BirdC DAU TiM HIEU PHONG TRAO CAN VUONG d TINH HAI DUONG
NGUYEN THI THANH HOA"
H
ai DUdng la mdt trong nhflng tinh cd phong trao Can vUdng phdt tridn nha't khu vuc dong bdng Bde K^ noi ridng vd toan qud'c ndi chung. Gan ddy, trong cdng trinh Dia chi Hdi Dudng (1), cdc nhd sfl hgc da nghidn cflu phong trao Can vUdng d tinh Hai DUdng trong mdi quan he vdi cudc khdi nghia Bdi Say d tinh Hung Yen. Tuy nhidn, cugc khdi nghia cua LUu Ky d huydn Ddng Trieu vd hoat ddng chdng Phap cua mdt sd' thu linh d tinh Hai Dudng nhu Ldnh Quy, Quy, Dd'c My, Dd'c Tao, Quan Hoa... lai khdng h i d u d c d e c d p dd'n. Chinh vi vdy nen hidn nay, phong trao C i n vUdng d tinh Hai Dudng chua dUde nghien cflu nhieu va danh gia dung vi tri, tim quan trgng cua nd dd'i vdi su nghidp khang Phap cua ca dan tdc. Trdn cd sd tiep thu, ke' thfla nhflng t h a n h qua nghien cflu cua cac cdng trinh trude, cung vdi vide sUu tira, tdp hdp mdt so' tU lidu mdi chua dUdc khai thac trong sach chfl Phdp va tai lieu luu trfl, chung tdi cd' gang trinh bdy rd hdn v l phong trao Can vUdng d tinh Hai DUdng trong nhflng ndm 1885- 1896.1. N g u y e n n h a n b u n g n o
Khi thflc dan Phdp ddnh ra Bdc Ky lan thfl nhd't (1873), Hai DUdng la tinh duy
nhat luc ba'y gid khdng cd mdt vien tri phu, tri huydn ndo ra hang dich. Nam 1883, thflc dan Phap tie'p tuc danh ra Bac Ky l l n thfl hai, trilu dinh Hue l^i ky Hiep ude d i u hang nhflng nhan ddn Hai DflOng vdn quye't tdm chdng Phdp. Luc nay, Nguyen Thien Thudt (2) da dflng ra lanh dao phong trao chd'ng Phap cua nhdn ddn Hai DUdng vd cdc tinh xung quanh. Ong da tap hdp dUde rd^t nhilu tfldng linh tai ndng, xud't sdc nhd't la Ddc Tit (3) vd LUu Ky (4) de ta'n cdng quan Phdp tfl nhieu phia. Ngdy 12-11-1883, Nguyen Thidn Thuat dd td chflc cugc td'n edng chie'm lai thdnh Hai DUdng. Quan Phdp gdm 70 ngUdi ddng ddn tren bd sdng vd mdt vi tri CO thu dang xay dUng trong thanh phai lieu chd't mdi day Iui dUdc tie'n cdng cua nghia qudn. Chi vai ngdy sau, tflc ngdy 17- 11-1883, Nguydn Thidn Thuat chi huy mdt lUc lUdng rd't manh, bao gdm 3.500 quan, cd quan cua LUu Vinh Phflc (5) giflp sfle, kdo de'n vay ham vd td'n cdng ede ddn binh Phap d Hai DUdng. Trdn chid'n didn ra vd cdng quyd't lidt vd qudn Phap bi tning thUdng 11 ten, 6 linh ngfldi ban xfl, trong dd cd 2 ten bi chd't (6).
De hd trd cho cude khdi nghia eua Nguyin Thien Thudt, Dd'c Tit cung xay dflng can efl Trai Son^ tai huyen Thuy Nguydn (nay thude Hai Phdng). Cudi nam 1884, nghia quan
' Trudng Cao ddng Hai Dudng
Rghien curu Ucb s^. ad 5.2014 Trai Sdn ddnh bat mdt tieu doan linh Phap
den ta'n cdng cdn cfl, gay thiet hai cho dich, huge dich phai thao chay (7).
Nghia quan LUu Ky boat ddng khdp vflng Ddng Bdc, tfl Quang Yen, Ddng Trilu, Mdng Cdi de'n sdng Ky Cung va tfl Luc Nam, L^ng Sdn den Thai Nguydn. LUu Ky da tdp hdp dUdc mot lUc lUdng ddng dao bao gdm ngUdi Kinh, ngUdi Hoa, ngfldi Nung, ngUdi Man, da co nhflng ddng gdp quan trgng vao cugc khdi nghia Bai Say. Ddi quan cua dng lien lac chat che vdi quan ddi cua Tan Thuat, Ddc Tit. Thang 4-1885, binh doan Nevy da can quet vflng gifla nui Quj^nh va Mai-xu (nay thudc Ddng Trilu) nhung bi tha't bai, nghia qudn lam chu dUdc vflng ndy (8).
Mdc du chie'n dd'u quyd't liet nhung thdnh Ddng vSn ndm trong tay quan Phap.
Bat d i u tfl ddy nhan dan Hai Dfldng phai sd'ng trong tinh canh ehiu sfl dp bflc cua ca phong kid'n va thflc ddn. Trong hodn canh dd, tai Kinh thanh Hud', Tdn Thd't Thuyet vd vua Hdm Nghi kdu ggi van than, si phu ca nfldc dflng len ehd'ng Phap (5-7-1885).
Hfldng flng ldi kdu ggi cua vua Hdm Nghi, mdt sd van than si phu (nhU Nguyin Thien Thudt, Nguyin Hflu Dfle, Ngd Quang Huy) da dflng ra lanh dao nhan dan tinh Hai Dfldng chdng ke thu xdm lUdc. Day chinh la ly do tri^e tid'p khid'n cho phong trao C i n vUdng d tinh Hai DUdng bflng no.
2. Dien b i e n a. Tit ndm 1885-1888
Day la thdi ky hoat ddng manh nha't cua ddi quan Nguydn Thidn Thudt cung cac tfldng linh cua dng nhu Dd'c Tit va Lflu Ky.
Theo tai lidu cua Phap cho bie't, Hai Dfldng la mdt khu vflc duy nhd't ma quan ddi Phap khdng hoan thdnh cdng cudc binh dinh trong chie'n dich 1887-1888 (9). Cac boat dong chd'ng Phap trai rdng d vflng Bai Say.
- Hoat dong cua nghia qudn Bdi Say Khdng chi cung cd'p cho Dd'c Tit vu khi, phfldng tien chie'n da'u ma nghia qudn Bai Sdy cdn md rdng dia ban hoat ddng cua minh de'n cac phu huydn eua tinh Hai Dfldng. Ddm ngdy 28 rang ngdy 29 thang 9 nam 1885, nghia qudn Tan Thudt da sdn sang td'n cdng tinh ly Hai Dfldng, song quan Phdp phdng bi chat ndn nghia quan chi chid'm dfldc vflng ngoai vi. Vdi ngdy sau, nghia quan Iai tap trung rd't ddng 5 Mao Dien, chuan bi danh vao tinh ly Hai Dfldng.
