Tap chi Nghien cflu va Phat trien, sd 1 (84). 2011 29
HIEU NHO VAN KHONG DE
Ho Bach Thao*
TrUdc het can gidi thuyet td "Nho van", tai sao d day khdng dung td
"Han vdn", ma lai ddng "Nho vdn"? Bdi Han vdn de ehi rieng ehd eda dan tgc Han, tdc Trung Qudc; nhUng thuc sU chU Nho xUa dung chung cho cac nude Ddng phuong nhu Trieu Tien, Nhat Ban, Viet Nam, Trung Qud'e, nen ggi la "Han van" khdng dn. Hon nda neu chiet tu ra, thi Nho If do chU nhdn
\ va nhu m gdp lai, cd nghia la nhu cau can thiet eho eon ngUdi ndi ehung, vay Nho vdn khdng phai la eua rieng Trung Qud'e. .
Tai sao hieu Nho vdn khdng de? Cd the neu len nhdng ly do nhU ehd Nho khdng cd dau cham cau, khdng viet hoa danh td rieng, lai qua cd dgng.
Ve nhdng nhugc diem neu tren, ngUdi viet xin ke lai mdt eau chuyen tieu lam dugc nghe hdi cdn nhd, tam dat nhan de la "Bay muoi nghe ldi bay mdt", cau chuyen dai luge nhu sau.
Lang kia cd hai dng lao 70 va 71 tudi. Ong 70 nha giau, vg mdi ehet, ed mdtcd eon gai da di la'y chdng, dng 71 lam nghe hot thud'e Bac. Hai dng choi than vdi nhau nen thudng gap gd chuyen trd tam sU. Mdt hdm, dng 70 cd ve budn rau phan nan vdi ban ve canh gia khdng cd con trai ndi ddi tdng dudng. Ong 71 ndi:
- Cd cd Ba cud'i lang dep gai, that day lUng ong, dang man con, neu bac chiu tdi se lam mai cho.
Ong 70 ndi:
- Tdi gia rdi, con gai tre sao chiu lay tdi, ne'u lay thi cdng vi eua cai, rdi cung tim each bd di ma thdi.
Ong 71 tum tim cUdi va bao:
- Viee dd de tdi lo eho.
Vai hdm* sau cd Ba de'n hdt thud'e eho me, nhan phan nan canh nha ngheo khd, thay lang 71 ben Udm ldi:
- Ong phd hg 70 trong lang vda che't vg, neu ed bang long la'y dng ta thi chang lo gi ngheo ddi.
Cd gai lac dau tra ldi:
- Ong gia sdp che't, chau lay dng ay de lam gi?
Ong 70 ndi:
- Ong ay ud'ng thud'e eua tdi, tdi se eat thud'e eho dng che't le hon, de cd di lay chdng khac.
Cd gai chan chd, rdi cud'i cdng vui ve chap thuan.
Dam cUdi xong, cd gai de'n dng thay lang lay thud'e cho dng chdng gia va khdng quen nhde lai ldi hda cu, hen sau khi thanh cdng se hau ta.
New Jersey, Hoa Ky.
30 Tap chl Nghien cflu va Phat trien, so 1 (84). 2011
Thay lang 71 cdt thud'e xong, cdn dan rang:
- Udng thud'e nay an kem vdi long heo va bun, thi sdc cdng phat manh, kien hieu nhU thud'e than.
Chang de thud'e toan nhdng vi bd nhU sam nhung, lai kem vdi thdc an bd, nen dng gia 70 trd nen sung sdc, ham viec chdn gdi nen chang bao lau ed gai cd bau, sinh dugc cau con trai.
Tuy nhien, sU sung sdc cua dng gia 70 chi la t a m thdi, n h d anh Ida bdng len cua nggn den dau sdp tat, dng biet minh khdng sd'ng duge bao lau, ben de'n tam sU vdi dng 71:
- Bac da gidp em cd duge chau be, nhUng "chda benh chd khdng chda duge menh", sau khi em mat xin bac tim each chu toan eho chau.
Ong 71 can t h a n rdt trong tdi ao ra m a n h giay, rdi an can tra ldi:
- Tdi da suy nghi gidp bac ve viec nay, trUdc h e t bac hay dat ten cho chau la Phi, d day "tai vach, mach rdng" khdng tien ndi ra, bae hay lam theo ldi tdi viet trong gia'y.
Vai thang sau, dng 70 mat. Theo sU ehi ve eua dng gia 71, trUde dd dng soan td chdc thu ngdn ggn nhU sau:
- t + 1 ^ ^f; ^i^tiil?P;t ffl ^ Jcfiti^M^'h A ^ If $ %
Thdt thdp tue sinh phi ngd td dd gia tdi diin sdn giao nhU td te ngogi nhdn bdt dde vgng tranh.
