Phjun Ngpc Lam Giang. Tim hieu ea chi "kiem che - ddi trgng" trong...
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Tim hieu cff che ''kiem che - doi trong*'' trong he thong chinh tri Hoa Ky va lien he vdi Viet Nam
Pham Ngoc Lam Giang*
Vien nghien cuu Chdu My
Ngaynhdnbai: 12/08/2019, ngdy gin phdn bien: 13/08/2019, ngay duy^t dang 16/9/2019
Jy^i tie khi bdn Hiin phdp cua Hgp chiing qudc Hoa Ky (Hoa Ky) dugc ra ddi vdo ndm 1787, chinh A. \^ quyen Hoa Ky dugc xay dung vd td chuc theo md hinh cgng hda long thdng, dp dyng hgc thuyit
"tam quyin phan lap"- chia quyen luc ciia nhd nirdc thdnh: Lap phdp. Hdnh phap vd Tu phdp, v&i nhimg trdch nhiem vd quyen hgn riing. Nhdm khdng de nhanh nao cd the lam dung quyin luc, ca chi "kiem che- ddi trgng" (checks and balances) dugc xay dung dp dung vd trd thdnh nguyen tdc hoat ddng cua bg mdy nhd nude Hoa Ky ndi rieng vd hi thong chinh tri Hoa Ky ndi chung. Nd tgo ra su cdn bang vd ddi trgng ve quyin luc, Id cong cuphdp ly di mdi nhanh quyin luc bdo vi sucan thiep hogc ldn dt giira cdc ca quan. Bdi viit se tim hieu ve phuang thuc hogt ddng cua ca che "kiem chi - doi trong" trong hi thdng chinh tri Hoa Ky. ddng thdi dira ra mgt sd ddnh gid vd lien he v&i Viet Nam hiin nay.
Tir khda: KJdm ehe, ddi trpng, chinh trj, Hoa Ky, Viet Nam Mordau
Ngu md hmh "Tam quyin phdn lap" cua nha tu tudng Charles de Seeondat Montesquieu (1689-1775) dupe xem la mpt sang tao vT dai trong nen chinh tri hpc the gidi khi dupe nhieu quoc gia lya ehgn de xay dung he thong chinh tri eiia minh, thi Hoa Ky da gdp phan lam cho hpc thuyit nay trd nen hoan thien han thdng qua vi$e bd sung them ca che "kiim che - doi trgng" giiia ba nhanh quyen luc ciia nha nude.
1. Khai quat ve cff che "A/im che- doi trong*^ trong hf thong chinh tri Hoa Ky
"Kiem che - doi trgng^ la mpt nguyen tSc boat ddng cua h? thdng chmh trj nham dam bao quygn lye chtnh trj khdng t§p trung trong tay ciia ca nhan hoac mpt nhdm. Nguyen tSc nay da xuat hi?n d hpc thuyit phan quyen cua Montesquieu hay trong cac y tudng ciia nha tu tudng vT dai khac nhu Polybius, William Blackstone, John Locke trong nhidu the ky, nhung viec thd hi?n nd thanh mot ca che la ddng gdp quan trpng cua Hiln phap Hoa Ky, dupe thdng qua vao ngay 17/09/1787 (Le Minh Quan, Biii Vi?t Huang, 2004, tr.4).
Hiln phap Hoa Ky da ph3n chia quyen luc va trach nhiem nha nude lign bang non tre thanh ba nhMi: Lap phap -Hanh phap -Tu phap, ddng thdi cung ap dyng ca che "kiem chi - ddi trgng" de nhSm kiem tra giam sat, chdng l^i sy chuyen che va dam bao khdng ca quan nao n5m qua nhieu quygn lye. Trong bai viet so 51 cua tap sach "Federalist Papers" (Luan cuong Lien bang), Tong thong thii tu ciia Hoa Ky, James Madison
Nghidn ciiu An Dp va Chau A. So 9 - 2019, tr.41-48 41
Phgm Nggc Lam Giang. Tim hiiu ca chi "kiem chi - ddi trgng " trong...
