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HIEN TRANG THU GOM, VAN CHUYEN VA
C O N G N G H E XUf LY CHAT THAI RAN DO THI
CAC GIAI PHAP DOI M(3| CONG TAC QUAN LY CTR EO THj 6 VIET NAM
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Khai niem v i rac thai do thj Theo Nghi Dinh 59/2007/ND-CP: Chat thii ran (CTR) la chat thai t the ran, dUOe thai ra tif qua trinh san xuat, kinh doanh, djeh vu, sinh hogt hoae cae ho^t dong khac. CTR bao gom CTR thong thudng va CTR nguy hai. CTR phat sinh trong smh hogt ca nhan, ho gia dinh, ndi cdng cpng di/de gpi chung la CTR smh hogt.
Hoat d^ng qudn ly CTR bao g6m cac hoat dong quy hoaeh quan ly, dau tU xay difng ed sd quan ly CTR, cac hoat dong phan loai, thu gom, luu giiJ, vSn chuyen, tai stf dgng, tai chg' va xi!f ly CTR nham ngan ngi/a, gi&m thieu nhuing tac dpng eo hai doi vdi moi trudng va SLfc kho6 eon ngudi. Thu gom CTR la hogt
ddng tap hdp, phSn loai, ddng goi va Idu giO tgm thdi CTR tgi nhieu diem thu gom tdi dja diem hoac cd sd di^dc cd quan nha ndde co tham quyen chip thuan.
Xii ly CTR la qua trinh sif dyng cac giai phap eong nghe, ky thugt lam g\hrr\. logi bo, lieu huy eac thanh phan co hai hoSc khong co ich trong CTR; thu h6i, tai ehe, tai s6 dung lai cac thanh ph^n cd ich trong CTR.
Mpt khii ni$m khic:
CTR sinh hogt (con goi la rac hoae rac thii) l i CTR phat sinh trong ddi song sinh hoat hang ngay cua ca nhan, ho gia dinh, ctJ quan, van phong, tn/dng hpc, khu vi^c eong eong, lang
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D S6 69 2014nghi, ke c i chit thSi phat sinh trong ddi song sinh hoat hang ngay cua tap the con ngudi trong cae cd sd san xuat, kinh doanh, dich vy va cac hogt dong khac.
CTR cdng nghidp la CTR phat sinh tCf ed s6 sin xuat, kinh doanh, dieh vu; CTR phat sinh tir hogt ddng sin xuat, kinh doanh, djeh vy trong lang nghe va cae hoat dong khac, trii CTR phat sinh tii hoat dong y t^, ndng nghifip, xay dyng.
Bio cao eua Bp Xay dung [2], tinh den thing 12/2013, tong lUdng CTR phit sinh tai eie do thj tren c i nude ude khoing 31.500 tan/ngiy, ty le thu gom trung binh khoing 84%. Ivlot so dd thi ldn ed ty le thu gom kha cao, tren 90% nhu HuS'. Da NSng, TP. HClyl, Viet Tri. Nam Dmh, Vung Tiu...
Theo Bd Tai nguyen va Mdi trudng [1], nam 2013 khoi luong CTR phat sinh khoing 22 ngan tan va dy bao den nam 2025, ude tinh
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Bai bao nay chi gidi han ve thu gom, van dgt khoing 44 tneu tan/nim. Tai Ha Noi chuyen va eong nghe xil ly CTR dd thj Viet hign tai phit sinh khoang 6500 tan/ngay.
Nam, tLfc la chi mot phan trong hogt dong TP. HCU 8000 tan/ngay va ty le thu gom quin ly CTR dd thi Vi6t Nam. dgt 85-90%.
H i f n trang thu gom, v | n chuyen va Hi$n trang thu gom, v$n ehuyen CTR do xfriy CTR do thj Viet N a m : thj
Khdi lupng, thiinh phan tinh chSt CTR do 6 Viet Nam chung ta, trong vdng hai thip thf d Vipt Nam ky qua, da cd nhieu t i i lieu, so' lieu mo ta
thinh phan, tinh chat CTR do thi va gan day nhit la ket q u i nghien ciru eua de t i i "Khio sit dinh gia eong nghS xS ly CTR va nude thai tgi cic do thj v i khu cdng nghiep Viet Nam"(Ma s6' iyiT04-10, Ha Ndi 2012) [3], m i tie g i i cd dip du<;jc tham gia thyc hien.
