Trdn Dinh Thao. Anh hu&ng cua dgo ddc nho g
ANH HirdNG CUA DAO DlTC NHO GIAO TRONG VAN HOA GIA DINH VIET NAM - HAN QUOC
Trdn Dmh Thdo*
Dai hgc Ngi vu Hd Ngi
Ngdy nhdn bdi: 9/04/2018, ngdy gui phdn biin: 01/06/2018, ngdy duyet ddng: 20/06/2018
T / ' i e / Nam vd Hdn Qudc Id hai nuoc co chung logi hinh vdn hda cda nhimg cu ddn ndng V nghiep liia nuoc, nen co nhiing net tuong dong trong suy nghi, cdch song vd ddc biet Id trong vdn hda ung xu. Hai nuoc cd qud trinh giao lim tiep xuc v&i vdn hda Tnmg Hoa trong bdi cdnh ddng vdn nhdt Id dnh hu&ng cita Nho gido. Mgt trong nhirng dnh hu&ng dch cue day la vdn hda img xu. Ld quy cdch ung xu cua cdp duoi v&i cdp trin, cua chdng vol vg, cda con cdi v&i cha me.
Til khda: Nho gido, van hda iing xir, tuong ddng van hda
Mo'dau
Nho gido ciing nhu dao diic Nho giao ra ddi tir thdi Ha Thuong, din thdi Xuan Thu - Chien Qudc frd thanh he thdng tu tudng va nhanh chdng frd thanh tu tudng chinh thdng trong xa hpi. Nho giao vdi nhflng gia tri, chudn myc dao diic lam nen tinh tiiy frong kho tang vdn hda Trung Qudc. Bdi vay, nd an sdu bdm chac frong ddi sdng tinh than eiia hp. Ngudi Viet Nam, Han Qudc vdi tmh than ham hpc hdi va cd sy giao luu van hda, nen da hi hiit vao van minh, vdn hda Trung Qudc hi hang nghm nam nay'.
1. Mpt so npi dung co* ban ciia dao dih:
Nho giao
Nho giao fruyin ba vdo Viet Nam, Han Quoe da dupe bien ddi cho phu hpp vdi truyin thing, tinh each eon ngudi Viet, Hdn^. Nhung trudc het cdn khdng dinh chdc chdn rdng:
nhung gia tri cdt 15i, nhung cdi chung co ban
* [email protected] ' Chu Hy (1999), tr. 103.
^ Ly Xuan Chung (thang 6/2001), tr.5.
nhat thi du dao diic Nho giao ed du nhdp din ddu se khdng thay ddi. Dd la "Ludn thu&ng":
"Tam cuong, NgU thu&ng, Tam tdng, Tuduc";
Dao, Diic cua ngudi quan tir. Nho giao dupe gpi la chdn h vThh eihi, cdc nha Nho d bdt kl thdi nao, bdt ky ncd nao, dSu phai dimg dao diic Nho gido de nhin mpi hien thuc, xem xet danh gia sy viec trong dd cd cae chudn myc dao diic de ddnh gia eon ngudi.
B£n canh dd, cd the thdy Nho gido Viet Nam, cflng nhu d Han Qudc vdi gid tri dao diic cua nd, song chan hda cimg vdi Phdt giao, Dao gido. Trong lich sii chua hS cd chinh quyen Nho gido nao dan dp Phat giao, Dao gido; cung nhu cdc ehinh quyen Phat gido dan ap Nho, Dao. Trong khi dd, eac gido phai, he tudng d mpt sd nudc lai bai trir, cdng kich nhau. Su chung sdng hai hda dd thupc vl bdn chdt con ngudi Viet Nam, Hdn Qudc vd ciing la ban chat, tu tudng dao diic, chii khdng phai ehi do tu tudng "dong nguyen". Dao diic Nho giao day ngudi dan dng phai "nhdn, nghia, li, tri, lin" hay "trungddng", cdn ngudi phu nii phai
"cdng, dung, ngon, hgnh", dilu ndy phii hop
Nghien ciiu An Do vd Chau A. S6 7 - 2018 vdi tinh each ngudi Viet. Viet Nam hdu nhu
khdng ed su bai xich gifl'a cdc tdn giao.
Neu dao diic Nho giao Trung Qudc neu cao tu tudng "trung qudn" rdi mdi "di qudc"
tlie lay quan he vua - tdi ldm ddu. Cdn dao dire Nho giao Viet Nam lai "di qudc" rdi mdi
"trung qudn ", viec nudc dat hdng dau, tat cd vl Ipi ich dan tdc. Truyen thdng yeu nudc da ngam vdo mau thit con ngudi Viet Nam.
Van de la dao dire Id vdn de co bdn nhdt, bao quat nhat cua Nho gido, ciia hpc thuyet Khdng - Manh. Con ngudi sd dT Id chiia te mudn loai, xet eho cimg la do dao diic cua con ngudi. Cho nen tir Chu Cdng, Khdng Tir den eac de tir tdt cd deu coi cdng viec frau ddi, ren luyen dao diic Id cdng viec cao quy hang ddu cua bdt cir ai, du Id thien hi hay thii dan.
Trong dao diic eua Nho giao ed nhiing ndi dung ehinh la "Tam cuong, Ngu thuong, Tam long, Tu due"... Dd Id nhung chuan muc ma nam gidi vd nii gidi phdi theo. Theo Khdng Tir frong xa hgi md cd dupe nhung pham chat dd thi xa hdi mdi dupe an thinh.