cho rang, hpc thuygt "Tam quyen phdn lap" khdng nen phan chia mdt each cung nh5c ve ba quyen lyc ciia nha nude; ddng thdi khdng nen de cac co quan nay boat ddng rieng biet. Neu cac ca quan nay boat dpng ridng biet, se khdng thg tign hanh bSt eii sy kiem soat hien djnh nao ddi vdi nhau. Do dd can phai ap dyng ly thuyit "kiim chi - ddi trgn^\ dg khdng cd mdt eo quan nao ciia nha nude cd the hanh dpng ma khdng phai chiu su giam sat bdi hai eo quan cdn lai vdi miic dp can thigt {Constitution Society, 2019). Ca chg "kiim che - ddi trgng" dupe thilt ke cho phep timg ca quan thudc ba nhanh quyen lue nha nude ban che dugc kha nang lam quyln ciia bai co quan cdn lai. Theo hgc thuyet "Tam quyin phdn Igp", Qudc hdi la ca quan Lap phap cd chiic nang giam sat va tac ddng den eac mat dieu hanh cua nhanh Hanh phap, Chinh phii la co quan Hanh phap cd chiic nang thyc thi hien phap va Tda an thuc bien quyln Tu phap vdi chiie nang xet xii. Tuy nhign, rieng tungca quan dgu cd quyen kigm soat boat dgng chiic nang hoac nhan su cac co quan edn lai trong mgt chiing muc nao dd,
Hien phap Hoa Ky quy djnh: (1) Qudc hdi cd quyen lam luat nhung luat ciia Qudc hpi cd thg bj tdng thdng phii quyet hoac bj tda an bai bd neu cac luat dd trai quy djnh Hien phap; (2) Tdng thong va cac thanh vign ndi cae giir quygn hanh phap nhung mdt sd hanh vi eua hg can dupe Thugng vien phe chuan, cdn mgt so hanh vi khac cd thg bj tda an vd hieu hda; (3) Tda an tdi cao nim quyen Tu phap cao nhat nhung tham phan cua Tda an do Tdng thdng bd nhiem vdi su phe chuan cua Thugng nghj vien va cd the bj Qude hpi digu tran.
Mdt sd vi dy trong thyc te, Tdng thdng (ngudi diing dau nhanh Hanh phap) giii chiic tdng tu lenh cac lyc lupng quan sy, nhung Qudc hdi (nhanh Lap phap) giu ngan sach quan dpi; bd phigu tuygn bo chign tranh;
Thugng vien phai pbg chuan bat ky hiep udc hda binh nao. Tong thong (nhanh Hanh phap) cd quyen de cir, bd nhiem Tham phan Tda an Tdi cao. Qudc hdi (nhanh Lap phap) cd quyen luan tdi tat ca cdng chiic thupc nhanh Hanh phap va Tu phap...
Cd the ndi rang, ca che "kiem chi - ddi trgng" tao ra can bang quygn lue giiia ba co quan quyen luc nha nude, lam cho khdng mpt ca quan nao cd thg tiiy tien sii dung quyln lyc hien djnh trong qua trinh thyc thi cac boat dpng chiic nang ciia minh, tranh dan dgn tinh trang chuyen quyen ddc doan.
2. Phmmg thire v^n hanh co* che ^*kiim chi- doi trgng^^ trong he thong chinh tri cua Hoa Ky 2.L Kiem che - doi trgng tie Quoc hpi
Theo Hien phap Hoa Ky, Quoc hdi la ca quan cd quyen can thiep vao van dg nhan sy ciia co quan hanh phap, the hien tinh "kiem che - ddi trgng'^ thdng qua quyen chi dinh va mien nhiem Tdng thong, phe chu5n danh sach quan chiic trong chinh phii do Tdng thong bd nhiem. Vi du, trong eudc tong tuyen cir nlu khdng cd ling vien Tdng thdng nao &^X dugc da sd phieu thi Ha nghj vi?n cd quyen ehgn ra Tdng thong tir ba iing cir vien sang gia nhat. Thugng nghj vien cd quygn tuang ty trong eudc tuyln cu Phd Tdng thong nhung chi dupe lya ehgn tir mot trong hai ung cir vien sang gia nhat trong sd eac iing cii vien chiic nay. Trong trudng hpp vj tri Phd Tdng thdng bi bd b-ong, Tdng thong cd thi chi djnh Pho Tong thong vdi diiu kign sy chi djnh dd phai dupe ehSp nhan bdi hai vien Quoc hdi. Nggai ra, Tong thong can phai cd su tu van va chap thu|in ciia Thugng nghj vien khi bd nhiem thanh vien ndi cac, cac dai sii va cac cdng chiic Chinh phii eSp cao.
Ngoai trii viec bd nhiem dupe dien ra trang thdi gian giira cac phien hpp ciia Thugng n ^ j vien thi Tong thdng ed the bd nhiem tam thdi cac chiic vy ndi tren ma khdng can cd su phe ehuSn ciia Thugng nghj vien.
Nghien ciiu An Dp va Chau A. Sd 9 - 2019, tr.41-48 42
Pham Ngpc Lam Giang. Tim hieu ca chi "kiim chi - doi trgng" trong...
Ludng vien tai Qudc hpi cd nhung quyen ban rieng, trong dd: Ha vien se tien hanh luan tdi cac cdng chiic Chinh phii vi Tham phan, sau khi ban lu|n tgi duoc thdng qua thi Thuong vien se cd quyen md phien tda xet xii tat ca cac ddi tupng ndi tren khi cd Idi cao budc. Trong Ijch sii Hoa Ky, cd hai tong thong timg bj luan tdi trudc Quoc hdi va dua ra xet xu trudc Thugng vien la Andrew Johnson va Bill Clinton, nhimg ca hai deu dugc tha bdng khi xet xu. Trudng hpp duy nhat bj luan tdi trudc Ha vien la Tdng thong Richard M.Nixon vi cd lien quan den vu be boi chinh tri "Watergate"^. Bat dau tu thang 5/1974, Uy ban Tu phap H?
vien bat dau md cac phien digu tran chinh thiic de luan tdi Nixon va thdng qua dieu khoan luan tdi ve "Cdn trd cdng ly" \ko ngay 27/7 va hai dieu khoan luan tdi khac la "Lgm dimg quyen luc" va "Cdn tro hogt dgng cua Quoc hgi"" (Contempt of Congress) lan lupt dupe thdng qua vao ngay 29 va 30/7 (Nghien cieu Quoc te, 2015). Din ngiy 8/8/1974, Nixon tuyen bo tii chiic, trd thanh Tdng thdng Hoa Ky dau tien tir chiic khi cdn trong nhiem ky'.
