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TAP CHI PHAT TRIEN NHAN LUC, SO 2(18)-2010Tl/ Tl/dNG HO CHI MINH VE NHA Nl/dC
VA XAY DI/NG CHINH QUYEN DAN CHU NHAN DAN,
VE CAI CACH HANH CHINH
TRUdNG THI HIEN •>
H
d Chi Minh, ngddi khai sinh ra nha ntfdc Viet Nam dan chii cpng hoa, Nha ntfdc dan ehii dau tien d Dong Nam A. Sudt chang dtfdng each mang, ttf ttfdng cua Ngtfdi ve nha ntfdc va chinh quyen dan chu nhan dan nhtf la kim ehi nam hanh dpng eho mpt Nha ntfdc cua dan, do dan va vi dan, phat trien tnfdng ky va ngay cang ldn manh. Nhd ve ngtfdi, ehung ta quan triet sau sac va diem lai nhffng net chinh ve ttf ttfdng xay dtfng Nha nddc va chinh quyen dan ehu nhan dan, eai each hanh chinh cua Ngddi.L Ve xay difng nha nifdfc va chinh quy^n dSn chu nhan dan; cai each hanh chinh
Xay dtfng Nha nffdc va chinh quyen dan chu nhan dan luon la mdi quan tam hang dau trong tam tifdng cua Chu tieh Ho Chi Minh. Trong sudt cupc ddi hoat dpng each mang, Ngu'di da nhan thtfc sau sac va xay dtfng thanh mpt nen tang ly luan ve mot nha ntfdc ciia dan, do dan va vi dan; mpt chinh quyen vdi cai dich htfdng tdi la dan giau ntfdc manh, xa hpi dan chu, cong bang va van minh. Ngtfdi da tiep thu eo ehpn lpc cac ngudn ttf ttfdng khoa hpc phap ly va hanh chinh nha ntfdc de xay dtfng thanh eong Nha ntfdc dan ehii nhan dan. Do la sif ket tinh giffa tinh dpc lap dan toe vdi tinh tien phong cua giai cap vo san thanh nen tang ly luan khoa hpe Ho Chi Minh.
Trudc he't, Ngtfdi eho rang, nha ntfdc va chinh quyen dan chu nhan dan co cd sd xa hpi la dan tpc. Do la m^t nha ntfdc eiia dan toe, eua dai doan ke't cac dan tpc. Ngay sau Cach mang Thang Tam 1945, Nha ntfdc dan ehu nhan dan ra ddi, Ngtfdi khang dinh: "Chinh phii... Id Chinh
phu todn ddn dodn ke't vd tap hap nhieu nhdn tdi khong ddng phdi"^^>. Ttf ttfdng nay cua Ngtfdi la stf tie'p thu tinh hoa cua nhan loai va cam re sau vao truyen thdng dan tpc, ke't tinh thanh tif ttfdng Ho Chi Minh ve mpt nha ntfdc va mpt ehinh quyen tho'ng nha't ve quyen ldi, do la quyen dan tpc gan chat vdi ehe dp dan chii, do nhan dan lam chii, quye't dinh cae van de he trpng eua dat ntfdc.
ThQ hai, Ngtfdi da nhan thtfc sau sac ve mot nha ntfdc vdi chinh quyen dan ehii nhan dan, do la tinh dan toe long vao trong ehe dp dan chu cua nha ntfdc: "Xdy dap mot nin Hien phdp ve phuang dien chinh tri vd xd hgi, theo tu tudng ddn quyen "'^'. Phai nhan thay rang ttf ttfdng cua Ngtfdi ve nha ntfdc dan chu va cliinh quyen dan ehu nhan dan khong bi gidi ban theo each hieu ddn thuan la nen dan ehii ttf san hoac khong dong khung nhan quyen va dan quyen xet ve quyen ca nhan con ngtfdi va quyen eong dan ma dtfde nang len thanh quyen dan tpc'^'.
Tnfdc eac luan etf tren, chung toi cho rang, tif ttfdng ciia ngtfdi ve nha ntfdc va chinh quyen dan ehii nhan dan dtfde ket hdp tff cac yeu td sau:
Mgt la, Nha ntfdc va chinh quyen dan chu nhan dan phat xua't tff eai gdc nhan dan, do la nha ntfdc cua nhan dan, do nhan dan va vi nhan dan.