Doi vdi cac nude cdng nghiep phat trien, khi hp da ap dyng cic giii phip phan ehia tgi nguon, sii dung cac giii phap thu h6i, tai ch^',.. va chf chdn lap nhOng vat lieu khdng cdn hay it gia trj sd dyng.
Cie md hinh thu gom, v$n chuyen IVld hlnh thu gom, van chuyen CTR tgi cie d6 thi dUdc to chLTc ehuyen nghigp va hoan ehinh, phan ldn do cac cdng ty dieh vu cdng ich thi/c hien. Trong khoing 10 nam trd lgi day, khi Nha nudc chD tri/dng day mgnh cdng tic xa hoi hoa trong ITnh vuc mdi trudng thi da ed nhieu doanh nghiep tu nhan tham gia vio cdng tae thu gom, van ehuyen CTR Igi cac dd thi: Cdng ty TNHH Huy Hoing tai Lang Son; Cdng ly CPMT Thing Long va HTX Thanh Cdng tai H i Ndi; Cong ty CP tap doin INDEVCO tgi Quing Ninh; tgi TP.
HCIWI: 50% s6 iuong CTR dd thj di/dc thu gom bdi eie edng ty tu nhan hoae hdp tic xa, toddi,...
Cong nghp xi^/y CTR thdng thudng Tgi Vi6t Nam da v i dang ap dyng nhieu logi hinh cdng nghfe xii ly CTR dd thi nhU:
• Cdng nghe phan loai rie thii: tach loc hdn hdp rac thii ra 10 nhom nguyen lieu de phue vy t i i sinh, t i i ehe, t i i sii dyng, dong ran va dd't thu hoi nhigt sinh.
• Cdng nghe xii ly phan huy ehat thii hOu cd, tai sinh miin hiJu ed, s i n xu^t cac dgng phan bdn hQu ed.
• Cdng nghe xii iy t i i ehe phe thii chit d i o tich lipc, thu hoi tii rie. Sin xuat nhieu loai sin pham nhua dio t i i che thin thien mdi trUdng, phye vy cac nhu eau sinh hogt, s&n xui't cua cpng dong va tao nguon nguyen lieu cho nginh nhua deo tai che.
• Cong nghe xd ly nhiet, dot cac ehat thii hUu cd khd phan huy, tgo nhiet eung c i p eho cac khau s i y khd giim am trong diy ehuyen xi^ lyric.
• Cong nghe ddng rin i p li/e, tan dyng cic phe thii trd, vd cd thay the mot phan nguyin lieu de s i n xuat cie loai gaeh lat difdng, bo via he dUdng va eie logi ggch xay dyng cdng trinh phy.
Hi&n nay, bien phip xi!f ly CTR do thj c h i
H.XD S669.2014
yeu tap trung vio 3 loai hinh eong nghe ehinh la: chdn l^p, sin xuat phan vi sinh v i dot.
• Theo tong hop bao cao td cic dia phuong (nam 2012-2013), hien nay co khoing 458 bai ehdn lap (cd quy md trin 1 ha) vdi tong di6n tich khoing 1.813,5ha.
So lUdng bai ehdn lap cung nhu dien tich cd the ldn hdn vi rat nhieu bai ehon lap l i quy md nhd d cac xa ehua dU0c thdng ke day dij. Trong so' 458 bai ehon lap C0121 bai la bai chdn lap hdp ve sinh vdi dien tieh khoing 977,3ha, eon igi 337 bai la cac bai ehon lap khdng hdp ve smh cd tong dien tich khoing 836,2ha (ehiem 73,5% tong so bai). Cie bai ehdn lap khdng hdp ve sinh nay phan Idn la bai ric tam. Id thien, khdng ed he thong thu gom, xii \'^ nudc r? ric dang la ngudn giy d nhiem mdi trudng (6 nhilm khdng khi, dat, d nhiim ngufin nUde va cinh quan moi trudng xung quanh) va chiem dien tieh dat Idn.