Mpt dieu can luu y la Tbugng nghj sT va Ha n ^ j sT khdng dupe xem la eac cdng chiic theo luat phap, do vay hp khdng thupc ddi tupng bj to cao ndi trgn. Nhung rieng timg vien deu cd quyen mien nhiem nghi sT nao dd ciia minh nlu cd du so philu tan thanh hien djnh tir cac nghj sT eiia vien dd. Trong khi Ha nghj vien chi can qua ban sd phieu tan thanh eiia cac H^ nghi sT la cd thg mign nhiem mdt Ha nghj sT, thi Thugng nghi vien lai can td! 2/3 so phieu tan thanh cua cac Thugng nghj sT.
Khdng chi can thigp vao nhanh Hinh phap, Quoc hdi cdn cd quyen can thiep vao bp may cua ca quan Tu phap nhu thanh lap ra cac tda an cap dudi cua Tda an toi cao va xac dinh tham quygn ciing nhu quy md ciia cdc tda in niy. Cic tham phin lidn bang mac dii do Tdng thdng bd nhiem nhung can phai dupe Thupng nghi vien chap nh|in. Quoc hpi cdn quyet djnh miic luong ciia tham phan lign bang va cua cae cdng chiic Chinh phu mac dii khdng cd quyen tang hay giam lucmg ciia Tdng thong vi cic tham phin lien bang trong sudt nhiem ky cua hp.
2.2. Kiim chi- dii trgng tie phia Tong thong
Tdng thdng Hoa Ky la ngucri diing dau co quan hanh phap nhung dupe phep can du vao cac boat dpng lap phip ciia Qudc hpi thdng qua vi^c su dyng quyen phii quylt doi vdi du luat da thdng qua ciia Qudc hgi theo khoin 7 Digu I Hidn phap Hoa Ky vdi hai loai quyen phu quyet: phu quygt thdng thudng {regular veto:
phii quygt tuong ddi) va phii thuyet ngam {pocket veto: phu quygt bd tiii) {History, Art & Archives, 2019).
Trong vdng 10 ngay (khdng ke ngay Chii nhat), neu dong y thi Tdng thdng se ky cdng bd dy luat dd, trong trudng hpp khdng ddng y thi Tdng thong sg dting quyln phii quylt thong thudng vi gui tri lai cho Vien di soan thio trong Qudc hgi va yeu cau Quoc hpi phii xem xet liii. Sau qua trinh thao luan va siia doi, Qudc hdi can phai cd sy tan thanh eiia khdng dudi 2/3 n ^ j sT ciia hai Vien thi cd thg bic bd dugc quyen phii quylt tir phia Tong thong (ban dau, dl thdng qua chi can 1/2 so nghi sT mdi Vien tan thanh) trir trudng hop Tong thong
' Vu Watergate li vy be boi tren chinh truong Hoa Kydiln ra tir nam 1972 din nSm 1974, sau vu dpt nhap tru sd qudc gia ciia Dang Din chii trong khu phuc hpp khich san nhi d Watergate d Thii do Washington ngiy 17/6/1972.
MOt nhdm ngudi c6 lien quan din Nhi TrSng da bj bat giii vi ket tdi sau do.Tong thong Nixon dS phii nhiin mpi sy lign quan vdi vu ddt nhip, nhung mgt so nhan vien ciia dng cuoi ciing da thira nhan cd dinh liu tdi mot vy che d?iy phi phip vi bu§c phai tir chiic nSm 1974.
Nghien ciiu An Dp vi Chiu A. So 9 - 2019, tr.41-48 43
Pbgm Nggc Lam Giang. Tim hiiu ca chi "kiim chi - ddi trgng " trong...
su dung tdi quyen "phu quyet bo tuC^. Chinh vi vay, quyen phii quyet eua Tdng thong cd gia tri bang 1/6 quyen lyc bieu quyet thdng qua dy luat ciia hai vign trong Quoc hdi (vi 2/3 - 1/2 = 1/6). Tren thuc te Tong thdng thudng de gianh dupe khdng dudi 1/3 sd nghj sT iing hd (nhit la nhiing ngudi ciing dang vdi Tong thdng), ngn quyln phii quyet thudng rat cd hieu lyc. Quyln phii quyet bit diu dupe sii dung nhu mpt "vu khr chinh tri tu thdi Tdng thdng thii 7- Andrew Jackson, khi dng phu quylt tdi 12 dy luat trong suot hai nhiem ky cua minh (1829-1837), nhilu ban tdng so eac dy luat mi ea 6 vj tdng thdng dau tien da lim (Nguyen Thi Anh Van, 2010).
