6faio rnitn^ 59 ndm tlmnh lofi Viin kiim ujl'iilwi 'itiju 'l?/ir^/Wu "2^j/?212L
DIA VI PHAP I i CUA NGUOI B! BUOC TOI THEO PHAP LUAT TO TUNG HINH SU ANH, MY
HUYNH THI NGQC H A N *
Tom tat: Nhieu nude trgn the' gidi va Viet Nam hien nay fleu c6 nhimg quy dinh cu t h i v l dia vj phap Iy cua ngirdi bi buOc t^i theo hudng tdn trpng va b i o ve quyin con ngirdi trong to tung hinh su. B i i viet nghien cuu dia vi phap ly cua ngudi bi bupc t^i theo phap lu^t to tung hinh su Anh, My, t u do n&u len kinh nghiem tham khio cho phap lu$t VISt Nam.
Tii- khoa: Ngicai bi buoc toi; to tung hinh syr tranh tung.
Ngdy nhgn bdi: 08/7/2019; ngdy bien tap xong: 08/7/2019; ngdy duyet bdi:
09/7/2019.
1. Dia vi phap Iy cua ngudi bj budc toi theo phap luat t l tung hinh su Anh, My
Xae dinh dia vi phap ly cua mpt ehu the suy cho cung la nham bao ve quyen con ngudi, quyen edng d i n cua hp. Trong linh vyc phap Iuat td tung hinh sy (TTHS), bao d i m quyen td tung eiia ngudi bi budc tpi ciing ehinh la bao ve quyen eon ngudi cua ngudi bi budc tpi.
Dia vi p h i p Iy cua ngudi bi budc tpi ed the bi anh hudng bdi nhung thu tue td tung hoac thim ehi tudc bd quyin tu do cua hp. Tren ca sd cac van ban phap luit qudc t l ghi nhan quyin con ngudi, Hien p h i p va cic dao luat cua qudc gia d i u ghi
nhan quyen con ngudi eua ngudi bi budc tdi, trong dd ndi b i t Ii quyen cd ngudi bao chiia, Ii mdt trong nhiing quyen td tyng c a ban ciia ngudi bi bupc tpi v i n h i nude cd nghia vy phai b i o d i m thuc thi.
De ap dung v i o thuc tien hieu q u i , yeu eau n h i nude phai cd mdt thii tuc td tyng phu hpp.
Neu xem TTHS I i mdt boat ddng mang tinh quyen lyc nha nude, cae ben tham gia ddi trpng khdng c i n siic va ngudi bi budc tpi ludn d the yeu, mac du phap luit ed quy dinh chu t h i cd nghla vu thyc hien
* Ph6 Trifcfng ptiong tw p^gp qu$n 6 thanh phd Hd Chi Mmh.
\ Tapchi
5 2 i K l £ M S A T _ / So 14(1hang 7/2019)
THONG TIN - M O A HOC
chuc nang gd tdi, tuy nliien, de dim bio cong bang theo nguyen tic "xet xii cdng bing", vin de cd chu the du nang !yc ve kiln thiic phip luit tham gia tranh tyng, chuyen vl bio ve hp la cin thiet. Su dim bao niy, theo nhu tie gii Stephan, ed nghla la quyen dupe cung cap ngudi bao chiia ehuyen nghi$p va cic dich vu ve bao chiia [Stephan Trechsel, Human Rights in Criminal proceedings, Oxford, 2005, tr.244]. Hipn nay, eac qudc gia dang rit quan tim den vin de bio dim quyen con ngudi trong TTHS, van de ein bing giua nhiem vy xir ly tdi pham va viec bao dim khong vi pham eac quyen to tung cua ngudi hi budc tdi.