Thuc dan Phap da dung dai bac bdn can pha trfldc. Tan Thudt, Lanh Giang va Hai Ke phai chay dd'n huyen Chi Linh de an nau (10). Thang 10 ndm 1885, Thdng sii Bde Ky da dem binh thuyen de'n tinh ban bac, cho Lanh binh vd cac phai vidn din binh vay bdt qudn Tan Thuat tfl cac huyen Binh Giang, C^m Gidng tie'n thdng dd'n can cfl Bai Sdy nhflng da thd't bai. Phap Iai dua quan qudn lan lUdt tie'n de'n cac phu huydn Nam Sach, Thanh Hd, Tfl Ky, Gia Ldc, Ninh Giang, Kinh Mdn de tie'p tuc chie'n dich tim kid'm. Trong Chdu bdn trieu Nguyin (Td sd6, tap 159) da vid't: "Hdi thang 9 (tflc thang 10-1985 - TG) quy Thd'ng sfl Phap da dem binh thuyen de'n tinh ban bac uy cho Lanh binh va cac phai vien thudc tinh ddn binh truy tilu tfl cae hat Binh Giang, Cim Giang tien thdng de'n sao huyet phi nhUng bgn dau dang deu da chay thoat, lan lUdt tie'n de'n cac phu huydn Nam Sach, Thanh Ha, Tfl Ky, Gia Loc, Ninh Giang, Kinh Mon truy tieu...".
Ngay 10 thang 2 ndm Ddng Khanh thii nhd't (1886)" (Tflc ngay 15-3-1886 Dudng lich).
Dd'n ndm 1886, Iflc lUdng cua Tan Thudt kbdng ngflng ldn manh, co the td chiic nhflng tran danh ldn. Chinh vi the', chfnh quyen thflc dan da phai huy dong mot liic lUdng quan ddi rd't ldn de dan ap cudc khdi
Sucre dau Hm h i ^ phong trao Can vucmg...
nghia. Cung trong ngdy 10 thang 2 nam Ddng Khanh thfl nhd't, Vidn Cd mat da nhan dUdc t u van cua Tong dd'c Hai Ydn Nguydn Thanh Y bdo cdo tinh hinh boat ddng cua quan Tan ThuSit d tinh Hai Dfldng nhfl sau: "Tfl sau khi trong Kinh cd sfl bid'n, tinh d'y bi nghich dang hoanh hanh, cac quan phu huydn hode hi bflc bdch (cac huydn Dfldng Hdo, Cam Gidng) hoac bi danh dudi (huydn Binh Giang) bode hi bdt di (huyen Gia Ldc). Nguydn Tan Tudng, Nguyin Thidn Thu^t gia lay viec xudng nghia dd gay dung t h a n h the, dieu ddng binh lUdng lam cho cdc phu huyen lien tie'p thdi thu...
Cdn eac h a t Kinh Mdn,, Ninh Giang, Ddng Trilu dang phi vdn ehua bdt dUdc bet ndn vdn chua dUdc mudi phan yen dn. Vien quy t n i sfl (11) da tU chgn 1250 linh tai tinh cho diln tdp, lai thid't dat ddn tram tai cae Id sung ydu" (12).
Thang Gidng ndm 1887, Lanh Giang (em cua Tan Thudt) trd lai tinh Hai DUdng vd Udn ke't vdi Lanh Khoat, Ba Bao, Tuan Van va Lanh Qui t ^ cdng ba tdu cua Phap khi qua sdng Luge vd da khdng chd' dUdc mdt tdu cua Phap. Ciing trong nam do. Tan Thuat xud't hidn d Idng Bdi Giang (Ninh Giang). Mdt dodn quan cua Phap bao gdm Ifnh le dUdng, linh chau Phi va h'nh kho do chia 3 mdt danh vao Bdi Giang. Tuy nhidn, Tan Thuat, Lanh Khoat va nhflng thu linh khde d i u trd'n thoat. Ben canh dd, Lanh Qui Cling hoat ddng manh d Gia Ldc, Tfl Ky (13).
Ngdy 11-11-1888, Hodng Cao Khai cung ddn trudng My Hao la Louis Ney mang 60 linh dan vd va 40 linh cua tinh linh dd'n gat lua cua nghia qudn d Luu Trung, bi nghia quan danh eho dai bai. Ney, si quan Phdp md n h a n dan ggi la Cap Ddm, tfl tran cung 31 linh. Hoang Cao Khai suyt bi b i t sd'ng.
Ngay 12 thang 12 eflng nam, 400 nghia quan Bai Say (trong dd 200 tay sung) td'n
cdng ddn Tfl Ky ldm cho trfldng ddn vd 3 linh bitbUdng(14)...
- Boi qudn cua Doc Tit
Thang 11-1885, thflc ddn Phap md ddt td'n cdng quy mo vao cdn cfl Trai Sdn ciaa Ddc Tit. Cudc chid'n dd'u lidn tid'p trong hai t u i n , nghia qudn Dd'c Tit nit hd't 600 quan khoi Trai Sdn ve ldp cdn cfl mdi tai Cu lao Hai Sdng (15) - mdt dia diem ndm trong dia bdn tieu qudn khu Hai Phdng ciia djch, bao gdm dia phdn cua 4 huydn Kinh Mdn, Ddng Trilu (Hai Dfldng cu), Ydn Hflng (Quang Yen cu) vd Thiiy Nguyen (Kid'n An cu) (16).
Day Id mdt trong so nhflng can cfl dia tidu bieu, CO vai trd quan trgng doi vdi phong trdo Can vUdng chd'ng Phap cua 3 tinh Hai DUdng, Hai Phdng, Quang Ninh, thudc vflng duydn hai Ddng Bdc Bdc Bd.
Budc sang nam 1886, Dd'c Tit da phdi hdp v6i qudn cua Lanh Khoat, Ba Bao, Tiln Dflc, Lanh Qui (17) hoat ddng manh d Ddng Trilu, nhlit Id vflng Chi Linh, Hidp Sdn (18).
Thdng 5-1886, tfl can cfl Hai Sdng nghia quan chdn ddnh 3 tdu chid'n dich d cfla Hang Son, sdng Da Bach len yem hg cho quan Phdp dang vay cdn d Ddng Trieu. Thang 7- 1886, nghia quan tan edng ddn Dong Trilu.
Thang 8-1886, nghia qudn lai phuc kieh ddnh dodn thuyen tid'p vidn cua qudn Phap tren sdng Kinh Thay, thu 6 td'n thud'c nd, n h i l u sung dan vd diet 25 ten giac (19).
Ndm 1887-1888, thflc ddn Phap tdng cfldng sfl dung Iflc lUdng tay sai la quan l^i nha Nguydn, trang hi thdm vfl khi cho linh ed, linh le; xay dflng them nhieu ddn bdt, thUc hidn edn quet... hdng tang cudng ach kim kep, bdc lot nhan dan, tidu diet lUc lUdng nghia quan. Mae dfl vay, nhd diia vdo dan, boat ddng theo nguyen tdc bi mdt, bd't ngd nghia quan Hai Sdng vdn boat ddng chd'ng dich vd gifl vflng can efl. Thdng 8- 1888, Dd'c Tit td chflc nghia qudn phuc kich d dfldng sd 5, didt g i n 100 h'nh khd xanh.
nghien cflu lueh sd-. sd 5.2014 Trong trdn nay tdn Tong dd'c Hoang Cao
Khai chay thodt. Thdng 9-1888, nghia quan ta'n cong quan Phap 5 eac ddn Udng Bi, Lim va Binh Ldc. Thang 10-1888, tid'p tuc tan edng ddn An Chau; phuc kich, chan danh ldm thidt hai ndng quan Phap d vi tri each Ddng Trilu 11km va each Yen Luu 3km. Nghia quan cdn diet ddn linh khd xanh g i n nui Voi vdo thang 11-1888; ta'n cdng ddn Ydn Phong (thdng 12-1888); tieu didt lue lUdng qudn dich khi chung den vay lang Ydn LUu vao cudi nam 1888 (20).