Tir khi chi dp Tdng thong Hoa Ky thilt lap vio 1789 ebo din mia nhigm ky diu ciia Tong thong thi;
45- Donald Trump (thing 8/2019), cd den 38/45 ddi tdng thdng sir dung quyln phu quyet tdng cpng 2.579 lin {History, Art & Archives, 2019), vdi 1.513 lan phii quyet thdng thudng (58,6%); 1.066 lan phii quyet ng§m (41,4%) vi Qudc hdi chi bic bd dupe 111 lan, chiem 4,3% {History, Art & Archives, 2019). Trong lich sii Hoa Ky, chi cd 7 Tdng thdng chua timg su dung tdi quyln phii quyet (John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, John Quincy Adams, William Henry Harrison, Zachary Taylor, Millard Fillmore, James A. Garfield); ngudi phu quyet nhieu va thinh cdng nhat li Tdng thdng Franklin D. Roosevelt vdi 635 lan (372 lan phu quyet thdng thudng; 263 lan phu quydt ngam) va chi hi Quoc hdi bic bd 9 lan trong sudt hon 3 nhiem ky {History, Art & Archives, 2019). Tdng thong Ronald Reagan Ii ngudi duy nhit su dung hai quygn phu quyet ngang nhau vdi 37 lan trong 8 nam cSm quyln. Kg tu sau nam 1945 ebo din nay, cac Tong thdng Hoa Ky sir dung quyen phu quyet trung binh la 46,7 lin. Y nghTa cua quyen phii quyet chinh la mdt phuang thiic de Tong thdng bao vg Hign phap, la cdng ey die lue dg ban chg su vdi ving, ddc doin ciia Qudc bdi trong ITnh vuc lap phap vi li mdt phuang tien hiiu hieu de bio ve chinh sich quoc gia do Tdng thdng hoach djnh (Nguyen Anh Hiing, 2014). Trong cuon sach'C/jio/i phu Qudc hgi: tim hiiu ve Chinh tri Hoa Ky' (1956) (Congressional Government: A Study in American Polities), Tdng thdng thii 28, Woodrow Wilson ggi day la dac quyen ghg gdm nhat, theo dd Tdng thong Hoa Ky "khdng cdn hogt dgng nhu mgt ca quan hdnhph^, md nhu mdt nhdnh thirba cua hogt dgng lap phdp" (Robert J.Spitzer, 1988).
Vg bd nhiem lap phap, theo Khoin 2 Diiu II Hiln phip Hoa Ky quy dinh "Tdng thdng seed quyin bau bd sung nghi si vdo nhirng chd trdng co the xdy ra trong thdi gian giUa hai ky hop ciia Thugng vien bang each cap giay uy nhiem cd thai hgn den cudi ky hgp sau cua Thugng vi^n" {National Constitution Center, 2019), vdi digu kien la thugng nghj sT dupe bd nhiem phii li cdng dan cua bang vira cd ^ e trong. Diiu nay se giup Tdng thdng cd it nhieu thay ddi ty le nghi sT trong Thupng vien theo hudng cd Ipi ebo minh va Dang cam quyen. Ngoii ra, trong trudng hgp luong vien Quoc hdi khdng thg thong nhat dupe thdi gian phien hgp tigp theo thi Tdng thdng se cd quygn quyet djnh ngiy gid hpp vi cd thi trigu t^p eudc hpp khin cip doi vcri mdi vien hoac ca hai vien ciia Qudc hdi.
Ngoai quygn can thiep vio cae boat ddng lap phip, Tdng thong edn cd quyen can thiep vao ca bo^t ddng tu phap, ke c i viec can thiep vio van de nhin sy ciia eo quan niy. Cung theo Khoan 2 Diiu II ctia Hiln phip Hoa Ky quy dinh Tdng thdng cd thg lya chpn, dl eii va bd nhiem tii tham phin Tda an Tdi cao din cac thSm phan tda in lign bang dudi S}X phe chuin ciia Thupng vien (Nguyin Anh Hung, 2014). Ngoai ra, Tdng tijong
^ Trong thdi gian 10 ngiy, nlu Quoc hpi kit thiic khda hpp thi dy luat lai khdng the trd thanh dao luat (vi dii Tong thing cd giii tra lai thi Quoc hgi di hgp xong vi khdng thi nhdm hop lai chi dl xem xet su phu quylt ciia Ting thing).
Nghign ciiu An Do vi Chau A. Sd 9 - 2019, tt.41-48 44
Pbgm Ngpc Lam Giang. Timhieucache "kiem che - doi trgng" trong...
cdn ed quyen ra lenh an xa hay tha bdng ma khdng can cd su phe chuan eiia bat cii vien nio cua Qudc hdi hoac tham chi y kiln ciia pham nhan.