Theo ket qui nghien ciiu cua nhieu tie gia vi cac nha khoa hpc thi tiiy thudc vio muc tieu, nhung im tien ciia yeu ciu, nhiem vu mi TTHS dit ra cich thiic the hien va ndi dung cae nguyen tic chung cua phap luit TTHS cd liSn quan dSn dia vj phap ly cua ngudi bi budc tdi. Cic quoc gia theo md hinh td tung tranh tung xac dinh eac nguyen tie bio dim tranh tyng la Upng tam (Anh, My). Mdt sd nude theo md hinh td tyng tham vin, kit hop quy dinh nhieu nguyen tie ve thim quyen tl tung. Mdt sd nude quy dinh eie nguyen tic theo nhdm ndi dung (Diie, Phap). Tuy nhien, ndi dung eae nguyen tic quy dinh ti-ong TTHS diu la nhung van de ea ban, quan trpng chi phdi hoat dpng TTHS cua mdt giai doan hoae ei qua trinh td tung. Nhiing nguyen tie duac the hi?n trong TTHS cua hiu hit cic quoc gia Ii nguySn tie vl sii dyng chiing cu, suy doan vd tpi, dde lap xet xir ciia Toa in, bio dam quyin cua ngudi tham
gia td tung. Mdt sd nude quy dinh nguyen tic, ed tinh die thii, cu thi:
O nuac Anh: Trong bin Hiln chuang Magna Carta ciia Anh (Ii van bin ghi nhin quyin ehinh tri va phap ly ciia ngudi Anh, ddng thdi ciing Ii vin ban dau tien gidi han quyin lyc ciia Nhi vua nude Anh), quyin dupc xet xu cdng bing CO mdi lien he chat ehe vdi khii niem vl td tung cdng bing dupe ghi nhin nhu sau: "Khdng ai bi bd tii, hoac bi tudc doat ve tai sin, su tu do hoae bi dat ngoai vdng phip luit, bi diy ai hay bit eii sy trirng phat nao, tini khi cd quylt dinh theo dung trinh tu dupc quy dinh bdi phap luit tren lanh thd" va Dao luat 12 Dilu eua La Ma (The Law of the twelve table) deu nhan manh td tung cong bing. Theo nghien ciiu ciia Swygert di ehi ra ring nude Anh ed mdt truyin thdng lau ddi trii dai 05 the ky ve eung cip ngudi bao chiia mien phi cho ngudi ngheo trong cac vu in hinh sy vi din sy. Khdng chi eac Thim phin d Anh, ma d nhilu qudc gia khac cd su dung he thdng td tung ddi tung deu thua nhan khii niem quyen cd ngudi bao ehiia trong ea hai ndi dung, ngudi bi budc tpi ty minh nhd ngudi bao chiia vi neu anh ta khdng cd kha nang thue thi nha nude phai ed nghTa vu cung eip ngudi bao ehua. Su cdng bang ddi hdi trude het tir trach nhiem eua nhiing ngudi cd thim quyen dua ra cic phan quylt vi nguyen tic niy dupe xem nhu Ii cdng cy bio ve quyen ciia ngudi bi bupc tdi trudc sy ehuyen quyen cua eac ea quan tiln hanh td tyng dai dien eho quyen lyc nha nude.
Nude Anh quy dinh Cinh sat la lyc
Sdl4(lhang 7/2019) \
Tapchi I _KIEMSAT i 5 3
PM^ mitn^ 59 nam tiianh lap (Vieti kiem sat « & ( dan \2bJ J/ W60 ^^/JJJ$12L
lupng ehuyen trich dieu tra tpi pham, phan dinh tham quyen dieu tra theo tung ITnh vuc chuyen trich gdm: C i n h sit Bd Ndi vy (thuc hien boat dpng dilu tra v i ySi Iy vi pham hinh chinh d mdi dia phuang v i khu vyc rieng biet do minh quin Iy);
C i n h sat Bd Qudc phdng (chiu trach nhiem ddi vdi an ninh va boat ddng trong Bd Qude phdng); Canh sat van tii (ed trich nhiem vdi viec phdng ngua va dieu tra tdi pham tren dudng sit v i he thdng giao thdng ngam); Cinh sit dieu tra i n an ninh, giao thdng, tr^t ty an toin xa hdi.