- Doi qudn cua LUu Ky
LUu Ky da phdi hdp vdi qudn cua Ba Bao, Ddi Vdn, Dd'c Tit va da lap dUdc nhflng chie'n cdng rue rS. Ngay 10-9-1886, Luu Ky chi huy khoang 1.100 quan da Igt vdo mdt lang Ddng Trilu. Nghia qudn da tung mdt cdi tin gia, du vien thie'u ta dilu quan di dan ap d mdt dia didm khdc. Vidn Dai fly Bertrand thuoc ddn vi sd' 4 cua Bac Ky chi buy ddn binh c6 khoang 160 sung, nhung dmc su hd trd tieh cue cua Thid'u uy Haroun thudc ddn vi Hai quan sd' 1 va toan quan cua vien doi nhd't Poulet, Blanchau Rieton thudc ddn vi sd' 4 Bdc Ky chd'ng lai quyd't lidt, ndn nghia qudn phai n i t khdi Ddng Trieu (21).
Ngdy 3-1-1888, trong mdt trdn danh ldn gifla nghia quan Lflu Ky diln ra d gifla vung Mai-xui va Dd Bac, vien Trung fly Mairien eflng 2 linh bi gid't, 5 linh bi thUdng do rdi vao d phuc kieh cua LUu Ky. Sau tran nay, Thie'u uy Lemoine chi huy da ke't hdp vdi cac ddn Lim, Mai-xiu, Ddng Trieu bao vdy quan cua Luu Ky nhflng khdng thanh cdng, can cfl Bao Ddi vdn dfldc gifl vflng (22).
b. Tii ndm 1889 den 1892 Phong trao C i n vUdng d tinh Hai DUdng vdn tie'p tuc phat trien nhung dd bdt d i u suy yd'u. Mdt sd thu linh quan trgng da hi
sinh hoac bi bdt hoac khdng cdn trUc tiep lanh dao cugc chie'n dd'u cua nhdn ddn Hai Dfldng.
- Vephia ddi qudn cua Ddc Tit Theo tai lieu dieu tra cua Daufes gifla ndm 1889, cdn cfl Hai Sdng cd 13 ddi nghia qudn vfli 812 ngfldi (23). Ldi dung tinh hinh d'y, thiic ddn va chinh quyIn tay sai ldp ra mdt kd' hoach mdi td'n cdng edn efl Hai Sdng vdi quy md ldn, ddi ngdy hdn trUde. Ngay til nhflng thdng d i u ndm 1889, quan Phap, tay sai md n h i l u trdn cdn, td'n cdng vao n h i l u vi tri thudc can cfl. Dd'c Tit, cdc thu linh vd nghia quan chie'n da'u dflng cam, mflu tri gay thiet hai cho dich, huge chung phai rut Iui, nhung luc lUdng nghia quan cung bi ton hai nhilu. Tfl gifla thang 7 den d i u thdng 8 ndm 1889, thflc dan Phap m3 chie'n dich ldn vdi 1500 quan cung nhilu dai bde, tau chie'n, ca nd td'n cdng danh pha nghia quan d vflng trung tdm vd cac vi tri quan trgng khac cua can cfl. Cdc thia linh, nghia qudn ddnh tra dich quye't liet, nhieu ngfldi da hy sinh dung cam, nhilu ngUdi da phai bi mat r u t ra khdi cdn efl. Trong khi do thflc dan Phap, chinh quyIn tay sai thiic ep, bdt huge cac bd lao, huyen hao, nhflng ngudi cd md'i quan he than thuge vdi Ddc Tit phai thuyd't phuc dng ra d i u hdng, nlu khdng hang chung se tridt ha cdc lang Ydn Luu ThUdng vd lang Phu Luu Te. Ngay 6-8-
1889 (24), de bao todn lUe lUdng nghia quan vd bao ve nhdn ddn, Dd'c Tit dd ra hang va bi thflc dan Phap dua di lflu day d Algerie.
LUc lUdng nghia qudn tdn tha't nang ne, mdt sd' nghia quan cdn lai da di chuyen ra vflng Ddng Trilu, mdt sd di theo Lanh Hai, Lanh Pha, la hai tuy tfldng cua Tien Dflc, mot sd tdp hdp xung quanh tudng linh cu nhfl D l Ciiu, Ddc Chuydn, Lanh Nam, Ddc Thudn d l chien da'u.
- Doi qudn cua Tdn Thudt
Bir6e dau Hm Hieu phong h a o Can vucmg..
Tfl dia bdn boat ddng d tinh Hai Dfldng, nghia quan Bai Sdy da md rdng pham vi anh hudng de'n khu vUc Tay Bdc (tinh Hung Hda). Mue dich cua Nguyen Thien Thudt la dem quan d l Hdn ke't vdi lUc lUdng cua Nguyen Quang Bich. NhUng tide thay y dinh cua dng khdng thuc hien dfldc vi thflc ddn Phap tim mgi each d l chia re. Trong tdi lidu lUu trfl, Phdng Nha kinh lUdc Bac Ky (Td 26, tap 951) cho bid't: "Qudn thfl Nghia Ld, Hd dd'c Ninh Thai sung Tham tan qudn vu hg Vu trinh viec tinh a'y vd dia the' hai hat Ddng • Hung tie'p giap nhau, gan ddy dang phi thudng hay tu tap khi bi truy tidu bgn ehung lan trd'n rd't kho truy bdt, vi vdy trinh xin thiet dat 1 dao binh d ndi tid'p giap sung ye'u de kip thdi phdng bi cd'p bao. Ngdy mdng 1 thdng nay theo bao cao thi dang phi tu tap tai xa Ddng Hoan, t h i l m ehfle cung vdi quan binh sd tai dd'n truy tidu, bgn chung tan tde, hien van lUu quan tai ddn Nghia Ld de tidu na. Theo ldi tham bao b i m ve thi tdn Tan Thudt hien mdi tu tap lai be dang vdy xin khan tfl cho 2 tinh Ddng - HUng (Hai Duong, Hung Hod) xem xet dia the' md thie't ddt ddn tram vd phdi quan binh de'n trfl phdng ed't sao cho dang phi d'y khdng cd chd I n nau de sdm cho dan dUdc yen dn. Xin tU trinh len Thdi td thid'u bao sung Kham sai dai t h i n Dien Mau td Hodng Cao Khai dfldc bie't".
Ngdy mdng 4 thang 2 nam Thanh Thai 2 (Tflc ngdy 22-2-1890 Dfldng lich).
Ldi dung vung riing nui ciia hai huydn Chi Linh, Ddng Trilu cua tinh Hai Dfldng, nghia qudn Bai Sdy da td chflc nhflng ddt
"ra vdo bdt thUbn^' d tinh Luc Nam, khid'n cho quan lai nhd Nguydn het sflc lo Idng.
Ngay 5-10-1890, Tan Thudt eflng Phd D l ddc Dinh Quang L;^, Lanh Vinh (chdu cua Dinh Quang Ly), D l Van (chau cua Tan Thudt) cung 250 quan, ddng tai hai xa Yen Mo vd Quang Lang cua huydn Chi Linh, uy
hidp cdc cac tdng Dan Hdi, Tram Diln ciia tinh Luc Nam. Do vay, Bd' ehdnh tinh Luc Nam Id Nguyen Van Dat da de nghi len Thdng sfl Bde Ky dieu binh de'n de "giup cho vflng Luc Nam may man dfldc an toan".
Vao khoang gifla thdng 10 eflng nam, Tan Thudt eflng Lanh Vinh td'n cdng dich d xa Phu Ldc, huyen Cam Gidng, tinh Hai Dudng. Do Iflc lUdng chenh lech, quan cua Tan Thudt huge phai rut Iui, mot bg phdn trd'n trong tinh Hai Dfldng cdn mdt sd'khdc vdo rflng niii tinh Luc Nam de chdng sU truy dudi cua qudn Phdp (25).