2.3. Kiem chi- doi trgng tie phia Tda dn
Tda in Hoa Ky cd quyen luc kiem soit ca hai eo quan lap phip vi hinh phip thdng qua viec giam sit bang thu tuc tu phip ddi vdi cic van ban phip luat do cae eo quan niy ban hanh. Mac du quygn giim sit bang thu tuc tu phip khdng dupe ghi rd ey the trong ban Hign phap Hoa Ky, nhung da dupe cic nha lap hiln mudng tupng ra (Congress, gov, 2019) va dan cung cd tbdm bang tien le phip luat do Tda in toi cao cua Hoa Ky thiet lap tir vu kien "Marbury v. Madison" nam 1803 (Justia US Supreme Court, 2019). Trong phan quylt nay, Tda in tdi cao da phii nhan mpt phan hieu luc cua dao luat lien bang vdi ly do Qude hdi Hoa Ky da vugt qua quyen hien dinh khi thdng qua dao luat dd. Tda ciing khang djnh ring quyen giim sat bang thu tue tu phap cua Tda (theo Luat He thdng Tda in nam 1789) khdng chi ap dung ddi vdi luat eua cic bang; rang Quoc hdi lien bang chi cd quyln gidi ban theo Hign phap lien bang, vi vay, luat cua lien bang ciing phai chju sy giim sit bang thu tuc ciia toin in lien bang.
Mac dii phin quyet tren ciia Tda an tdi cao da vap phai mdt vai su phan ddi, chii yeu xuat phit tii dpng CO chinh trj ca nhan nhung da thiet lap nen ca sd phip ly vimg chac, giiip tda an bai bd hieu lue ciia mdt dao luat neu dao luat dd vi hien. Quyen nang nay thudc ve bat cii tda an nao cua Hoa Ky nhung chi phan quygt cua Tda in tdi cao tuygn bd dao luat nao dd vi hign thi mdi cd gia tri rang budc trgn pham vi toin qudc. Phin quyet ciia Tda phuc thim lien bang ve van de tuong tu chi cd gia trj ring budc trong pham vi lanh thd Tda cd tham quyen xet xir.
Quyen giam sat bang thu tuc tu phap ddi vdi tinh hpp hien ciia eae van ban phip luat, tuy nhien, ed the bi Qudc hdi ban chg vi Quoc hdi cd quygn gidi ban tham quyen ciia cic tda in. Mot su ban che hien djnh duy nhat ddi vdi quyen ciia Qudc hdi trong vigc gidi ban tham quygn ciia tda an ed lign quan tdi Tda an tdi cao, khi Tda in tdi cao ebi cd thg thuc thi tham quyen xet xir phuc tham tii nhiing vu viec lien quan den cic bang vi nhung vu viec inh hudng tdi cic dai sii, eac bd trudng hoac lanh sy nude ngoai (dupe xet xir sa tham).
Qudc hgi cdn dugc phep gidi ban quyen luc ciia Chinh an Tda in tdi cao khi dtrong cuong vj chu tga phidn tda do Thupng nghi vi^n dieu hinh de luan tdi Tdng thdng. Chinh vi theo nguyen tac niy nen vai trd ciia Chinh Tda in tdi cao li rit han chi.
Quyen cua tda an trong viec giim sit bang thu tye tu phip dudng nhu la phuang tien duy nhat cho phep tda kigm ehl dupe boat ddng ciia bai co quan cdn lai. Thdi diem trudc cupc Ndi chign Hoa Ky, Tda in tdi cao mdi chi thuc thi quyln ban nay hai lan de vd hieu hda cic dao luat dugc Qudc hdi thdng qua vdi ly do vi hiln: lin thii nhit vio nam 1803 trong vu kien "Marbury v. Madison" va lin thu hai nam 1857 trong vu kien
"Scott v.Sand/ord".
Cho den ngiy nay, nhinh Tu phip cua Hoa Ky ngiy cing thg hien tinh "kiim chi - ddi trgng" hon. Vao nam 2016, Tda an Tdi cao Hoa Ky da ngan chan kg hoach cua Tdng thdng Barack Obama tri hoan viec true xuat hing trieu ngudi nhap cu khdng cd giiy td, thdng qua quyet djnh 4-4, nghTa la giii nguyen phin quygt eda tda an Lien bang (VOA, 2019). Nam 2017, Tda in lien bang Hoa Ky da cim "Sac linh di trii so 13769"
hay "Sdc linh bdo ve quoc gia khdi nhdp cu ciia khung bd mrdc ngodi vdo Hoa Ky" (Mus! im ban) cua Tdng thdng Trump vl xem day li hanh ddng vi hiln {Time, 2019), dii cho Tda in Tdi cao Hoa Ky vin cho phep ip dyng tam thdi toan bg sac lenh niy phien bin 3.0 (Ngudi Lao dong, 2017), trudc khi chinh thiic dupe thdng
Nghign ciiu An Do vi Chau A. Sd 9 - 2019, tr.41-48 45
Pham Ngpc Lam Giang. Tim hiiu ca chi "kiim chi - ddi trgng" trong...
qua vao thing 6/2018. Tuy nhien, khi so sanh vcri hai nhinh L|p phip va Hanh phip thi nhanh Tu phip cd it quyen luc chinh trj ban, hay ndi theo each khic, tda an dugc xem li cd ca quan ylu tbl nhat trong so ba co quan nhi nude eua Hoa Ky.