Khi xay dtfng nha ntfdc va chinh quyen, Chu tieh Hd Chi Minh luon khang dinh rang: "Chinh quyen nhd nUdc Viet Nam ddn chu cong hda la nhd nudc ddn chu, nhd nudc ciia ddn, do ddn vd vi dan..". Ttf tifdng nay cua ngtfdi da dtfde
" PGS.TS., Hieu tracing Trudng Can bp Thanh pho Ho Chi Minh.
"> GS. Hoang Trong Truyen. TUtUdng Ho Chi Minti ve nha nUdc.
'=> Nguyen Ai Quoc. Ban yeu sach cua nhan din An Nam gdi Hpi van quo'c 1926.
TRUONG THI HIEN - TU TUdNG HO CHI MINH.
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the che hoa qua cac ban Hien phap 1946, 1959, 1980 va 1992 quy dinh ve the che nha ntfdc ta.
Khi chinh quyen nhan dan mdi dtfde thanh lap, Chu tieh Hd Chi Minh da trinh trpng tuyen bd:
"Chinh pha la cong bgc ciia nhdn ddn", "Ne'u khong CO nhdn ddn thi Chinh phii khong dii luc lugng. Ne'u khong co Chinh phu thi nhdn ddn khong ai ddn dudng. Vdy nen Chinh phii vdi nhdn ddn phdi dodn ke't thdnh mgt khoi. Ngdy nay, chiing ta dd xdy dUng nen nUdc Viet Nam ddn chu cong hda. Nhung ne'u nUdc dugc dgc lap md ddn khong dugc hudng hanh phiic tu do, thi dgc lap chdng co nghia li gi." Tren cd sd cac luan thuyet nay, ngtfdi eho rang, nha ntfdc eua dan CO nghia la "bao nhieu quyen han deu Id cUa ddn", Nha ntfdc do dan la "chinh quyen tQ xd de'n Chinh phii trung uang do ddn cvt ra"'"", Nha ntfdc vi dan la "bao nhieu lgi ich deu vl ddn", do vay, "Viec gi co lgi cho ddn thi phdi ldm cho ky dugc. Viec gi cd hai cho ddn, thi phdi het sQc trdnh"'^\
Hai Id, Nha ntfdc phai do giai cai'p cong nhan lanh dao va hen minh cong, nong, tri la life Itfdng nen tang nha't xay dtfng nen ehinh quyen dan chu nhan dan.
Chu tich Hd Chi Minh khang dinh: "...Ca sd xd hgi cUa Nhd nUdc Id todn ddn tgc, nen tdng Id lien minh cong — nong, lao dgng tri 6c dudi sU Idnh dao cda giai cap cong nhdn". Trong tien trinh each mang, Ngtfdi da xac dinh nhiem vu chinh tri cua each mang Viet Nam la "Ddnh do de qudc chU nghia Piidp vd bgn phong kie'n. Ldm cho nudc Nam dugc hodn todn dgc lap. Dung ra Chinh phu cong nong binh. To chQc ra qudn dgi cong nong""''. Do vay, Ngtfdi da phan da'u bet stfe minh de xay dtfng mot nha ntfdc ma diing nghia la giai cap cong nhan lanh dao, hen minh cong nong la nen tang vffng chac de bao ve va phat trien chinh quyen. Den tan bay gid, ttf ttfdng nay van la kim chi nam cho mpi hoat dpng xay dtfng va cai each bp may nha ntfdc ngay cang gan dan hdn, dung nghia la chinh quyen ciia nhan dan.
Ba Id, Nha ntfdc phai dtfde xay dtfng tren nen tang ttf ttfdng phap quyen va nha ntfdc phap
<'• GS. Hoang Trpng Truyen. Sdd.
<•" Ho Chi Minh. Toan tap, t.5, xuat ban lan thd hai, Nxb Chinh tri quoc gia, Ha Npi 1995, tr.698.
'5' Ho Chi Minh. Sdd, 13, tr.1
<«> Ho Chi Minh. Sdd, t.6, tr.88.
quyen.