• Hien ed khoing 26 nha miy xii ly CTR tap trung tai cic dd thj (trong dd cd 03 nha miy sii dyng cdng nghe dot; 03 nha may sii dyng kg't hdp ca d6t va sin xuat phin bdn compost; eie nha miy cdn lai SLJ dyng edng nghg sin xuat phan compost ket hdp chdn lap) da dUde dau tu xay dung v i di vio van hinh vdi tdng cdng suit xi!r ly theo thig't ke khoing 5.000 tin/ngay, sin pham sau xii ly chu yeu la phin hUu ed vi smh, ggch block. M^c dii trong dieu kien cdn khd khan ve nguon kinh phi diu tu, van hinh nhung nhieu dja phUdng da chil ddng trong viec keu goi diu tU, diu tU xiy dyng cie ed sd xii ly CTR Mdt so vi du:
+ Thinh phd Ha Ndi khdi cdng xiy dung nhi miy xii ly rac thii bing edng nghe Plasma eong suit 300 tan/
ngiy, vd'n dau tu tren 500 ^ dong; Ngiy 4/10/2014, tai Ha Ndi, Cdng ty eo phan djch vy mdi trUdng Thing Long td chUc L i khinh thinh Nhi may xii ly ehat thai tgi xa Xuan Son, thi xa Sdn Tay bing cdng nghe dot cd thu hdi nhiet, dien tieh 2ha vdi tong mdc dau tu 160 tj' ddng, vdi edng suit idn 400 ti'n/ngiy + TP. HCM hien nay dang quin ly ba khu quy hogch xii ly CTR: (1) Khu liin hiep xii 1;^ CTR Tay Bae thinh phd diin tieh 687ha; (2) Khu quy hoach xii ly CTR v i nghia trang Da PhUdc, dien tich 613,88ha; (3) Khu cdng nghiip xii ly rac Long An - TP. HCM, tdng didn tich dien tich 1.760ha , trong dd khu xii ly rie cd tong dien tich 580-730ha. Diy l i nhu'ng khu lien hdp xii ly CTR, gdm lim phan vi smh, dot thu hdi nang lUdng, ehdn lap, XL/ly nudc ric.
+ Tfnh Binh DUdng d i hoan thinh, dUa vio van hinh nhi may xi!f ly CTR thanh phan compost, edng suit 420 tan/ngay tai Nam Binh DUdng (ODA Phan Lan);
+ Thinh phd Can Thd da chu ddng lya chpn nha dau tu va cdng nghe xii ly CTR dau td v i o khu xii ly CTR tip trung cua Thinh pho;
' / / / / / / ^
+ Thanh phd Ha TTnh da chu ddng phoi hdp vdi cac don VI trong nUdc nghien ciru, cai tao day chuyen cdng nghe cua Bi de hoan thien, dUa nha may xu ly rac thai tai xa Cam Quan, huyen Cam Xuyen di vao hoat ddng on dmh. hieu qua San pham phan compost cua nha may duoc diing cai tao dat, cat tif qua trinh khai thac silic de trong cu cai, ca rot, mang tay. Sin pham ggeh men dung de lat via he do thj, .
Ve chi phi cho hoat ddng thu gom, van ehuyen, xCf lyCTR
• Chi phi cho cdng tic xii ly CTR do thi da duoc quan tim hon, mile hd Iro XLf ly CTR frung binh vio khoang til 240.000 - 400 000 dong/tan (khoang 1 1 - 1 8 USD/
tan) tiiy quy mo, cdng suit va cdng nghe xii ly
• Nguon kmh phi cho hoat ddng thu gom, van chuyen CTR sinh hoat dd thi hien nay do Nha nUdc bii dap mdt phan til nguon thu phi ve smh tren dia bin. Tuy nhien muc thu cdn thap va chi dii bii dip mdt phan cdng tic thu gom, van chuyen CTR ma chua tinh den chi phi xif ly CTR Miic thu phi ve sinh hien lif 4.000 - 6,000 d/
ngudi/thang hoac ti/ 10.000 - 20,000 d/hp/thang tiiy theo mdi dia phUdng. Mdc thu tai cac cd sd san xuat, djch vu chi tii 120.000 - 200,000 d/cd sd/thang tiiy theo quy md, dia phUdng,