3. Mot so danh gia va Hen he vdi Viet Nam Ddnh gid vi ca chi "kiim che - ddi trgng "
Co chg "kiem chi - doi trpng" ed moi quan he chat che vdi hpc thuyit "Tam quyin phdn Igp" khi nd tdi da hda su ty do vi ngan ngira tmh trang ehuygn quyln dpc doan, tang cudng tinh hieu qui trong ho^t dpng ciia 3 CO quan Lap phap - Hanh phip - Tu phip vi ludn cd su giim sit va doi trpng can thiet tir hai co quan cdn lai. Trudng hgp lu$n tgi va bai mign trudc thdi ban ddi vdi Tdng thong Nixon nam 1974 trong vy
"Watergate" bay bupc Tdng thong B.Clinton phii dieu tran trudc Ha vien nam 1998 vy "Lewins/Q>" cd Ihe coi la nhung minh chiing dien hmh cho tinh tieb eye ciia he thdng "kiim chi - ddi trgng". Trong khi tai chau Au - qug huong eua hpc thuygt "Tam quyin phdn lap", sau nhiing bien cd chinh trj tir cudi thap nign 1980 din nay, cac nhanh quyln luc nhi nude cd sy xung dot lin nhau, phan ldn li tinh trang tdng thong lam quyen tdi miic san sing giai tan hoac yeu cau bau eii qudc hpi sdm (trudng hgp ciia Hy Lap, Ukraine), cic nude chau Au dgu nhan thiy tinh uu viet vi ed ve dang cd nhiJng cii each chinh trj d nhung miic dd khac nhau theo md hmh "kiem chi - ddi trgn^' cua Hoa Ky.
Ben canh nhihig thanh tyu, co che niy vin tdn tai mdt sd ban che nhit dinh. Thu nhat, ed the din din tmh trang boat ddng thieu hieu qua trong bd miy nha nude. Nguyen nhan do cic dang phai chinh trj khic nhau nam giir Qudc hdi va chiic vu Tdng thdng, rat cd the xiy ra tinh trang be tae trong boat ddng l|p phap do thiiu sy hpp tic giiia hai dang chinh trj. Tdng thdng se de dang tir chdi phe chuin mpt dy luat da dupe Qudc hdi thdng qua vi boat dpng lap phap se bj dinh tre, ngugc lai neu Qudc hgi vi Tdng thdng khdng thong nhat dugc y kien thi ciing se gay cin trd boat dpng hinh phip. Tieu bieu chinh la viec Tong thdng Donald Trump tien hanh ddng ciia mdt phan Chinh phu tir thing 12/2018 den 1 /2019 do Qudc hgi khdng duy?t ngan sich 5 ty USD cho dng Trump de xay biic tudng bien gidi gifla Hoa Ky - Mexico, dieu niy da ngiing tai trp cho khoang 25% sinh bo^t cua Chinh phu lidn bang, khien 800.000 nhin vien rai vio tinh canh khdng dupe tri lucmg {BBCNews, 2019). Thirhai, tao co hgi cho su "ddu da" chinh tri gifta Ding Dan cbii vi Ding Cgng hda. Vi du, viec Tdng thdng cd quyen phu quyet eac dy luat cua Quoc hpi cung se tilm an "tro chai dd Idf (blame game). Trudng hpp nay xiy ra khi cd su khic biet ldn giiia ding cim quyln vi ding ddi lap, liic do ngu Tdng thdng bj dat vao tmh the phai phii quyet mdt du luat quan trpng, ding doi lap cd thi hiln tong thong trd thinh ngudi ed quan dilm, chinh sich cue doan, khdng dugc Idng dan va cd tbl gay bat Igi cho cic hoat ddng ciia chinh quyen tdng thdng (ngan sach, miic trin ng cdng...). Thuba, nhinh Tu phip kha it quyln lyc trong nha nude khi so sinh vdi hai nhinh cdn lai. Tda in khdng cd quyen dua ra quyet djnh tic dgng din cac chinh sich qudc gia, tai chinh, quan dgi. Theo bii viit so 78 vdi tua de "Bg Tu phdp" (The Judiciary Department) eiia Bd trudng Ngan kho Hoa Ky, Alexander Hamihon (1757-1804) trong tie phim "Federalist Papers', dng cho rang day la co quan ylu nhat frong ba nhanh, khi khdng giii "thanh kiim" nhu nhinh Hanh phip (tupng trung cho vi?c thong ITnh quan dgi) ciing khdng nim "tiii tiln" nhu co quan Lgp phip vdi quyln phe chuin toan bd vl thul va chi tieu cua Chinh phii (Constitution Society, 2019). Ve quyln lyc trong ca che
"kiem che - ddi trgng", nhinh Tu phap chi cd the giim sat ea quan Lap phip vi Hinh phap thdng qua kiim d^ thu tuc Ur phap ma hai co quan niy ban hanh.