Td chdc thu viet theo ldi cd, khdng ed da'u cham cau, khdng viet chd hoa, y nghia khdng rd, nen xay ra vu kien ddi gia tai gida vg chdng cd con gai dng 70 va cd Ba, ngudi vg tre.
Su viec duge dUa len cdng dUdng vien quan huyen. Thay kien phe ngUdi con gai va chang re, ngat cau chdc thU tren nhu sau va giai thich:
Thdt thdp tue sinh, phi ngd td dd. Gia tdi diin sdn giao nhd td te, ngogi nhdn bdt dac vgng tranh.
(Bay mUtfi tudi ma sinh con, nd khdng phai la con ta. Gia tai dien san giao cho con re, n'gUdi ngoai khdng duge t r a n h gianh mdt each sai trai).
Theo Id'i ngat cau nay, thi dng 70 khdng cdng n h a n cau be so sinh la con minh. NhUng thay kien phe ngUdi vg tre va eon nhd eung khdng vda, ben ngat eau chdc thU neu t r e n theo each khac va giai thieh nhU sau:
That thdp tue sinh Phi, ngd td dd. Gia tdi diin sdn giao nhd td, te ngogi bdt dac vgng tranh.
(Bay muoi tudi sinh thdng Phi, nd la con ta vay. Gia tai dien san giao cho thang con, re la ngudi ngoai khdng duge t r a n h gianh mgt each sai trai).
Vien tri huyen nghe ldi giai thich cua hai ben deu cd ly, ben phan quye't trung dung rang:
- Gia tai giao cho ngUdi con gai va re tam thdi quan lanh, nhUng phai chia mdt nda lgi tdc cho ngudi vg tre de nudi con la Phi.
Tap chi Nghien cflu va Phat trien, sd 1 (84). 2011 31
Phan quye't tuy chang ed gi sang sud't, nhUng nhd dd tai san khdng bi ban that thoat va ehi vg tre ngheo khdng lam chu tai san trong tay, nen danh d lai nudi con de duge lanh hoa lgi hang ndm.
Tham thoat Phi ldn len, cau dugc cho dn hgc, nen hieu biet kha chd nghia. Nam 18, cau de'n tudi trUdng thanh, ben dufng don kien ddi gia tai.
Ldc nay tai dia phuong da cd vien tri huyen khac de'n t r a n nham. Vien quan mdi duge dan chdng ea tung la anh minh, nghien cdu ky hd so, dgc di dgc lai ban chdc thU nhieu lan, rdi hdi eau Phi:
- Ngoai chdc t h u ra, khi cha ngUoi edn sd'ng cd thudng hay ndi dieu gi khdng?
Cau Phi tra ldi:
- Me eon ke lai rang cha thudng ndm tren vdng be eon va ru:
Thuang con cha de trong ldng, Chdng phdi do Udt md phong ra ngodi.
Vi quan huyen gat gd:
- "Trong long" ngUdi ehet tdc trong chiee bai vi. Cac ngUdi hay de'n nha thd dng nay, lay bai vi dUa den day che ra xem sao?
Vien de lai tuan lenh, eung linh den nha thd lay bai vi dem de'n. Vi quan cho che ra ngay tai cdng dUdng, qua nhien trong bai vi cd td chdc thu ngat eau nhU sau:
Thdt thdp tue sinh Phi, rygd td dd. Gia tdi diin sdn giao nhd td, te ngogi bdt dac vgng tranh.
(Bay muoi tudi sinh thang Phi, nd la eon ta vay. Gia tai dien san giao cho thang eon, re la ngUdi ngoai khdng dugc tranh gianh mdt each sai trai).
Nhd chdc thU nay, cau Phi eon trai dng gia 70 dugc lanh gia tai, va ba vg tre phai bam vao gia san cua ngUdi con trai, nen trd thanh ngUdi dan ba thu tiet thd chdng bat dac di!
Khd khdn cua van Nho khdng chi ndm trong eau chuyen tieu lam neu tren, nd cdn de lai trong cdc van ban ehinh thdc cua trieu dinh, ma sU sai sdt nghiem trgng ed the he luy de'n ea tinh mang. Thanh thUc luc ghi lai hai trudng hgp vua Can Long nhan dugc ldi tau sai ve sU viec cd lien quan den Viet Nam. Mgt lan do Tdng dde Ludng Quang Tdn Si Nghi gay nen, lan sau do Tdng dde Phdc Khang An, xin lan lugt neu len nhU sau.