Cai t i e n eong t a c quy h o a c h q u a n ly v a phat trien eong n g h e xuT ly CTR Ve quy hoach quan iy CTR dd thi va trien khai thifi: hien Quyet Dmh so 2149/QD-TTg ngay 17/12/2009 cua Thu tudng Chinh Phu Phe duygt Chien luoc quoc gia ve quan ly tdng hop CTR den nam 2025, tam nhin den nam 2050 la cd sd phap ly cho cdng tic quan ly CTR cung nhu phat tnen eong nghe tien tien de xu" ly CTR,
• Thu tudng Chinh phii da ky Quyet Dinh sd 148/QD- TTg ngay 25/01/2011 phe duyet Phe duyet Nhiem vu Quy hoach xii ly CTR Thu dd H i Noi den nam 2030, tam nhin den nam 2050, vdi quan diem CTR phai dUde phan loai tai ngudn. Viec thu gom, xd ly phai Uu tien sO dung cdng nghe tien tie'n, phii hdp, hgn che viec ehdn lap nham tiet kiem tai nguyen dat va giam thieu d nhigm moi trudng Theo dd, ngay 20/6/2014, Sd Xay dung da cdng bd quy hoach xii ly CTR Thu dd Ha Ndi den nam 2030, tam nhin den nam 2050. Trong thing 9/2014, UBND thanh phd Ha Ndi ban hanh Quyet djnh sd 4858/QD-UBND, phe duyet "Nhiem vu Quy hoach chi tiet Khu XL/ ly CTR Xuan Sdn den nam 2030, ty le 1/500 tai xa Xuin Sdn (Sdn Tay} va xa Tan LTnh (Ba Vi),'
• Quyet Dinh ciia Thii tudng Chinh phu sd 1873/QD- TTg, ngay 11/10/2010 Phe duyet Quy hoach xay dung khu XLJ ly CTR Vi/ng kinh te trong diem viing dong bang song Cifu Long den nam 2020
• Nhieu tinh, thanh phd trong ca nUdc deu da cd quy hoach va dang tnen khai thuc hien quy hoach quan ly CTR dd thi, trang dd cd xd ly CTR bang cac cdng nghe
1^
v ^ l
a
1.x D Si 69 2014lim phan vi smh-Compost, ddt thu hdi nhiet, chdn lap.
Dac btet da ap dung cdng nghe khu miii tien tien.
Ve trien khai thuc hi$n cac khu xOfly CTR vung lien tinh Theo Quyet dinh sd 1440/QD-TTg ngay 06/10/2008 v i Quyet dmh sd 1873/QD-TTg ngay 11/10/2010 ciia Th6 tudng Chinh phij phe duyet quy hoach xay dung cac khu XL/ ly CTR cic viing KTTD B^c Bp, mien Trung, phia Nam va vimg Dong bang sdng Ci/u Long thi ca nudc cd 08 khu xLl ly CTR tap trung mang tinh chat lien tinh. Hien nay viec td chue tnen khai dau tu xay dung tai cac khu xii ly nay vin dang con cham, cu the nhu sau
• Khu XLf iy CTR xa Sdn DuOng, huyen Hoanh Bd, tinh Quang Nmh, hien dang gap kho khan, vudng mac ve dia diem. Bd Xay dung dang chu tri, phdi hop vdi UBND tinh Quing Ninh nghien cifu, xem xet 6\a die'm mdi.
• Khu XLf ly CTR Nam Son, huyen Sdc Son, Ha Ndi:
dang dupe UBND Thanh phd Ha Noi to chUc GPMB, dau tu md rdng giai doan 2 (len 140ha), Tuy nhien, myc tigu dU an chii yeu la phue vu viec xCf ly CTR smh hoat, edng nghiep ciia Ha Ndi.
Ve trien khai, ap dung cdng nghe xCfly CTR phu hop m Hoan thanh viec danh gia, lUa ehon cdng nghe xd ly CTR phil hdp. Tap trung hoan thien cdng nghe tai che, xLl ly CTR san xuat trong nudc nhim nang cao hieu qua XLf ly CTR, bao ve mdi trudng. tiet kiem tai nguyen.
• Khuyen khich dau tU nghien cilu, ap dung cdng nghe XLf ly tien tien, ddng bd nhim giam ty le chdn lap, tang khi nang tai che, tai sii dung va chi phi dau tu. quan ly vin hanh hop ly
Ve mo hinh dau tu, quan ly van hanh va hoan thien cac chinh saeh QLCTR.
m Thil tudng Chinh phii phe duyet danh muc cic du i n v i cd ehe ap dung thi die'm dau tu xay dung cd s6 xU ly CTR, giao Bd Xay dUng tdng ket, danh gia riit kinh nghiem de' nhan rdng.