Nghign ciiu An Do vi Chau A. So 9 - 2019, tr.41-48 46
Pbgm Ngpc Lam Giang. Tim hiiu ca chi "kiim chi - ddi trgng" trong...
Lien h4 vai Vi?t Nam
Nhi nude Cgng hda X3 hdi Chu nghTa Viet Nam la sy kgt hap eiia nha nude xa hdi ehii nghTa va nha nude phap quyen. Mae dii, Viet Nam khdng ap dyng nguygn tie phan chia quyen lyc trong td chiic bd miy nhi nude, quygn luc van dupe td chiie theo md hinh tap quygn XHCN, nhung trong Dieu 2 Chuong I ciia Hien phip da quy dinh rd ba quyen luc tdi cao cua nha nude la Lap phip, Hinh phap v i Tu phap (Cong TTDT Chinh phu nude CHXHCN VN, 2019). Day li nen ting quan trpng de tien tdi xay dung Nhi nude phip quyen XHCN cua nhin dan, do nhan dan, vi nhan dan d Viet Nam.
Nba nude Viet Nam cd su giam sat cua ca quan Lap phip ddi vdi hai co quan Hanh phap va Tu phap.
Theo Dieu 70 Chuang V cua Hien phip nam 2013: Co quan Lap phip thudc vg Qudc bdi, cd quyen bau ra vi giim sit hoat dpng ciia ca quan Hanh phap va eo quan Tu phip. Nhiem vu cua Qudc hdi la giim sit tdi cao toan bd hgat ddng cua Chinh phu dudi hinh thiic nhu: bd phigu tin nhiem, bai nhiem eac thinh vien Chinh phii; xem xet bao cio; chat van cac thanh vien Chinh phii tai cic phien hpp Quoc hpi vi Uy ban thudng vy Qudc hpi; ho^t ddng giam sat eua Hdi ddng din tdc; cac Uy ban cua Qudc hdi vi dai bieu Qudc hpi. Ngoii ra, Quoc hpi cd quyln hiiy bd cac van ban eua cic co quan nhi nude neu trii vdi Hien phap, luat va nghj quylt cua Qudc hdi (Cdng TTDT Chinh phu nude CHXHCN VN, 2019).
Ddi vdi nhinh Tu phip, Quoc hpi se giam sat boat ddng thdng qua viec ban hanh quy dinh td chiic vi hoat ddng cua Tda in Nhin din Toi cao va Vien Kiim sit nhin dan tdi cao; cd quygn bau, mign nhiem vi bai nhiem Chinh in Tda an Nhin dan toi cao vi Vien trudng Vien kigm sat nhan dan tdi cao.Trong khi dd, cic CO quan Tu phip phii cd trach nhiem vi bio cio trudc Qudc hgi ve cdng tie thi hinh vi dieu tra.
Su kiem soit ngupc trd lai tir cic nhinh quyen luc nhi nude ddi vdi Qudc hpi d Viet Nam van chua dupe ip dyng. Hign nay,Vigt Nam chua thigt lap quyen giim sit tu phap bio hign nhu Hoa Ky khi tda in cd quyen xem xet cic dao luat ma ca quan Lap phip vi Hanh phip ban hinh ed hpp hien hay khdng.
Do do, cic tda in Viet Nam khdng dupe can thiep vio boat ddng lip phap, chi trir Tda in tdi cao cd quyen dua ra sang kien phap lu^t trudc Qude hpi. Cic tda in khdng cd quyen kiem tra tinh hgp hien ciia cic dao luat (Luu Van Thang, 2016, tr.31). Quoc hdi li ca quan duy nhat cd quygn sua ddi luat va cd quyln xem xet tinh hgp hiln ciia cic dgo lu|t do chinh Qudc hpi thdng qua. Ddi vdi cic ca quan cd quygn kiem soat nhat djnh nhu Tda an nhan din cd quyen thuc hien quyen giam sat ddi vdi boat ddng quin ly nhi nude ndi chung v i boat ddng giai quylt khilu nai, td cao cua ca quan hinh chinh ndi rieng, thdng qua xet xOr cic vu in, nhat li vl hinh chinh, qua do kiem soit boat ddng quin ly nha nude, bio ve quyen Ipi va Igi ich hpp phip ciia cdng din.
Ket luan
Ca che "kiim chi-ddi trgn^'' gan lign vdi hgc thuygt "Tam quyen phdn lap" vi ddng mdt vai trd quan trpng trong he thdng chinh tri Hoa Ky. Nd tao ra mdt co che can bang, ddi trpng, kiem soit giira ba nhinh quyln lyc cua nha nude (L^p phip - Hinh phip - Tu phap). Ngoii nhung diem tich cue, ca che niy vin tdn tai mgt sd ban ehe nhung van li mpt hinh miu ly tudng cho nhieu qudc gia tren thi gidi hgc tip.