Cung trong ndm 1890, Nguydn Thidn Kd', em trai cua Nguyin Thidn Thudt da to chflc mot sd' trdn danh d Hai DUdng nhfl trdn ddnh d ddn Ke Sat (dau thdng Gieng), ddn My Ddng, Thanh Mien (ngdy 4-6), d Mao Dien, d tinh ly Hai DUdng vao ngay 17 thang 12 (26).
Ngdy 12-4-1892, tren dia bdn xa Lang Tai (Bdc Ninh) xay ra tran danh ldn, thu linh De Vinh bi gid't, nghia quan Bai Say bi tdn thd't ldn (27). Sau trdn nay, cac ddi qudn d Hai DUdng bi bao vay lien tuc va l l n Ifldt sa vao tay giac. Ngay 19-8-1892, TuIn Hue (em trai cua Lanh Qui) da ta'n cdng linh cua Thanh tra Marcellini d Gia Ldc.
DUdc linh cua huyen Gia Ldc giup sflc ndn ddi quan cua T u I n Hue' bi ton thd't, mdt sd' da hi sinh. Ngay 31-1-1892, ddi dan ve Gia Ldc td'n cdng ddi quan cua Lanh Tinh va ' Lanh Qui 5 Bao Trung. TuIn Xuan va Lanh Coi thudc nhdm cua Lanh Qui bi gid't d Vinh Bao vao ngay 31-10-1892. Ngay 2- 11-1892, vidn Thanh tra Marcellini bdt gifl gia dinh eua Ba Gdng. Ngdy 7-11-1892, quan Phap ddn trfl tai Vinh Bao da bao vay Iflc Ifldng cua Lanh Ai (tuy tfldng cua Lanh Qui) tai chd Hdi Xuydn (Gia Ldc) (28).
De'n cud'i nam 1892, chi cdn ddi quan cua Lanh Qui cdn hoat ddng tUdng dd'i manh b huyen Dong Trilu cua tinh Hai Dudng va
40 Rghien cflu Ljeh 5i!r. sd 5.2014 tinh Quang Yen. Ngay ngdy 14-11-1892,
Dao quan binh I da dien bao tdi Phu Thd'ng sfl Bdc Ky nhflng thdng tin ve ddi quan cua Lanh Qui nhfl sau: "Dao quan binh I didn bao tin tfl Ddng Trieu cho biet cdc phdi vidn cua ddn Dong Trieu gdi de'n dd khong phat hien dfldc gi ve sfl cd mat cua Tan Thudt d Dong Trilu nhflng phat hidn ra sfl cd mat eiia De Dd'c Qui hoac edn ggi la Lanh Qui da boat ddng tfl lau d phii Ninh Giang vd Bdi Sdy vfla xdm nhdp vdo khu Rflng Vang eflng mdt bang nhdm khoang 100 ten cdthe d l gap Lanh Pha. Hg da tuyen md Cu Li d Vdn Giang vd Phuc Tieu dd ldp mdt ddn tren vflng nui. Nhflng thdng tin nay la dang tin c a / ' (29).
- Doi qudn cua LUu Ky
Cho d i n cudi ndm 1889, nghia quan LUu Ky vdn boat ddng manh, chu yd'u la vflng Phu L^ng ThUdng. ThUc dan Phap chu trUdng tach vflng Luc Nam ra khdi Lang Sdn dd thdnh ldp tinh mdi nhdm tdp trung luc lugng tieu diet Luu Ky. Dflng trUdc tinh hinh dd, nghia quan da rdi khdi cdn cfl Bao Ddi, ddng cdn cfl d nfli Huyin Dinh, mdt vung nui non hidm trd, each Bao Dai 4 km.
Dich da huy ddng nhieu qudn tfl Hai Phdng, Nam Dinh, Hai Dfldng do nhflng si quan cd nhieu kinh nghidm chi huy d l ta'n cdng vdo can cfl Bao Dai. Nhung nghia quan tfl trdn mdm nui eao da nd sung quye't lidt, ke thfl khdng tieu diet dfldc nghia quan. Den nam 1890, nghia qudn vdn hoat ddng manh. Dem ngdy 8 rang ngdy 9 thdng 1 ndm 1890, ten thflc dan Roque va mdt so' si quan Phdp ngu lai nhd ly trudng Bd'n Chdu, Ddng Trieu. Mdt gid sang, Lflu Ky chi huy mdt todn quan ngUdi Hoa va ngUdi Man danh vao, gid't chd't Dai fly Roze va Laborde, b i t sdng hai anh em Roque va ddi chung phai chudc vdi khoan tiln 5 van ddng (30). Day la mdt trong nhflng sfl kien
md d i u eho sfl khung hoang toan didn cua Phap trong mfla khd 1890-1891-
Khdng the khud't phuc Lflu Ky bang vii luc, thiic dan Phdp tid'n hanh vfla cdn quet, vfla bao vay, tridt dudng tie'p te, tach nghia qudn r a khdi nhdn dan. Chinh vi thd', ke hoach eiia ehflng trong nam 1890 la tim mgi each chie'm dUdc vung Yen Tfl. Mdt loat cdc ddn kiem sodt dfldc dat r a d Pha Lai, chi Linh, Luc Ngan, L i m , Bien Ddng, An Chau, Vi Loai, Udng Bi, Dong Trieu... Ddng thdi, dieh da to chflc nhflng ddi qudn nho khoang 150 tay sflng hoat dong d cac viing L i m , Kdp Ba, Vi Loai, Quan La, Ddng Trieu, Na Peo, Ban Phung vd huy ddng t3i 6 tau chid'n t u I n tieu tren sdng. VUdt quan mgi khd khan, nghia qudn Lflu Ky v i n lien ke't dUdc vdi ddi quan Bdi Sdy. Chinh qua LUu Ky, nghia qudn Bdi Say tfl can cfl ddng b i n g ndi liln vdi vflng nfli Ddng Bdc, nhd co Luu K^ ma eac ddi qudn d Bdc Ninh vd Hai DUdng nhdn dUdc sung d'ng tfl Trung Quoc ve vdi gia re. Td 33, tdp 1244, Phdng Nha Kinh Ifldc Bdc Ky, cho bie't: "Tdn d i u dang phi la Tan Thudt dd dem dai binh den tru tai vung rflng xa Co Manh (31) cung v6i dang phi Thanh mua thdm dan dfldc, ta'm ddt kha nhieu, lai phai 50 linh phao chd sd dan dfldc do v l cac h a t Gia Binh, Lang Tai, Cam Giang, My Hao, Gia Ldc ed'p phat".
Ngay 28 thang 8 ndm Thanh Thai thii hai" (Tflc ngdy 11-10-1890 Dfldng lich).
Bi can quet d vung Luc Nam, nghia qudn LUu Ky trd lai Hai Dfldng hoat ddng.
Tai lidu eua Phap cho biet, vao thdng 7- 1891, lUc lUdng cua Luu Ky va Tan Thu^t phd'i hdp vdi nhau, quan sd ldn tdi 2000, boat ddng d khu vuc huyen Chi Linh va Ddng Trieu (32). Chfnh vi the', Thu Dong nam 1891-1892, dieh tie'n hdnh chien dieh ldn de can quet Ddng Trieu. Ten Trung ta Terillon bat dau bao vay vflng nfli Dong
Bifore dau Km hieu phong trao Can virong..
Trieu. Bdn dao quan cua dich ddng thdi td'n cdng sudt 4 thdng (tfl thdng 11-1891 den thdng 2-1892). Quan cua Lflu Ky hi ddn ve phia bic, tan dU cua nghia qudn Dd'c Tit ciing bi tdn thd't nhieu. Luc d'y, nhflng ddi nghia qudn ngUdi Viet d vflng Dong Bac do De Hai, Lanh Qui, Dd'c Bim, Quan Bao cam d i u bi truy kich ddn vao nhflng vflng hoang vu cua huyen Ddng Trieu (33). D i n thang 7 ndm 1892, LUu Ky hi tfl trdn trong mot trdn danh tren dudng di Lang Sdn (34).