- Nam Mau Than [1788], gia dinh vua Le Chieu Thdng trdn tranh nha Tay Son, sang Long Chau, Trung Qud'e. Vien Tri dao Ta Giang la Luc Hdu Nhan ben viet td trinh len Tdng dde Ludng Quang Tdn Si Nghi tai tinh Quang Ddng va Tuan phu Tdn Vinh Thanh tai tinh Quang Tay. De'n lugt hai vien dai quan hg Tdn lap tdc gdi td tau sU viec len vua Can Long. Td tau cua Tdn Vinh Thanh khdng ed van de gi, nhUng td tau cua Tdn Si Nghi hieu sai rdng cd mdt vua Le Chieu Thd'ng [Le Duy Ky] trong dam ty nan:
32 Tap chi Nghien cflu va Phat trien, so' 1 (84). 2011
N g a y Canh Tuat t h a n g 6 n a m Can L o n g thvi 53 [22/7/1788]
Du cdc Qudn ca dgi thdn: Tdng dd'c Ludng Qudng Tdn Sl Nghi tdu nhdng ldi nhU sau:
"Nhdn dugc td bdm eda dgo Td Giang, cd gia dinh tu tdn^'^^ nUdc An Nam dd de'n nUang nhd ndi dia, hien dd truyin hich cdn Udc lUgng lieu bien;
rdi trong ngdy rong rudi den Long Chdu,'^'^^ quan sdt tinh hinh, de tdu len ddy dd."
Viec ndy, cdn cd vdo ldi tdu eda Tdn Vinh Thanh trUdc ddy, Trdm sg rdng vien Tudn phd khdng cd dd chd kien de lo lieu, nen dd lap tdc ra chi du menh Tdn Si Nghi cdp tdc den nai tra bien. Nay vien Tdng dd'c khdng dgi chi du, lap tdc khdi trinh; nhU vdy Id biet tinh todn sU khinh trgng dUgc mdt, that khdng then vdi nhiem vu eda dgi thdn dugc phong ddt, thUc ddng khen.
TrUdc kia trong tdu triep eda Tdn Vinh Thanh, khdng di cap de'n tU tdn Le Duy Ky, cdng khdng cho biet han 60 ngUdi den Id nhdng ai, tdng du rdng phdi diiu tra minh bgch, rdi tdu len lap tdc. Nay theo ldi tdu eda Tdn Sl Nghi, mdi biet rdng Le Duy Ky cdng cdng den. NhUng Le Duy Ky dich thdn dem cd gia quyen den ndi dia, sao trong td trinh chi cd vien Di quan''^^ Nguyen Huy Tdc ddng ten... {Cao Tdng thUc luc, quyen 1.307, trang 595-596).
Trong dao du ke tie'p, vua Can Long n h a n ra la Tdn Si Nghi da tau sai, thUe sU vua Le Chieu Thd'ng [Le Duy Ky] khdng cung di vdi gia dinh de'n ty nan. Tuy nhien Tdn Si Nghi da tinh nguyen de'n t a n nui de giai quyet, viec nay trdng y vdi vua Can Long, nen khdng bi trach. Hun nda, Tdn Si Nghi la tie'n si xuat than, da tdng lanh nhiem vu duyet sach dUa vao Td khd todn thU; mgt ngUdi tdng dam trach nhiem vu quan trgng nhU vay thi khdng the la ngudi ddt, nen duge Id di va cho dd la mdt sU viec xay ra ngoai y mudn.
N g a y D i n h Ty t h a n g 6 n a m Can L o n g thuf 53 [29/7/1788]
Du cdc Qudn ca dgi thdn: TrUdc ddy nhdn Tdn Sl Nghi tdu rang Le Duy Ky dich thdn mang bd con de'n xin td tdc, trong dan ghi ten Le Duy Ky ddng ddu. Le Duy Ky Id chdu ndi ddi eda vUang nUdc An Nam, tuy chUa dugc thu phong, nhUng la ngUdi ddng dUgc ndi ddi nen cdng khdng khdc gi qudc vUang. Y lgi mang gia quyen den xin td tdc, tinh trgng gid'ng nhU cd nUdc ndy dd bi hg Nguyen sodn dogt, sg phdi tim bien phdp trd bien.
Nay theo sU diiu tra rd eda Tdn Sl Nghi, tU tdn nUdc ndy chUa cung vdi gia quyen den, ngUdi trong nUde ndy theo gidc cdng chi cd nhdng xd nhU Muc Md, Lgng San; cdn phia tdy thdnh nhd Le cdng cdc vung phia bdc diu khdng chiu hdng gidc... {Cao Tdng thUc luc, quyen 1.307, trang 607-609).