La ngtfdi lanh dao nha ntfdc khdng thien ve dtfc tri hay phap tri ma ket hdp nhuan nhuyen hai yeu td nay lam mpt va van dung kheo leo vao thtfc tien ntfdc ta, Chu tich Ho Chi Minh nhan thtfc sau sae vai tro eiia phap luat trong dieu hanh, quan ly xa hpi: "Bay xin hien phap ban hanh,Tram dieu phai ed than linh phap quyen""*'.
Khi xay dtfng nha ntfdc, Ngtfdi cho rang, "Nhd nUdc Viet Nam ddn chU cong hda phdi Id nhd nUdc hgp phdp, hgp hien". Ttf ttfdng xuyen sudt ciia Ho Chi Minh la: "Nhd nUdc ddn chii, hgp phdp Id nhd nUdc that su dai dien cho ddn, do todn ddn cQ ra vd qudn ly xd hgi bang phdp ludt".
Tuy nhien, stf ke't hdp giffa dtfe tri va phap tri dtfde Ngtfdi thtfc hien bang viec Nha ntfdc phai dtfde dieu hanh bang phap luat ke't hdp vdi giao due dao dtfc, nang cao giac ngo cho nhan dan.
Ddng thdi phai la nha ntfdc tap trung, eo mpt bp may hanh ehinh manh, hieu life, dtfde quan ly, dieu hanh bang phap luat va phai lam eho phap luat CO hieu qua thtfc te. Ngtfdi cho rang, mgt nhd nUdc manh, co hieu luc phdi qudn ly bang phdp ludt, khong mgt gid, mgt phiit ndo thie'u phdp luat, coi thudng phdp luat.
Trong td chtfe va boat dpng eua Nha ntfdc phap quyen thi hat nhan la dpi ngu can bp, cong chtfe.
Ttf ttfdng cua Ngtfdi ve dpi ngu can bp, cong chtfe eung dtfde the hien tren nhieu phtfdng dien.
Ngtfdi eho rang, de eo mpt bp may nha ntfdc trong sach, vffng manh, co hieu life trtfdc het phai CO dpi ngu can bp, nhan vien co dao dtfc, gtfdng mau trong chap hanh phap luat. Dong thdi phai la nhffng ngtfdi am hieu phap luat va cac nganh nghe chuyen mon. Do vay, ngtfdi da day can bp ttf phap: "cdn phdi neu cao cdi guang phung cong, thu phdp, chi cong vo tu"^^K Day cung la bai hpc xtfdng mau ma trong boi canh phong, chd^ng tham nhung hien nay chung ta can van dung triet de. Phai minh bach trong td chtfe va boat dpng eiia nha ntfdc, do la minh bach tff phap luat, ttfe la phap luat phai ro rang, cong bang; di doi vdi phap luat la tinh thtfc thi eong vu ciia can bp, cong chtfe, ngbia la stf ap dung phap luat ehinh xac, dung dan cua nhffng
<'> Ho Chi Minh. Sdd, t.1, tr.438.
(«) Ho Chi Minh. Sdd, t.5, tr.382.
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TRUdNG THI HIEN - TU T U 6 N G H 6 CHl' MINH.ngtfdi phuc vu nha ntfdc de dam bao rang, mpi quy dinh cua phap luat deu phai dtfde nha ntfdc thtfc thi, mpi cong dan deu phai binh dang trtfdc nha ntfdc va trtfdc phap luat. Mudn vay, dpi ngu can bp, cong chtfe phai "vtfa hdng, vtfa chuyen"
nghia la gidi ve chuyen mon, am hieu ve phap luat, CO dao dtfc each mang trong sang.
ThQ tu, do la nen hanh chinh nha ntfdc mang tinh dan chii thtfc stf ehtf khong phai dan chii hinh thtfc.
Day la vain de ma hien nay cac ntfdc ttf ban dang ddi dau vdi stf cong kich eua cac dang phai lan nhau khi xay dtfng bp may nha ntfdc. 0 ntfdc ta, van de nay cung dang dat ra nhffng thach thtfc khong nhd, bdi vi, neu thtfc hien dtfde dan chu thtfc stf tren thtfc te thi mdi mang lai hieu qua dung la mpt chinh quyen dan ehii nhan dan, ne'u sa vao dan chii hinh thtfc, nghia la noi nhieu lam khong bao nhieu, ehi la stf che day nhffng cai xau ben trong thi khong co y nghia gi ciia ehinh quyen dan chu nhan dan.