^. Tie ndm 1893-1896
Day la thdi ky boat ddng r^t ye'u dt rdi di de'n thd't bai cua phong trao Can vUdng d Hai Dfldng. Thdi ky ndy, d Hai Dfldng cd 3 nhdm quan boat dong: Lanh Qui va Ba Gdng; Ddc My, Dd'c Tao vd Quan Hoa; Dd'c Thu va Dd'c Duydt (em cua Dd'e Thu). Day deu la nhflng thu linh eua Tan Thudt (35).
Mdt bd phan quan cua Qui vd Ba Gdng boat ddng tai Hai Dfldng, mdt bd phan khac phai chuyen dia ban sang ddt Thai Binh.
Bang Hdu, Knh cua Qui ra hang doi dan vd Gia Ldc vao ngdy 13-1-1893. Ddi Hudng la quan cua Lanh Hie'u (Lanh Hidu thudc quan cua Doi Qiu) da bi gid't chet trong mot tran cdn d thon ThUdng Lac, xa Bao Trung, huydn Gia Ldc vao ngay 1-3-1893. Ngdy 4-3- 1893, Lanh Hieu bi quan huyen Gia Ldc truy dudi, sau dd bi bdt ciing 2 vd, 2 hnh, 1 sung va 125 vien dan. Sau khi bdt dUde Qui va Ba Gdng d Ddng Trieu, ca hai dng diu hi gie't chet mdt each bi tham vdo ngay 6-3-1893 (36). Cac todn qudn con lai cua hai dng d ddi Thai Binh hi danh tia hen tid'p trong tinh trang hdn loan, hi kep gifla ddi qudn eiia Thai Binh va Hai Dfldng nen bi tidu didt trong cugc giao chie'n ngay 30-3-1893 tai huyen Q u j n h Cdi (37).
Sau trdn danh ldn ndm 1892 d xd Lang Tai, Ddc Thu cd lidn he vdi n h i l u thu linh Bai Sdy, trong dd cd Hai Ke' (38). Dau nam
1895, dng boat ddng d tinh Bic Ninh.
Thang 4-1895, Iflc lUdng cua Dd'c Thu da gid't chd't 2 linh sen d i m va mdt nhdn vien Sd Doan vao luc 10 gid td'i. Ngay nao cac h n h tdp khi di de'n cac lang xd deu hi Iflc lUdng cua dng td'n edng (39). 6 n g cung da ldn Ydn Thd hdi quan rdi lai trd ve Hai DUdng hoat ddng vdo khoang thdng 10- 1895 (40). Ngdy 20-11-1895, lUc lUdng cua Dd'c Thu cdn gid't ehet vien Thanh tra Bricourt d xd Nggc Than, huydn Thanh Ha;
ngay 19-2-1896, lUc lUdng cua Dd'c Thu da giao chid'n vdi qudn Phap tai mdt lang ciia phu Nam Sdch va sau dd hi danh bdt khdi tinh Hai Dudng. Ngay 25-4-1896, Dd'c Thu bi gide bdt. Ngdy 1-5-1896, Toan quyen Ddng Dudng da gdi ldi khen ngdi dd'n vidn doi chinh Jammes do "dd cd cdng bat dUdc mdt ten dau dang d Hai DUdng" (41). Cung trong nam 1896, Dd'c My, Dd'c Tao va Ddc Duyet d i u bi b i t , Quan Hoa ra hang (42).
Tac gia Nguydn Xuan C i n lai k h i n g dinh rdng, sau ddt cdn quet vao cuoi ndm 1895, Ddc Thu da tu tdn trong bUdc dfldng cung (43).
Mdc du cd nhiing ngudn thong tin khac nhau ve ket cue ciaa cudc khdi nghia do Ddc Thu lanh dao nhflng cd the ket ludn ring:
Nam 1896, khi ede thu Iinb cdn Iai trong phong trao Bai Say (boat ddng trong tinh Hai DUdng) ngudi thi hi sinh, bi bdt bode ra hang, la thdi diem ket thuc phong trao Cin vfldng d Hai DUdng. Mdc k i t thflc ndy phu hdp vdi mdc ke't thflc cua phong trdo C i n vfldng trong ca nflde.
3 . N g u y d n n h a n t h a t b a i
Thii nhdt, do khdng cd dUdng Id'i khdng chien dung ddn, tUdng quan lUc lUdng qudn SU gifla thflc dan Phap va nghia quan chenh Idch. Chinh sach bdc lot vd vet cua thfle dan phap khid'n cho phong trdo C i n vUdng d Hai DUdng thie'u ngudn cung cd'p vdt luc, ddn de'n kiet que...
Rghien cuu Iijch si!^. so 5.2014 Thi2 hai, mdt trong nhflng nguydn nhdn
quan trgng khid'n cho phong trao bi thd't bai Id do chinh sach "chia de tri" cua thue dan Phap.
Dudi thdi Nguydn, tinh Hai Dfldng gdm cd 5 phu, 19 huydn, bao gdm: Phu Binh Giang (Cam Giang, Thanh Mien, Dudng Hdo (sau la My Hao), Dudng Ydn (sau Id Binb Giang); Phu Ninh Giang (Vinh Lai, Vinh Bao, Gia Lde, Tfl Ky); Phu Nam Sdch (Thanh Lam (sau la phu Nam Sdch), Tien Ldng, Thanh Hd, Chi Linh); Phu Kinh Mdn (Hidp Sdn (sau Id Kinh Mdn), Ddng Trieu, Thuy Dudng (sau Id Thuy Nguyen));
Phii Kien Thuy (An Dudng, Kim Thanh, Nghi Dudng (sau la Kidn Thuy), An Lao) (44).
Theo ban bao eao ngay 31-10-1890 cua Thdng sfl Bdc Ky (45) thi mot trong nhflng ly do khien cho cdng cude binh dinh cua Phap gdp nhilu khd khan la dia the' qua rdng cua mdt tinh, dan so' lai dong, giao thdng bat tien. Hai Dudng Id mdt tinh nhu vdy, lai Id cfla ngd phia Ddng cua mien Bdc Vidt Nam, ndn c i n phai dUdc chia nhd ra, sdp xdp lai de Idp thanh mdt ddn vi hanh chinh mdi ldm d l dang cho vide t u I n phdng. Nam 1887, hai huyen Nghi Dfldng, An Ldo vd mdt phan huyen Thuy Nguyen dUde tach ra thanh lap tinh Hai Phdng.
Tidn thdm mdt budc trong viec dan ap cudc khdi nghia d ddng bdng, thuc dan Phdp thdnh I^p mdt so Dao ma ngfldi dflng d i u la mdt vien pho cong sfl vdi 380 quan, cd toan quyen v l dan sfl va quan sfl trong Dao cua minh. Ngdy 25-2-1890, Toan quydn Ddng Dfldng ra Nghi dinh thanh ldp Dao Bai Say. Trong bdo cao ngay 23-11-1890, Toan quyen Ddng Dfldng Piquet cho bid't ly do thdnh lap Dao Bai Say, Dao Ddng Trilu Id de "kiem sodt chat che dia bdn cu cua Bdc Tit" (46).