- TrUdng hgp sai lam cua Tdng dde Ludng Quang Phdc Khang An, ngddi nham chdc sau Ton Si Nghi, ed the tdm tat nhd sau: Theo le nha Thanh cho phep kiem duyet thU tin eua sd than ngoai qud'e. Ba'y gid nha Thanh da hda hoan vdi nha Tay Son, sd t h a n Nguyen Quang Hien [chau vua Quang Trung]
de'n Trung Qudc. Phdc Khang An ben kiem duyet thU cua vua Quang Trung gdi Nguyen Quang Hien; vien Tdng dd'c nay hieu lam ngi dung thU va tau sai rdng vua Quang Trung mud'n may ao mang bao"" theo kieu nha Thanh.
Dieu nay ra't quan trgng, vi ne'u vua Can Long khdng kip thdi thay ddgc sd
Tap chl Nghien cflu va Phat trien, so 1 (84). 2011 33
sai lam, thi da sai ngUdi may sdn ao mang bao de tang vua Quang Trung trong budi gap mat. Ne'u trUdng hgp nay xay ra, ra't ed the vua Quang Trung [gia] khdng bang ldng mac qudc phuc nha Thanh, viec nay se gay khd khdn trong bang giao gida hai nUde, ma luc bay gid vua Can Long dang mud'n lay long. Vua Can Long thda biet Phdc Khang An gd'c Man Thanh, chd nghia chdng ed bao nhieu, lai dang can dung de dem vua Quang Trung [gia] de'n du l i khanh thg, nen chi trach mde so sai, va quay sang qud trach bgn thU lai dudi quyen y nang ne.
N g a y 27 t h a n g 3 n a m Can Long thuT 55 [11/5/1790]
Du cdc Qudn ca dgi thdn: Theo ldi tdu mdi ddy eda Phdc Khang An thi Nguyen Quang Binh gdi mdu xin det do bdo, chi Id kieu do cd trdn eda nhd Hdn, bdy gid Trdm mdi biet rdng ldi tdu trUdc kia Id sai Idm.^^^ Ldi do trong tdu triep eda Phdc Khang An cd cdu nhU 'Yien Qudc vUang hdm md li phuc eda Trung Hoa... Nguyen Quang Hien dd mua do mdng bdo td Hdn Khdu tinh Hd Bdc mang vi v.v...". Duyet tdu triep, tim hieu y qua ldi vdn, Trdm nhdt thdi nghi rdng mua do mdng bdo [do bdo Mdn Thanh] tgi Hdn Khdu, khdng the sda thdnh do cd trdn dUgc [do bdo nhd Hdn]; nen cho rdng vien Qudc vUang hdm md phong tuc dep de eda nUdc ta, sau khi de'n Nhiet Hd se chieu theo y sd ddng, ddi sang y phuc Trung Qudc [nhd Thanh] de bieu Id tdm ldng cung kinh; ben gidng chi hdi han, md khdng biet rdng ldi bdm xin eda nUdc ndy khdng phdi nhu vdy; nen hg cd the hieu ldm rdng Trdm mudn cUdng bdch [Nguyen Quang Binh] cdi hodn y phuc, dd Id diiu sai ldm!
Nay duyet tdu triep eda Phdc Khang An, cd cdu "Ldc ndy chUa tien hdi viec ndy" tdc y dd biet sai ldm nhUng khdng ddm ndi trdng ra. Phdc Khang An chiu an sdu eda Trdm, giao trong trdch bien thdy, lo lieu viec An Nam.
Y thdy Nguyen Quang Binh xin vdo triiu can, bien thdy yen tinh, thi trong long khdng khdi cao hdng, ldc tdu them thdt vdo, khie'n sai bdn y. NhU tdu triep trUdc xUng "Hdm md Trung Hoa le phuc, tgi Hdn Khdu mua do mdng bdo"; thd nghi xem do md nhd Hdn, khdng ddng che do eda bdn triiu, chi cd the ggi Id do cd trdn, sao ggi Id mdng bdo? Lgi cdng khdng the ggi Id le phuc eda Trung Hoa! Ddy chdc do nhdng ten thu lgi kem cdi dudi trUdng, sogn bdn thdo chdp nhdt cdu vdn, Phdc Khang An khdng ranh vdn nghla, lgi khdng chiu tra cdu ky, cd chep nguyen vdn tdu len, nen sai ldm nhU vdy! Nghi lgi cdng phiin mudn! Bgn thu lgi kem cdi dd, khdng the dung thd dugc! Nay truyin du cho Phdc Khang An ddng tiet Id nhdng ldi trong chi du ndy vd chi du trUdc, coi nhU khdng cd Id tdt. Ne'u Nguyen Quang Binh dd den quan di, trong ldc trd chuyen y cd di cap tdi, thi hdy dem sU viec tdu trinh thdnh thUc, khdng duac che ddy chdt ndo. {Cao Tdng thUc luc quyen 1.361, trang 93-94).