N g o i i ra, Anh eiing quy dinh mdt sd ea quan k h i c ed tham quyen tien hanh boat ddng dieu tra trong ITnh vyc chuyen nginh nhu H i i quan v i Thui vu; Co quan ehdng tpi pham lira dao nghiem trpng va mdt sd bd thupc Chinh phu, ca quan ehinh quyin dia phuang; Hiep hpi qude gia phdng ehdng ngupc dai ti-e em; phdng chdng ngupc dii ddng vat. Hoat dpng dilu tra tuan theo Bp Quy tic iing xu va nguyen tic i n le, theo do, C a quan dieu tra (CQDT) khi dua ra cic thdng tin phyc vy cho boat ddng edng td thi phai xin phep Tda i n .
Luat Dieu tra va TTHS nam 1996 cua Anh quy dinh sau khi Cdng td vien trinh b i y cao trang truy td tdi pham, bi e i o dupc hdi cd ddng y vdi ban budc tdi cua Cdng td vien hay khdng. Neu bi e i o nhin tpi va viec nhin tdi dupe chap nhan thi chuyen sang phan quyet dinh hinh phat (khdng dien ra phin tranh tung). Neu bi cao khdng nhan tpi, khdng chap nhan ndi dung bupc tpi thi Thim phan hoac Bdi t h i m doan se tiln hinh xet xir. C i c ben bupc tdi v i go tpi dupc tao dilu kien binh
d i n g d l tiinh b i y sy bupc tpi, gd tO^; ^a ben cd quyin dupe hdi, ddi chit ^ a n chimg. Td tung hinh su cua Anh quy dirm vi?e tiTiy td (bupc tpi) dya ti-gn ca^ sa chiing cir v i Ipi ich cdng, c i n cii Luat tir
p h i p hinh sy Anh. , . Nude My bao gdm 50 tilu bang. O moi
d i u bang v i c i p lien bang cd hS thdng TTHS khac nhau, dupe d i l u chinh bdi nhimg hinh thiic van b i n p h i p luit khac nhau. C i e vu i n hinh sy d Tda an lien bang cdng dupc tiln h i n h theo eac quy dinh v l tiinh ty td tung n i m ti-ong eac dao luit do Nghi vien v i Bd quy t i e TTHS lien bang do Tda i n tdi cao My ban h i n h . Tuy nhien, he thdng TTHS d cac tieu bang v i c i p lien bang d i u p h i i tuan thu Hiln p h i p lien bang. My cd hai ngudn luit la Hiln phap v i cac dao luat; quy dinh eua Nghi vipn va cae i n Ip cita Tda an. Ngudn quan trpng cua p h i p iuat TTHS My ehinh la cae giii thich cua Tda an tdi cao My ve Hien phap, eu the Ii c i e Tu chinh i n . Cae quyen cua ngudi bi budc tdi cung dupe Hien phap va p h i p luat eua e i e tieu bang b i o d i m ben canh c i c quy dinh cua H i l n p h i p lien bang. C i c p h i n quylt eua Tda an tdi cao My dupc coi la cic v i n b i n nen mdng eho viee quy dinh va bao dam e i e quyen eo b i n , bao gdm e i quyen TTHS.
D i e diem ndi b i c ciia phap Iuat My la vai trd lam luat ciia cac T h i m p h i n , nhung an le ciia Tda an tdi cao My I i ngudn quan trpng n h i t dupe e i e L u i t su thudng xuyen sir dung. Npi dung cua Tu chinh i n sd 6 cua Hien phap My: "Trong tat ca c i c trudng hop truy td hinh sy, ngudi bi bupc tdi phai dupc hudng quyin
Tap chi
5 4 I KIEMSAT /So 14(than97/2019)
THONC IIN - KHOA HOC
dugc thSng bao ve npi dung va ly do buoc tOi; quyjn d6i chSt v6i nhSn chiing bupc t§i; dupc ap dung quy trinh c6 duac nhan chiing theo huong c6 loi cho minh vi phai dupc sir giup do cila ngudri bao chiia" va npi dung cua Tu chinh an so 14:
"Khong ai bi tu6c doat cugc song vk su M do ma thiSu thu t\ic cong bing", ngucri bi bupc tpi dupc quyen c6 nguoi bao chua trong mpi giai doan quan trpng cua TTHS, dupc tir ch6i quyen co ngudi bao chiia, tir ch6i co nguoi bao chua bat bupc nhung phai dam bao cac dieu kien ve su hi^u bi^t, minh man va tu nguyen; duoc bao dam quySn im lang khong bupc phai dua ra nhiing lai khai bSt Ipi cho minh, CO thi khang cao ban an so tham de dupc xem x6t phuc thim nlu thdy quyen loi ciia minh chua dupc thoa man. Mpt yeu tl quan trpng trong bao ve nguai bi bupc toi la phap luSt My trao cho nguai bao chira quyen dupc tac nghi$p dpc lap tmoc Toa va Co quan c6ng to. My la quoc gia theo truyen thong to tung doi tung, ngay tii ban dau "to tung cong bang" lii nham nhan manh cac each thirc xay dpig nhiing thu tuc hpp ly nhu la cong cu dam bao quyen con nguai trong cac vu in hinh su din d4n anh huong din y tucmg vl thu tuc phap ly ro rang hem lien quan den viec bao v? quyin con nguoi. NhOng quan dilm cua he th6ng thong lujt cho chung ta thSy "t6 tung cong bang" 14 nguyen tic diu tien bao ve quyen cua ngufti bi bupc tpi cung chinh la nen ting ciia phien tda tranh tung, ddng thoi day con la dinh hudmg trong rit nhiSu hf thing phip lu^t Chau Au luc dia theo m6 hinh tl tyng thim vin, nhim
dam bao cac quyin td tung cdng bang cua ngu6i bi bupc tpi. Truoc hit, phai c6 m^t thu tuc td tung cdng bing dl quyin va lai ich hpp phap cua cac ben tham gia trong vu an hinh sir dupc xem xet khach quan va chinh xac.
Nuac My quy dinh CQDT chuyen trach cap lien bang gdm cd: Cue dilu tra Lien bang FBI nam trong Bd Tu phap va cac CQDT nim trong mpt sd Bp, chinh quyin lien bang gdm: Co quan bai trir ma tuy; Cue ve rupu, thudc la, vu khi va chit chay nd; Cyc Thi hanh an cd thim quyin dieu tra cac tpi pham thupc linh virc ma Bp, CO quan do quan ly. Ngoai ra, cdn co CQDT d cac ca quan khac gdm: Cue Hai quan va Di tni My dilu tra cac hanh vi vi pham luat nhap cu va hai quan; Sa Mat vu My, true thupc Bp An ninh ndi dia la CO quan chia se chirc nang dieu tra voi FBI, dieu tra vi pham phap luat lien quan toi hanh vi lam tien gia va cac tpi pham hanh chinh khac, co trach nhiem bao ve Tdng thdng va lanh dao nuac ngoai tdi tham My; Tdng cue Thue true thudc Bd Tai chinh, dieu tra cac hanh vi vi pham luat ve thue.
Td tung hinh su My, mac dii khdng de cap nguyen tac tiiy nghi truy to, nhung cd quy dinh thu tuc thda thuan nhan tpi trudc khi xet xu, theo dd khuyen khich hi can nhan tpi va dupc xem xet giam nhe hinh phat khi xet xu, vi day dupe cdng nhan nhu la hinh thirc hi cao an nan, hdi cai.
Ciing tai My, vi?c lay ldi khai cua nhan chirng tai phien toa cdng khai la bat bupc, trir trudng hpp c6 quy dinh khac.
Cdng td vien va Luat su bao chua quydt dinh viec mdi nhan chiing, quylt dinh
S6l4(thmg7/2m9l\
T?pchi
^HEM SAT I 5 5
&tat^ imfn(f 59 ndtn thdnh lap (Vien kiem sM nhan aan lib/ 7/1960 26/l/]$12L
nhiing chimg cii dupe dua ra tai phien tda phyc vu cho viec bupc tdi hoac gd tdi, eung c i p ldi khai va tien hanh tham van n h i n chiing. Cdng td vien tien hanh xet hdi n h i n chimg v i timg nhan chiing se Iin luot dua ra ldi khai, sau dd L u i t su b i o chiia se "chat van cheo" nhan chiing dd. Cdng td vien cd quyen dat c i u hdi bd sung, tiep den L u i t su b i o chira cd quyen dat c i u hdi bd sung vdi n h i n ehiing. Tda an ed the cho phep tham tra nhiing van de bd sung trong khi kiem tra tryc tiep. Tda an cd t h i tu minh hoae theo yeu ciu cua mpt ben trieu t i p nhan ehirng va mdi ben cd quyen kiem tra cheo nhin chung niy.