D^o Bdi Say gdm c6 huydn Van Ldm (gdm cd mdt sd' tdng cua huyen Van Giang vd huyen Gia Ldm, tinh Bde Ninh), huydn e l m Lfldng (gdm cd dd't dai eua huydn Cim Gidng tinh Hai Dudng va hai huyen Sidu Loai va Lang Tai cua tinh Bdc Ninh), huydn My Hao (thudc Hai Dfldng) vd Yen My (gdm cd hai huydn Ddng Yen vd An Thi ciia tinh Hung Ydn va mdt sd' dd't dai cua huyen My Hao, tinh Hai Dudng) va huydn My Hao (gdm cd da't dai cdn lai cua huydn My Hdo sau khi da thdnh lap huyen Yen My). Ly sd cua Dao Bai Say la B i n Ydn Nhdn, thudc huydn My Hao (47).
Ngdy 10-11-1890, Todn quyen Dong DUdng ra nghi dinh t h a n h ldp dao Ddng Trilu, bao gdm dd't dai cua huyen Ddng Trilu, Chi Linh, True Dong (sau la da't cua huydn Dong Trilu vd huyen Yen HUng, tinh Quang Ninh). De'n thdng 4-1891, dao Bdi Say hi bai bd, nhflng My Hao hi sap nhdp vao Hflng Yen. Trong thdng 8, 9- 1891, Toan quyen Ddng Dfldng ra nhflng Nghi dinh ve vide dem mdt so' tdng cua huydn Ddng Trieu va Chi Linh hop vdi Mt dai cua tinh Luc Nam vd Quang Ydn Idp thdnh khu qudn su Pha Lai thudc dao quan sU thfl nhd't mdi t h a n h lap, sap nhap nhflng tong cdn lai eua huyen Dong Trilu vao phu Kinh Mdn vd nhflng tdng cdn lai cua huydn Chi Linh vao huyen Nam Saeh. Ngay 22-9- 1891, Toan quyIn Ddng Dudng ra Nghi dinh sap nhdp toan bd huydn Thuy Nguydn vdo tinh Hai Phdng. Ndm 1893, huyen Ti§n Lang vd mot p h i n da't Kinh Mdn, Kim Thanh v l dd't Hai Phdng (48).
Ben canh viec chia cdt ddn vi hanh chinh theo muc tidu quan su, chinh quyen thUc dan tang so' linh Phap dd'n ddy dudi sii chi huy cua hai tfldng Dugenne, Servierres.
Sau dd ddi quan ban xfl ngay cdng dfldc cung cd do Ld Hoan vd sau ndy la Hoang Cao Khai Idnb dao cd vai trd quan trgng
Bu'd'e dau tim h i ^ phong hao C^n vuang..
trong viec thuc hidn miiu dd "dflng ngfldi Viet tri ngfldi Vidt". Vide giam sat chat che cac ldng de cdt dflt moi lien he gifla cac eudc khdi nghia Id mdt nhidm vu quan trgng trong ke hoach "Tdng binh dinh" cua thflc ddn Phdp. Ngay 31-10- 1890, Cdng sfl Morel ra chi thi giam sat cdc tdu thuyen d tinh Hai DUdng vdi mdt sd' ndi dung sau:
Cd'm sfl dung tau thuyen di lai tfl 7 gid toi de'n 5 gid sang; Tfl 7 gid, ede t l u thuyin phai neo ddu tai 1 ldng trong cdc ldng dfldc chi dinh; Mgi sfl neo ddu cua tdu thuyen ngoai cac didm chi dinh d i u hi bat gifl, td't ca eac be'n dd ngoai nhiing lang dfldc chi dinh deu bi xda bd; Cac bd'n dd dfldc gifl lai trong eac lang dudc chi dinh ehi dUde hoat ddng ban ngay, sU gidm sat se do ly trudng va than hdo cac lang thUc hidn, ban dem hg tap hdp linh trong cac ddn de di tuan; Tau thuyin di lai phai tra ldi cac tin hidu ggi ciia sd lup vd diing lai ngay khi co dd'u hieu dau tidn; Ta't ca nhflng ai vi pham nhflng quy dinh trdn d i u hi coi la cfldp hoac ddng pham cua cUdp, se hi bdt vd xet xfl nhfl cac tdi pham hoac se bi bdn (49).
4. NhSn xet
Phong trao C i n vfldng d Hai Dfldng chdng Phdp mang ddc diem chung cua phong trdo Can vUdng chd'ng Phap d Bdc Ky.
ThiC nhdt, tai Hai DUdng ndi ridng va Bdc Ky ndi chung dIu tdn tai hai loai phong trao; phong trao C i n vfldng do cac si phu ldnh dao ma Phdp ggi Id "phid'm loan" va phong trdo tfl ddng chdng Phap cua nhflng thu linh cd ngudn gd'c ndng dan e l m dau md Phdp ggi Id "cUdp bdc". Tai tinh Hai DUdng, ben canh boat ddng cua cac van thdn si phu nhu Nguyin Thien Thudt, Ngd Quang Huy, Nguydn HQu Dflc cdn cd cdc cudc khdi nghia cua cac thu linh co ngudn gdc nong dan nhfl Dd'c Tit, Dd'c My, Dd'c
Tao, Quan Hoa, Ddc Thu. Phd Cong sfl Dillemann da thfla nhan thue trang do nhU sau: "Ld cfldp khi ehflng hodnh hdnh ddn dudng doat eua nhung ddm a'y trd thanh quan phiem loan khi hfldng flng Idi kdu ggi eua lanh tu chinh tri Tan Thudt, chung dem quan va vu khi giup dng ndy trong cugc chie'n dd'u quyet lidt ma dng chd'ng ehung ta, vdi cai hy vgng, khdng bao gid nao nung, la td chflc nhflng bien ddng thu dich hdng lam tidu tan nhflng cd' gdng cua chung ta va huge chung ta chan nan phai rut khdi Bdc Ky" (50).
Cdc cudc dlii tranh tfl phdt cua ndng dan cd quan he hflu cd vdi phong trao yeu nfldc dang phat tridn manh me tfl cudi the' ky XIX den dau the ky XX, dac bidt Id trong phong trao C i n vUdng. Bdi vdy, ne'u chung ta tdeh ede cudc khdi nghia tu phat cua ngUdi nong dan ra khdi phong trdo Can VUdng thi se rdi vdo sai Ilm vd b l tdc khi ly giai ve sflc manh vd sU tdn tai lau ddi cua phong trao C i n vUdng. Ngfldi ndng dan dflng len dau tranh de gifl ldng, gifl nude, de bao vd nhflng gia tri vdn hda vdt chl^t vd tinh than cua nhdn dan ta. Su bdc lot thdm te ciia thuc dan Phdp eflng vdi sU ddi nghdo cung cflc dd khid'n ngUdi ndng dan vflng day. Y thflc ldng xa cua ngfldi ndng dan Viet Nam khdng he dd'i ldp vdi y thflc dan tdc; tinh ldng, nghia xdm quan he gdn bd vdi tinh ydu dd't nfldc, non sdng. Tfl lich sfl hdng nghin ndm, ngfldi ndng dan Viet Nam da dUde tdi luyen va trfldng thdnh trong cude da'u t r a n h chd'ng ngoai xam cua dan tdc ta, ngfldi ndng dan Vidt Nam cd tinh cam vd trach nhiem rd't cao dd'i vdi quyen ddc lap dan tdc vd da chd'p nhan mgi hy sinh de bao ve nhflng gia tri cao quy do.
Nhflng cugc da'u tranh cua ndng dan, tho hdo xud't phdt tfl quyen ldi thiet than nhfl gifl dd't, gifl ldng, bao ve ban lang, bao vd dd't nfldc.
