan tpc va phit triln d i t nudc. N l u lpe be nhifng hpn c h l nhlt djnh mang tinh ljch su- treng tu tudng cua dng, thi nhO'ng ndi dung tu tudng d|c sac dd v l n cd y nghTa ly luin, II b l i hpc b l ich trong q u i trinh x l y dvng dit nudc ta hipn nay. •
TAI Lieu THAM K H A O
1. Boudarel, G. 1997. Phan Bpi CMu vi xa hpi Viit Nam d thdi dai dng (Ban dich cua Chuang ThSu, H i Song) Ha N|i, Nxb. van hda Thdng tin
2. Chuong ThSu, Trln Nggc Vuong 2001.
Phan Bdi Chiu vi tic gii vi tic phim. H4 Ngi' Nxb. Glag due.
3. Chuong ThSu. 2004. Nghien cim Phan Bdi Chiu. Hi Ngi: Nxb. Chinh trj Quie gia.
4. Hell Thanh. 1978. Phan Bpi Chiu. Ha Npi:
Nxb. van hda.
5 Ho Chi Minh. 2000 loan tip Tip 2. Ha Ngr Nxb. Chinh trj Quoc gia.
6. Luin ngir. 1950. Sai Gdn: Nxb Tri Dire.
7. Phan Bpi ChSu 1990. Toan tip. Tap 1- T l p 10. H u l : Nxb. Thuin Hpa.
8. Trln van Giau. 1993. Sw phit triin cua tu twdng d Vipt Nam tir thi ky XIX din Cich mang Thing Tim. T|p 1, 2, 3, TPHCM. Nxb.
TPHCM.