Tda an cd t h i t h i m tra nhan chiing, bat ke ai Ii ngudi trieu tap nhin chung.
2. Kinh nghiam tham khio cho p h i p luft t6 tyng hinh s y Vi^t Nam
2,1. vi quyin bdo chita cda nguoi bf bupc tpi
Mpt trong nhiing ca che de bao ve huu hieu quyen con ngudi cua ngudi bi budc tdi dd Ii quy dinh ve bao dam quyen bao ehua cua hp, va neu hp khdng the ty minh thuc hien quyen b i o chua, hp cd the nhd ngudi khac b i o chua, do dd cin quan tam quy dinh eo ehe cd lien quan den ngudi b i o chiia nhu quyen cua ngudi b i o chiia, md rpng dien ngudi bao chiia. De bao d i m quyen b i o ehua, p h i p luat TTHS My quy dinh phai dam bao cho ngudi bao chua khoang thdi gian phu hop de ehuin bi bao chiia. Phap luat TTHS Anh quy dinh, vao bat ky thdi diem nao, ngudi bi bat va bi giu tai ddn canh sat deu cd quyin dupc gap Luat su. Ngudi bi Canh sat lay ldi khai (ke ca trong trudng hpp khdng bi bat, giu) ciing cd quyen dupe su
trp giup, tir v i n phap ly. Khi ngudi bi tinh nghi yeu c i u tiiam v i n Luat su ciia min thi C i n h sit phii s i p x i p cudc gap cang sdm cang tdt. Bi ean, bi e i o cd quyen duoc dai dien p h i p ly tai phien tda va trp giup p h i p ly ludn dupe d i m b i o cho tat ea eie phien tda hinh sy.
2.2. Nguyen tac tranh tung Tinh chit "tranh tung" cua TTHS c i e nude thi hien qua ba npi dung:
Mpt Id, quy dinh nguyen tie cua TTHS la bao d i m tranh tyng, q u y i n binh d i n g cae ben truac Tda i n , b i o d i m quyen cdng dan, quyin con ngudi, Tda an xet xu dpc lip, khich quan, ti-en co sd chiing cii va k i t qua tranh tiing tai phien tda.
Hai Id, quy dinh v i p h i n biet rd dia vi p h i p ly, nhiem vu, quyen han cua cac chii t h i td tijng tren co sd ba chiie n i n g c a b i n la budc tpi, gd tdi, xet xu, trong dd, trpng tim Ii chue n i n g xet x u (the hien ro n h i t d Anh, My). C i c ben budc tdi va gd tdi cd vi tri binh d i n g , dupc tao dieu kien, c a hdi ngang nhau ve quyen dua ra chiing cu, lip luan, bao v^ quan diem cua minh d l bao dam xae dinh sy that k h i c h quan cua vu i n . Ngudi b i o ehiia dupe gap bi can, bi e i o , thu thap v i dua ra nhung chiing eii, mdi nha chuyen mdn; cd the de nghj c i c c a quan ed t h i m quyen td tung, hoac de nghi Toa i n thdng b i o eho nhan chung ra tda lam chiing. Sy binh d i n g ve dia vi td tung giua ben bupc tdi va ben b i o ehiia trudc Tda i n the hien rd net trong eac quy dinh ciia TTHS v l quyin cua eac chu the khi tham gia td tyng, quyin cua ben nay la nghTa vy ciia ben kia. D i e biet, tai phien tda xet xir, e i e ben bupe tpi va bao chiia c6 quygn ^ ^ ^ ra yeu
I Tapchi
5 6 I KIEMSAT_ / So 14(thmg 7/2019)
THONG U N - K H O A HOC
ciu loai tni chiing cir ti-ong thu tuc thim Ira hi so tiirdc khi xet xu vu in, cd quyen hoi hi eio, ngudi hi hai, ngudi lim chiing, ngudi giam dinh; xuat trinh eie tii lieu trudc Tda in, tham gia vio viec thim tra cac chimg cu, dua ra yeu cau, tranh luan, phit bilu quan dilm ciia minh vl Idi budc t§i tai phien tda.