44 Rghien euu Lich siS*. s6 5.2014 Nhfl v^y, phong trao C i n vUdng vd
phong trdo tU phat cua ndng dan mdc du ed su khdc nhau v l tinh c h i t nhflng dIu thd'ng nhd't d tinh t h i n ydu nUdc, chd'ng Phdp. Do vdy, khi phong trao cua cac van than suy yd'u thi cac thu Hnh ed ngudn gd'c ndng dan lai tie'p tue chid'n dd'u. Dd cung chinh la ly do khid'n cho phong trdo C i n vfldng d Bac Ky ndi chung vd d Hai Dfldng ndi rieng co sU sU phdi k i t hdp chdt che vdi phong trdo tu phat cua ndng ddn md dien hinb Id cudc khdi nghia Ydn The'. Yen Thd' chinh Id ndi tid'p nbdn n h i l u canh quan C i n vUdng tfl nhieu ndi keo vl, tieu bieu nhu canh quan cua Ddi Vdn (d Bdc Ninh), Ca Tuyen (d Hung Yen), Dd'c Thu (Hai DUdng)... Khi phong trdo C i n vUdng kd't thuc, nghia quan Hai DflOng gia nhdp vao Iflc Ifldng cua Hoang Hoa Tham ngdy mdt ddng dao hdn.
Trong bao cao cua Cdng sfl Phdp d Hai Dfldng gfli Thdng sfl Bdc Ky cd doan vid't:
"Hai Dudng, thang 11-1898
ROBINEAU, Cdng sfl Phap d Hai DUdng gdi Thd'ng sfl Bdc Ky
... Trong dan chung eflng cd vd'n d l kbdng binh thudng, dd la vide di cU rd't manh cua dan chung ve vung Ydn The vd Thai Nguyen, ndi da tu tap linh cua Ky Ddng. Md'i quan tam cua tdi la viec di lai d cac khu vUc sdng Hdng ndi nhieu thuyen be chay ve phia Dap C l u vd Ca Ld. NhQng thuyin bd nay chd khoang 30-40 ngfldi, hg khai Id ldn Yen The khai hoang. Tat ca sd ngfldi nay khai Id ngfldi Binh Giang vd Thanh Mien" (Td sd 1, Hd sd 38694, Phdng Thd'ng sfl Bde Ky).
ThU hai, ldi kdu ggi cua vua Ham Nghi khdng tae ddng true tie'p lam nay sinh phong trdo chd'ng Phap d tinh Hai DUdng (cung nhu d Bde Ky) vi phong trdo do dd tdn tai tfl trfldc nam 1885. Nhflng ldi kdu goi cua vua Ham Nghi da gdp p h i n td chflc
cugc khdng chie'n bdng su t h a m gia rdng rai cua vdn than, cac chanh tong va ndng dan.
De k i t ludn cho vd'n de nay, td Times (vdo thang 2-1892) da vidt: "Cudc khdi nghia ndm 1885 sau viec chay trdn cua vua Ham Nghi khdi H u l da xud't hidn ly le nhdm phdt tridn vd keo ddi cudc khdi nghia nhfl mdt phong trao ydu nfldc" (51).
Ben canh nhQng ddc diem chung, phong trdo C i n vfldng d tinh Hai Dfldng cd mgt ddc diem ridng he't sflc ndi bdt, do Id sU xuat hi$n ciing mot lUc cua 3 dao qudn ldn (Tan Thudt, Dd'c Tit, LUu Ky) eflng ket hdp chid'n dd'u nhung cung ludn dgc ldp tac chid'n. Chung t a cd the so sanh vdi Nam Dinh (Thdi Binh luc dd cung thuge Nam Dinh), mdt tinh cd phong trao chdng Phap manh nha't d vflng hflu ngan. 0 day cd ddi quan cua Ta Hien Id ldn manh nhd't. Mdt sd ddi qudn khde nhu cua Dd'c Den, Ddc Nhudng, Nguyen HQu Cfldng, Ldnh Nhan...
deu boat dong dUdi sfl lanh dao trUe tiep bode gidn tie'p cua Ta Hien, hoat ddng chu yeu d trong tinh; trong khi dd ddi qudn cua Dd'e Tit, Luu Ky khdng nhflng chu ddng tac chid'n ma cdn boat ddng manh d cdc tinh xung quanh (Quang Yen (Quang Ninh), Hai Phong, Luc Nam (Bdc Giang), Hung Yen).
Nhu vay, mac dfl cdn cfl dia Bai Say b Hflng Ydn Gang Thg Binh, huydn Khoai Chau) nhflng chinh tai Hai Dfldng da diln r a nhflng trdn danh ldn nhfl trdn d lang Bdi Giang, Lieu Trung cua nghia quan Bai Say. Tfl Hai Dudng, nghia quan md rdng anh hudng va dia ban hoat ddng sang cac tinh Tdy Bdc (Hung Hda), Ddng Bac (Luc Nam). Chinh vl the' Hai Dudng la ndi cd phong trdo C i n vUdng d i l n r a sdi ndi, quye't liet nha't trong cac tinh ddng bdng Bdc K^.
Den nam 1892, h l u hd't cdc cugc khdi nghia d ddng bdng Bdc Ky deu thd't bai
Buorc d a u tim hi^u p h o n g trao Can v u o n g . . . nhflng cac t h u linh trong phong trao C i n vfldng d tinh Hai Dudng vdn boat ddng tdi nam 1896.
Phong trdo C i n vUdng d tinh Hai Dudng mac dfl thd't bai nhiing hoat ddng cua phong trdo da the hidn tinh t h i n dodn ke't gifla nhdn nhan tinh Hai Dudng vdi nhan ddn cdc tinh xung quanh, ddng thdi cung CHU THICH
(1). Dia chi Hdi Duang. tap II, Nxb. Chinh tri Quoc gia, H4 Noi, 2008, tr, 221-225.
(2). N g u y i n Thi6n ThuSt (1844-1926), qufi d xa Xuan Due, huygn My Hao, tinh HUng Yen. NSm 1876, ong do Cfl n h a n , gifl chflc Tan tUdng QuSn vu Hai Dudng nen thUcJng goi \k Tan Thujlt.
(3). Doc Tit (1853-1916), ten t h a t la Nguyin Xuan TiSt con goi Ik: Mac Duy Hieu, Nguyin Diic Tigt, Doc Tich... 6 n g sinh ndm 1853, b Yen Luu Thtfdng, tdng Yen Luu, huyen Hiep Son, phu Kinh Mon (nay la xa HiSp An, huy€n Kinh Mon, tinh Hai DtfOng).
(4). Theo Dfing Huy Van v^ Hoang Dinh Binh, (Be doc LUu Ky vd nhiing hoat dong chdng Phdp cua dng d vung Ddng Bdc Bdc Ky cudi thiky XIX, Tap chi Nghiin cUu Lich su". so 134, 1970, tr.39 thi Luu Ky la ngtfdi Hoa, me l& ngtfcli Vi§t, que 3 vCing Luc Nggn, Bdc Giang,
(5). Ltfu Vinh Phiic (1837-1917) la thu linh quan Cb Den. Sau khi cu5c khdi nghia Thai Binh Thien Quoc (1851-1864) t h a t bai, ong d i n tan quan sang Vi&t Nam vd dUOc n h a N g u y i n thu nap, giao cho d a n h phi Cd t r I n g , CcJ vang b Bdc Ky. Sau nay, P h a p d a n h r a B i c Ky, quan ciia Ltfu Vinh Phiic da hdp Itfc v6i quan n h a N g u y i n chShg Phap.
(6). Bia chi Hdi DUctng, t$p II, Nxb. Chinh tri QuS'c gia, Hd Noi, 2008, tr, 220.