Viec chd Nho xUa khdng viet hoa cac danh td rieng, mai mai cdn gay he luy. Trong mgt cdng trinh phien dich cdng phu hang may ngan trang do Tie'n si Geoff Wade phu trach nhan de The Ming Shi-lu as a source for Southeast Asian History {Minh thUe luc, mdt ngudn sd lieu Ddng Nam A.
http: 11 epress.nus.edu. sg I msl}, thinh thoang ngudi dgc bat gap nhdng sai lam vi ngudi dich khdng nhan ra danh td rieng. Cu the tai ban dieh bai sd cua vien Tham tri Bg Hd ten Dudng Tru, khuyen vua Gia Tinh trieu Minh
34 Tap chi Nghien cflu va Phat trien, sd 1 (84). 2011
ddng mang quan danh nUde ta dudi thdi Mae Ddng Dung, trong dd ed cau dan chdng ve viee quan linh cua Ma Vien bi che't de'n mgt nda, nguyen van va ldi dich nhu sau:
{Than khdo Md Vien nam chinh mgc lich ldng bgc sl tdt td gid ky bdn) [Minh thUc luc, The Tdng, quyen 195, t r a n g l b ] , duge dieh nhU sau:
"I have studied Ma Yuang's southern expedition. It had to proceed through great waves and high seas and nearly one half of the troops died".
Gia sd ngudi dich duge dgc Viet Nam sd lugc cua T r a n Trgng Kim, qua doan:
"Ma Vien la mgt danh tUdng nha Ddng Han, ldc bay gid da ngoai 70 tuoi, nhUng van cdn manh, dem quan di men bd de pha riftig dao ndi lam dUdng sang de'n Lang Bac,<^* gap quan TrUng Vuong hai ben danh nhau ma'y tran.""'
Thi se khdng cho lang bac la bien cd sdng dU [great waves and high seas] nhu trong ban dich tieng Anh, ma chi dich gian di la Ldng Bgc lake ma thdi!
H B T CHU T H I C H
(1) Tg ton: ngfldi chau ndi ddi, chf Le Duy Ky tflc vua Le Chieu Thd'ng.
(2) Long Chau la ten mpt chau thudc dgc Ta Giang, giap vdi tfnh Cao Bang nflde ta tai ai Da'u Ao.
(3) Di quan: vien quan ngfldi Di, chf quan Viet Nam. Trung Qudc theo Idi ky thj chung tpc, gpi nflde ta la Nam Di.
(4) Ao mang bao: ac bao theu hinh con mang xa.
(5) Xem Thanh thUc luc, dg ngay 27 thang 2 nam Can Long thfl 55 [1790].
(6) Theo Dai Viet sd ky toan thU chu thich, Lang Bgc la hd Tay, nay thupc Ha Ndi- (7) Tran Trpng Kim, Viet Nam sd lUgc, ban tren mgng cua Vien Viet hpc, trang 15.
TOM TAT
Chfl Nho cd nhflng dgc diem ndi bat la sue tfch, co dpng, ldi ft y nhieu, Igi kheng cd dau ngat cau, khong viet hca danh tfl rieng... nen gay rat nhieu khd khan cho ngfldi hpc, ngfldi dpc.
Trong ljch sfl d ca Viet Nam l l n Trung Qudc van con ghi Igi nhieu giai theai, nhieu vg an van tg ly ky, ma hau qua khong chi lien quan de'n tinh mgng, tai san cua con ngfldi, tham chf cd khi cdn anh hfldng de'n ca nhflng sfl viec quan trpng cua qudc gia. Viec sd dgng cac tai lieu chfl Nho, do vgy, phai ludn dflpc khap chflng met each than trpng, ky cang.
ABSTRACT
UNDERSTANDING HAN SCRIPT IS NOT EASY AT ALL
Remarkable features of Han script (Chinese script) are conciseness, polysemy, non- punctuaticn, non-capitalizatien pf prcper neuns, which cause difficulty and problems for learners and writers. In both Vietnamese and Chinese histeries, there are sensational anecdotes and writing cases involving lives and properties, even affecting national issues. Consequently, Han script dpcuments must always be checked carefully.