Viet Nam la quoc gia khdng td chiic bg miy nhi nude giong nhu Hoa Ky, ban chat nhi nude li sir thdng nhat vdi quyen lyc tiiudc ve nhan dan, m^c dii vin cd sy van dyng linh hoat phin chia ba quyen luc nhi nude.
Chinh vi vay, du khong ip dung co che "kiem che - ddi trgng" nhung lai cd co che "Ddng lanh dgo. Nhd nude quan ly, nhdn ddn ldm chii' li co sd de hinh thinh ca chg nhan dan giam sit, kiem soit quygn lyc nhi
Nghien ciiu An Dp vi Chau A. So 9 - 2019, tr.41-48 47
Pham Ngpc Leim Giang. Tim hieu ca chi "kiim che - ddi trgng" trong...
nude. Diiu nay dim bio tinh can bing vl quyln lyc, giim sat va hieu qui trong cae hgat ddng ciia nhi nude Viet Nam.
Tai lieu tham khao
1. Nguyen Anh Hiing, "Quyen pbii quylt ciia Tdng thdng Hoa Ky", Top chi Nghien ciru Qudc te, sd 4 (99)- 12/2014, tr.205-220.
2. Nguyen Anh Hiing, "Viec bd nhiem ciia Tdng thong Hoa Ky", Tap chi Chdu My ngdy nay, so 07/2014, tr.47.
3. Le Minh Quin, Biii Viet Huang (2004), "Vg ca chi phan quyen vi kiim soat quyen luc nhi nude d Hoa Ky", Tgp chi Chdu A^ ngdy nay, sd 4, h.3-10.
4. Luu Van Thing (2016), Hgc thuyit Tam quyln phin lap va gia tri tham khio ddi vdi Viet Nam, Tap chi Khoa hgc Chinh tri, so 4, h-.26-32.
5. Nguyen Thi Anh Van (2010), "Ban vl Hpc thuyit Tam quyln phan lap va kiem chi, ddi trpng trong nen Hiln phip Hoa Ky", Tgp chi Ludt hpc, sd 12, ^.65.
6. Robert J. Spitzer (1988), The Presidential Veto, SUNY Press publisher, p.66.
7. BBC News, My: Hau qud cua viec chinh phu ddng cira, https://www.bbe.com/vietnamese/world- 46793361, ngay tmy cap 8/8/2019.
8. Congress.gov, The Particular Structure of the New Government and the DisPibution of Power Among Its Different Parts, The Federalist Papers no.47,
https://www.eongress.gov/resources/display/content/The+Federalist+Papers#TheFederalistPapers-47, ngiy tmy cap 26/6/2019.
9. ConstitutionSociety,77ieFerfera//srA'b.5/,bttps://www.constitution.org/fed/federa51.htm, ngay tmy cap 5/6/2019.
10. Constimtion Society, The Federalist No.78, https://www.constimtion.org/fed/federa78.htm, ngay tmy cap 8/8/2019.
11. Cdng TTDT Chinh phu nude CHXHCN Viet Nam, Hiin phdp nude CHXHCN Vi$l Nam ndm 2013, http://www.chinhphu.vn/portal/p£^e/portal/cbinbphu/NuocCHXHCNVietNam/ThongTinTongHop?categoryId=
920&artic!eld=10052990, ngiy huy cap 7/8/2019.
12. Justia US Supreme Court, Marbury v. Madison, 5 U.S. 137 (1803), https://supreme.justia.eom/cases/federal/us/5/137/, ngiy tmy cap 27/7/2019.
13. History, Art & Archives, Presidential Vetoes, https://history.house.gov/lnstitution/Presidential- Vetoes/Presidential-Vetoes/, ngiy tmy cap 12/7/2019.
14. National Constitution Center, Executive Branch Article II, https://constitutioncenter.org/interactive- eonstitution/articles/article-ii, ngiy truy cap 5/8/2019.
15. Nghien cmi Quoc tl, 27/07/1974: Ha vien My bdt ddu ludn tdi Tdng thing Nixon, http://nghiencuuquocte.org/2015/07/27/ha-vien-my-luan-toi-nixon/, ngay tmy cap 13/08/2019.
16. Ngudi Lao dpng, Tda dn lien tiep chdn sac linh ciia dng Trump, https://nld.com.vn/thoi-su-quoc-te/sac- lenh-nhap-cu-cua-ong-tmmp-bi-ehan-toi-bao-gio-2017122309170085.htm, ngiy tmy cap 27/07/2019.
17. Time, Here'sWhat Is and Isn't in the Travel Ban the Supreme Court Just Upheld, https://time.com/5048919/tmmp-travel-ban-supreme-court/, ngay fruy cap 27/07/2019.
18. VOA, Toadn Tdi Cao chan kehogch nhdp cu cua dng Obama,https://vmv/.\oatiGngv\etcom/a/toa-an- toi-cao-chan-ke-hoaeh-nhap-cu-cua-ong-obama/3389726.hhnl, ngiy yuy cip 25/7/2019.
Nghien cim An Do va Chau A. So 9 - 2019, tr.41-48 48