Tff tffdng ve dan chii trong thtfc te eua Hd Chi Minh se giup khae phue nhffng dieu do. Ngtfdi khong cho rang dan chu phtfdng Tay la dan chu hinh thtfc, gia hieu ma ngtfdi nhan tha'y eo phan thtfc stf nhtfng con phien dien, chtfa day du, d mffe dp con tha'p, co sif xuyen tac, to ve. Chu tieh Hd Chi Minh tie'p thu nhiing dieu to't dep d dan chu phtfdng Tay de xay dtfng dan chu thtfc te trong nha ntfdc Viet Nam. Do la cac quyen ma Nha ntfdc phai dam bao eho nhan dan nhtf:
quyen ehinh tii, quyen kinh te va quyen xa hpi.
Theo Ngtfdi thi eon ngtfdi sdng phai dtfde nha ntfdc dam bao cae quyen neu tren, do la quyen CO cong an viec lam, co dtfde mtfc sdng xtfng dang; quyen dtfde sdng trong xa hpi binh dang, bae ai; quyen dtfde mtfu can hanh phuc cho ban than va nhffng ngtfdi xung quanh...
2. Nhi?ng bai hoc rut ra
ThQ nhidt. Ho Chi Minh de lai eho ehung ta di san ldn ve nguyen tae: Nha ntfdc la trung tam cua he thdng ehinh tri, trung tam quyen life, la van de ehu ehdt cua each mang nhtfng nha ntfdc do phai mang ban chat eua giai cap cong nhan.
la nha ntfdc dan tpc, dan chu nhan dan. Do vay, trong boi canh hien nay, chung ta dang qua dp tie'n len ehu nghia xa hpi, can thiet doi mdi he thdng chinh tri, trong do chu trpng van de trung tam la cai each nen hanh ehinh nha ntfdc, ddi mdi the che ehinh tri manh me bang dinh htfdng la ta't ca cong viec eua nha ntfdc, van menh dan toe la cong viec eua nhan dan.
ThQ hai, van dung triet de ttf ttfdng cua Ngtfdi de thtfc hien xay dtfng Nha ntfdc phap quyen XHCN vi ehi co nha ntfdc phap quyen thi ehinh quyen mdi thtfc stf la ciia nhan dan, nha ntfdc thtfc thi quyen life tren cd sd phap luat.
ThQ ba, van dung ttf ttfdng cua ngtfdi vao viec eai each the che va phtfdng thtfc boat dpng cua Nha ntfdc. Phai thtfc hien phan cap manh nhuiig dam bao nguyen tac tap trung dan chu trong td chtfe va boat dpng eua Nha ntfdc. Trong do cdt loi la quyen life nhan dan, lay dan lam gdc de thtfc hien cai each the ehe nha ntfdc, kien toan he tho'ng cac cd quan tff Trung tfdng tdi dia phtfdng, xay dtfng dpi ngu can bp, cong chile chuyen nghiep, co dao dtfc tot.
ThQ tu, kien quye't chong lai bieu hien cua chii nghia ea nhan trong nen hanh ehinh nha ntfdc hien nay, do la cae bieu Men mat dan chu, nan chay chtfe chay quyen. Ne'u trong bdi canh hien tai, chiing ta mudn cai each nen hanh chinh nha ntfdc thi trtfdc he't phai cai each tif van de con ngtfdi. Mot bp may nha ntfdc eo nhieu phe phai, mat doan ket, cue bp dia phtfdng, xem dia vi la ndi de kie'm tien thi khong bao gid eo nha ntfdc phap quyen va chinh quyen dan ehii. Theo tif ttfdng cua Bac, cdt loi eua bp may la d can bp, nhan vien nen phai ehinh ddn tff hat nhan eua bp may do la nhffng ngtfdi thifc thi cong vu.
Chinh quyen eo gan dan hay khong, cac quyet sach CO phu hdp long dan hay khong deu nam d can bp. Mat khac, cai each nen hanh ehinh nha nffdc phai bat dau tif viee xay dtfng lai dpi ngu can bp, cong chtfe hanh chinh. Do vay, hoc tap ttf tifdng ciia Ngtfdi, chung ta phai thtfc Men triet de tff eai gdc cua van de la can bp, cong chtfe thi mdi dam bao cai each nen hanh chinh thanh eong.