(7). Dtfdng Kinh Quoc, Viet Nam nhiing sU kiin lich sic 1858-1945, T^p I (1858-1918), Nxb. Giao Due, Ha Noi, 1999, tr,240.
t i e u b i e u c h o t i n h d o a n k i t gifla ngUdi K i n h , d d n g b a o d a n t g c t h i e u so' v d ngUdi H o a t r o n g c u d c k h a n g chie'n chd'ng P h d p v d o c u d i t h e ' k y X I X . C u d c cbie'n dd'u c u a n h a n d a n t i n h H a i D f l d n g gdp p h i n l d m c h d m b u d c tid'n c h i n h p h u c t h u d c d i a c u a P h d p d V i d t N a m n d i rieng v a b a n d a o D d n g D U d n g n d i c h u n g .
(8). Dang Huy Van - Hoang Dinh Binh, De doc LUu Ky vd nhiing hoat dong chdng Phdp cda ong a vdng Dong Bdc Bdc Ky cudi theky XIX, tldd. tr.41.
(9), (14), (22), (,ZA). Histoire milittare de I'Indochine, Imprerie d'Extreme - Orient, 1922, p,102, 125, 111, 178.
(10), (13). Dilleman, Tinh Hdi Duang, Thtf vi&n Khoa hoc Tong hdp Hai Htfng, 1973, tr.41, 43-44.
(11), Vien quy t n i sii, tflc T^ng t n i sii - m6t chflc danh ciia vien chflc P h a p dflng d^u b6 may cai tri cua P h a p 5 BSc va Trung Ky, hi bai bo theo sftc lenh Tdng thong P h a p ngay 9-5-1889.
(12). Tcl 159, Tap 6, Chdu bdn trieu Nguyin, Trung t a m Ltfu trii Quoc gia (TTLTQG ) I.
(15). Co ra't nhieu bai vi§t v l can cfl dia Hai SSng: Tham khao them: Dang Huy Van - Biii V5n ChSp, Ve nhiing hoat dong cda doi nghia qudn vung Hai Sdng trong phong trdo chdng Phdp cuoi thiky XIX, TBKHSH, Tap V, Dai hoc Tdng hdp Ha Noi, 1970, Li-. 82-97; Dinh Xuan Lam - TrtfOng Chinh, Ve f>oe Tich, thu Hnh cugc khdi nghia Hai Sdng, Tgp chi Nghien eUu Lich si, so 4, 1992, tr.
61-63; Nguyin Thi Thanh Hoa, Can cd; dia Hai Sdng trong phong trdo chdng Phdp (1833-1889), Tap chi Khoa hpc, Trtfcfng Dai hoc Su pham Ha N§i, s o 6 , 2012,
(16). Dtfdng Kinh Quoc, Viit Nam nhiing sU kiin lich sii 1858-1945, sdd, tr.240.
(17). Day deu la nhQng t h u linh cila Tan Thuat (Theo: E.Daufes, La Garde Indigene de Llndochine,
Rghien curu XJeh siS-. sd 5.2014 de sa Creation a nos jours. Tome Premier,
Avignon, 1933, p. LVI).
(18), (20). Dang Huy V^n - Bui VSn Ch6p, V^"
nhiing hoat dong cda dpi nghia qudn viing Hai Sdng trong phong trdo chdng Phdp cuoi theky XIX, tldd, tr. 86, 86-88.
(19). Vu Thanh Sdn, Tudng Hnh Bdi Say, Nxb, v a n hoa Dan toe. Ha Noi, nSm 2001, tr, 254.
(21). "Mgt so'tu lieu vi nghia qudn Bai Say", Thtf vi§n Khoa hoc Tong hdp Hai Htfng, 1976, tr. 8
(23), (24). Daufes (E), La Garde indigene de L'Indochine, Tome I, Tonkin, Avignon, 1933, p. 28- 29, 44.
(25). Nguyin Thi Thanh Hoa, Ve dia bdn hoat ddng cua nghia qudn Bdi Say, bdd, tr,60-63.
(26). Dia chi Hdi DUdng, Nxb. Chinh tri Quoc gia, Ha Noi, 2008. tr.82-83.
(27), Trinh Nhtf Tau, Hung Yen dia chi, Nha in NgoTilHa, 1934, tr. 15.
(28). Piglowski, Histoire de la Garde Indigene de L'Annam-Tonkin, Tome 1, Hanoi, 1930, p. 284-286,
(29). Ho sd 76331, So 212, T6 so 10, TTLTQG I, Ha Noi.
(30). Pouvourville, Etudes coloniales III- La politique indochinoise, Paris 1894, p.l94.
(31). Co le la xa Co Man, huygn Luc Ngan, tinh Bic Giang. Trong: Bia danh vd tai lieu liiu trii ve ldng xd Bdc Ky (1999, Vien Viln D6ng B i c Co), khong CO xa Co Manh, chi co xa Co Man,
(32), Ho sd 76331, to so 2, Phong Thong sii B i c Ky, TTLTQG I,
(33). Tran Van Giau, Chong xdm ldng (Quyen thd ba) • Phong trdo Cdn ViiOng, Nxb. Xay dtfng phat hanh, Ha Noi, 1957, tr.272,
(35). E,DauKs, La Garde Indigene de L'Indochine, de sa Creation a nos jours. Tome Premier, Avignon, 1933, p, LVI
(36). Piglowski, Histoire de la Garde Indigene de L'Annam-Tonkin, Tome 1, Hanoi, 1930, p, 286-
(37). Pierre Pasquier, Tinh Thdi Binh • Trich trong tinh Bdc ky, Ngtfcli dich N g u y i n Dinh Khang. DC.32 - ThU vi&n Thai Binh, tr.28.
(38), H6 sd 81604 (F68), tcf mang s d 4 7 4 , Phong Phu Thong sfl Bac Ky, TTLTQG 1.
(39), N g u y i n P h a n Quang, Viet Nam can dai nhiing sU liiu mdi, Nxb. Tp. Ho Chi Minh, tr.93.
(40), Piglowski, Histoire de la Garde Indigine de L'Annam-Tonkin, Tome 1, Hanoi, 1930, p. 291.
(41). Piglowski, Histoire de la Garde Indigene de L'Annam-Tonkin, Tome 1, Hanoi, 1930, p, 290- 293.
(42). Dilleman, Tmh Hdi Duong, Thtf vien Khoa hoc Tong hdp Hai Hung, 1973, tr,55.
(43). Nguyen Xuan Can. Mgt vdng Yin Thi, Sb Van hoa Thong tin va The t h a o Ha B i c , tr. 98.
(44), (50), Dilleman, Tinh Hdi DuOng, Thu vidn Khoa hoc Tong hdp Hai Htfng, 1973, tr. 34.
(45). Vu Van Tinh, Nhiing thay ddi vi dia ly hdnh chinh cdc tinh Bac Ky trong thdi ky Phdp thuoc, Tap chi Nghien cdu Lich sd, s6' 133, 1970, tr.44.
(46). Nguyin P h a n Quang, Viet Nam can dai nhiing sd lieu mdi, sdd, tr.59.
(47), Vu v a n Tinh, NhvCng thay ddi vi dia ly hdnh chinh cdc tinh Bac Ky trong thdi ky Phdp thuoc, bdd, tr.46. M6t so' cong trinh sfl hoc hign nay (Vien Sfl hoc, Lich sU Viet Nam 1858-1896, Nxb, Khoa hoc Xa hpi, tr. 731) cho rling dao Bai Say gom cac huyen My Hao, Van LSm, Yfin My la chtfa dii.
(48), Vu v a n Tinh, Nhiing thay ddi vi dia ly hdnh chinh cdc tinh Bdc Ky trong thdi ky Phdp thuoc. bdd, tr, 49,
(49). Ho so 37582, Phong P h u Thong sfl B5c K y . T T L T Q G I , t 6 s ^ 2 .
(51). Charles Fourniau (1989), Annam - Tonkin 1885-1896: Lettres et paysans vietnamiens face a la conquete coloniale, L'Harmattan, Paris, p.85.