• Hoan thien eac tieu chi dinh gia v i cd ehe ehinh saeh trong viec lua ehon nha dau tu ddi vdi finh vuc xd ly CTR smh hoat
• Xiy dyng md hinh dau tu, quin ly van hanh CTR tap trung viing lign tinh,
• Tig'p tyc hoan thien eie ehinh sich quan ly CTR ndi chung, tang cudng sU tham gia ciia cpng ddng Ket luan
Thanh tuU:
• Cdng tac quan ly thu gom, xif ly CTR tai cic dd thi da dat dUdc nhieu ket qua ty le thu gom binh quan trgn ca nude dat chi tieu de ra (nam 2013 dat khoang 84%), nhieu dd thi da thuc hien tdi viec thu gom van chuyen va xd ly CTR, tao moi trUdng canh quan van mmh, saeh dep hon nhu D i Ning, Hue, TP HCM D i Lat, Vung T i u , .
• Cdng tic quy hoaeh quin ly CTR da dUdc cac dja phUdng tip trung quan tam thyc hien, da cd khoing 83% dia phUdng hoin thanh viee lip, phe duyil quy hoaeh niy tren dia ban. Quy hoach dUdc duygl l i cd sd de xay dUng ke hoaeh, tap trung huy ddng ngudn lUc thuc hien cic dy i n dau tu eho ITnh vuc nay.
• Cdng nghe xd ly CTR dd thi tap trung vio 3 cdng nghe chinh la lam phin vi sinh, ddt v i chdn lap. Ngoii ra cd nghien cijfu i p dung mdt sd edng nghe mdi nhu cdng nghe Plasma, cdng nghe MBT-CD-08 Ting cudng cie hogt dpng tii ehe CTR.
li/lpt so ton t$i, han che
Mac dii dat dupe nhUng ket qui nhat djnh, cdng tic thu gom, van ehuyen va xif ly CTR ndi chung hien nay vin cdn gap nhieu khd khan, han ehe chD yeu nhu sau:
• Hien nay, CTR dd thi dUpe xif ly ehii yeu bang bien phip chdn lap khdng hdp ve smh nen gay d nhilm mdi trudng, chiem dien tich dat ldn. Cac n h i miy xd ly CTR d i dUde dau tu xiy dung dUa vio van hinh khai thie nhung higu qui hogt ddng chua cao do mdt sd nguyen nhin chu quan v i khach quan (cdng nghi chua hoan chinh, phii hpp vdi dac diem CTR; nguon kmh phi eho viee quin ly van hinh cdn khd khin din den hoat dpng cam chdng; sin pham sau xir ly cdn gap khd khan trong viec tieu thu din ddn ddn U trong cd sd xd ly,...)
• Ve md hinh quan ly v i dau tU cung nhU dieu phdi, phdi hdp chua rd (BQL cic edng trinh hg tang ky thugt ehiu trich nhigm dau tU hg tang, Cdng ty URENCO H i Npi dUde giao quin ly).
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. Bao cao Hi$n tr^ngmdi trUdng quoc gia 2004. 2013.
2. B^o C30 Ciia Bd XSy diing Irinh Ph6 THU ft/dJig Cliinb Phu Hoai}g Trung Hai ngiy 24/3/2014.
3. Bao cao long hdp de tai "Khio saf, danh gia cdng nghS xCl ly CTR va nUdc thai t?i cic dd th vi khu eong nghi$p Vi^t Nam " MA s6:
MT 04-m. Hi Noi 2010-2013
4 Ding Xuan Hien - Moi so ket qua nghifyi cOii xd ly nildc ri rac bang cac cdng nghe hda ly, cdng nghe vi smh va cdng nghe smh thai. Bao cio khoa hgc l?i bpi thao ngiy 28/6/2014 ve de tai
"Nghien aiu xiy di/ng quy trinh cdng nghe Iich hep hda ly - sinh hoc ihich ling, hieu qui, an toan vi ben vOng vdi men tn/dng sinh thai di xd ly midc ri rac tai c&e bii chdn lap rac tap twng". Ma s6:
KC 08/11-15
6 Trinh Vin Tuyen- Nghien cuU xay dUhg quy trinh cdng ngh$ lich hap hda ly - vi sinh - sinh thai cd hieu suSi xii ly cao, an loan va ben vOhg vcri mdi tn/dng sinh thai de xiy ly m/dc ri rac 7 Tran hii'u Nhu§, LifOng Ngge Khanh. De xuat cdng nghf xit ly ni/dc rac phii h^ vdi diSu ki$n Viet Nam. T^ chi Moi tn/dng so 8-2014.