Ba Id, quy dinh thu tye td tiang vl thim tra sa bp tiardc khi xet xir vy in, loai tini chiing cii bit hpp phip; thu tiic xet hdi jdim tira cheo chiing cii, tranh luan, ddi dap binh dang tai phien tda cua ben bupc tpi va gd tdi; viec xet xii ed dai dien nhan dan tham gia (Bdi thim doin) thudng cd trong td timg hhih su Anh, My.
2.3. Nguyin tie suy dodn vo tdi Nghien ciiu phip luit TTHS cic nude cho thiy rd nguyen tie suy doan vd tpi dupc quy dinh cu till, hoae thdng qua quy dinh ddi vdi ehiing cii vy in, trich nhiem chung minh tdi pham. Cic nude My, Anh diu quy dinh "tit ei mpi ngudi dupe coi la vo tpi, trii khi cd bin in ket tdi eua Tda an", mpi sy nghi ngd ve tdi phii dupe hilu theo hudng cd lai cho bi eio. Npi dung nay khdng chi the hien d quy dinh vl nguy6n tic cua TTHS ma ngay trong cac quy dinh cu the ve trinh tu, thu tuc dieu ha, tmy td, xet xu.
To tung hmh sy Anh quy dinh ro chung cii phai tuan thu quy tic vl chung cii va loai trii chiing eii, phii dam bio ea so xac dinh hanh vi pham tdi cua mdt ngudi nao dd. Toi in cd thi tir chdi chip thuan mpt chiing eii nio do do Vien edng to dua ra neu vi?e chip thuin cd the dan toi sy khong cdng bing va binh dang trong td tung.
Ddi vdi Viet Nam, Hiln phip nam 2013 quy dinh tai Dilu 31 nhu sau;
"Ngudi bi bupc tpi dupe eoi Ii khdng ed tdi eho den khi dupc ehiing minh theo trinh tu luit dinh va cd bin in kit tdi ciia Tda in da cd hieu Iuc phap luat". Tilp thu kinh nghiem cie nude vi tir tdng kit thyc tien, nguyen tie "suy doan vd tdi" la nguyen tac ea bin eua TTHS Viet Nam, va khang dinh ro: "Khi khdng dii va khdng the lam sang td can cu de bupe tdi, ket tdi theo trinh tu, thu tuc do Bd luat niy quy dinh thi ca quan, ngudi cd thim quyen tien hinh td tyng phai ket luan ngudi hi bupc tdi khdng ed tdi" (Dieu 13 BLTTHS nam 2015).n
Tai lieu tham khao
1. Philip.L.Reichei (1999), "Chuyen de tu phdp hinh su so sanh ", Vien nghien cijru khoa hoc phap ly; "Chuyen de lu phdp hinh su so sdnh ", Thong tin khoa hoc phap ly (so chuyen de).
2. Craig M.Bradley (1999), "Nghien cuu to tung hinh su 13 nuac tren the gi&i", Durham, North Carolina, tai ban nam 2007.
3. Stephanos Stavros (1993), The guarantees for accused persons under Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights (Dam bao q u y i n cho nguai hi bugc toi theo Dilu 6 cua Cong irac Chau Au v^ nhan quyin), Nha xuit ban Sweet & Maxwell, Anh quoc.
4. Luong Th! My Quynh (2011), "Guarantee of the accused person's right to defence counsel - a comparative study of Vietnamese, German and American criminal procedure laws", (Bao dam q u y i n co nguai bao chiia cua nguoi bi bupc toi - So sanh giiia luat t l tung hinh sir Viet Nam, Diic va My), D l tai luan an tiln si (Dai hgc Luat Tp.
H6 Chi Minh va Dai hoc Lund, Thuy Si).
5. Bg luat T6 tung hinh sir nam 2003; Bp luat T6 tung hinh sir nam 2015.
Tap chi I So 14(thang 7 M V ^ K 1 E M SAT 1 57