2. Anh hirong ciia dao diic Nho giao den van hda gia dinh
Sy gdn giii va diem tuong ddng ve van hda frong cdc gia dmh Viet Nam va Hdn Qudc dd Id dlu dl eao chfl' "Hiiu" frong gia dinh. Chfl:
"Hiiu" da frd thdnh chudn mue van hda cua cac gia dinh Viet Nam vd Han Quoe. Ddn gian Han Qudc ed cdu: "Ngay cd khi udng nuac lgnh ciing phdi cd trin co duoi", cho thay hieu le va tinh ton ti ludn hien dien frong mpi khia carih ciia ddi sdng gia dinh. Ngudi Viet Nam cimg cd cdu "Kinh trin nhuong duoi". Bieu tupng ldn nhdt cua truyen thong van hda dan tdc Viet Nam do chinh la luon khuyen ran con
ngudi song ed phep tac vd theo nhiing chuan myc dao diie nhdt dinh.
Hgc ihuyit Tam cuong
Hpc thuyet nay ndi ve ba moi quan he:
quan he giflu nha vua va be tdi, quan he gifla cha va con, quan he giira va vdi chdng. Trong xa hpi phong kien, nhirng mdi quan he ndy dupe cac vua chua lap ra tren nhiing nguyen tac khd Cling ran.
Trong quan he vua - tdi: Vua ndi gj be tdi phai nghe theo, thdm chi bdo be tdi chet be toi ciing phdi tuan lenh. Nhu vdy mdi Id trung vdi vua.
Trong quan he cha - con: cha khien eon chet, con khdng chet thi con khdng cd hieu.
Trong quan he vp - chdng: chong ndi vp phai nghe theo bat luan dimg hay sai.
Ddng Trpng Thu cdn ndi: ba mdi quan he quan than, phu tir, phu phu thi be tdi, con, vp phdi phuc tung vua, cha, chdng. Hon nu-a vua, cha, chong Id duong; be toi, con, vp la dm; md mat frdi trpng -duong khdng trgng dm. Cho nen khdng nhflng ve mat quan he xa hdi ma theo y trdi, be tdi, con, vp phai d dja vi phuc timg^.
Sau ndy Tam cuong cd sy bd sung hai mdi quan he niia: anh - em (trudng du), ban be; nen dupe ggi la Ngu ludn.
Nho gido van edn anh hudng khdng nho den ddi song gia dinh, eac phdm chdt, dao diic cua ngudi phu nu. 0 Viet Nam vd Han Quoc vdn cd nhflng quan diem coi thuong phu nii, lay tieu chudn tii diic Idm ddu cong, dung, ngdn, hanh. Truyen thdng quan he cha con vd anh em den nay frong gia dinh Viet Nam vd Han Quoc van giu dupe tu tudng cua Nho giao. Id net dep trong quan he van hoa xa hgi Viet Nam vd Han Quoe. Nhflng nghi thiic iing xir hang ngdy, nhiing ldi ran day cua dng cha, nhflng gia hudn van giu dupe luu truyen den
^ Dai hoc Qu6c gia Seoul (2008), tr.67.
Trdn Dinh Thdo. Anh hu&ng cda dgo ddc nho gido.
cac ddi con chau. Viee thd ciing dng ba cha me frong nha gdn liln vdi viec thd ciing td tien trong hp, vi?c xay d\mg nha thd, sira sang md ma, smi tdm ghi ch^p gia pha, dlu gdp phan lam khdng khit hon mdi quan he frong gia i£nh, gia tpc. Da cd nhieu bieu hien tdt dep cua tinh ngudi nay sinh tir do.
"Ngd thu&ng": dupe eoi la nam tieu chudn thdng thudng nhdt cua ngudi qudn tir. Ngfl Id nam, thudng la hang cd. Ngfl thudng Id nam
^eu hdng cd trcmg khi d ddi: nhan, nghia, le, tri, tin.
"Nhdn": Khdng Tir coi frpng nhat la nhan vd Id tu tudng ehu dao trong hpc thuyet cua dng. "Nhdn " dung dau frong cac dieu thien. Vi vdy, Khong Tii ndi rang: "Qudn tu the nhdn tuc di tru&ng nhdn, gia hgi tuc dihgp le, lgi vat lite dihoa nghia, trinh cd tuc dicdn sir" (nghia Id qudn tir lay "nhdn " lam the la du lam trudng thdnh cho ngudi, hpp cac cai tdt dep la du lam cho hpp le, lpi cho van vat la dii lam hda cdi nghTa, biet cdi trinh chinh md cd giiia Id dii lam gdc eho mpi sy).
Cdc de hdi Khdng Tii thi dng tuy vdo tu each, hgc lyc eiia moi ngudi ma frd Idi. Nhan Tii hdi "nhdn", dng ndi rdng: "khac ki phuc le vi nhdn": sua minh theo le Id nhan. Phdn Tri hdi "tt/idn", Khdng Tii tra Idi; "di nhdn", "di nhdn" (thuong ngudi), "kisd bdt due vgl thi u nhdn ": dieu gi minh khdng mudn thi dimg dem dp dung cho ngudi khae.
Nhu vay, Le thdn Trdn Trpng Kim cd vilt frong Nho gido: "c/ii? nhdn vdn hdm cd chd di
Vi cd nhdn moi cd di cd di m&i cd long thucmg ngu&i yiu vdt, mudn cho vgn vdt bao gi& cUng cd cdi khodi Igc md sdng & d&i. B&i co ldng nhdn ngu&i ta moi hgp qudn vtri nhau, m&i cd long bdc di moi coi nhau nhu anh em. xem cd dodn thi nhu mgt ngu&i, xem ca vd tru nhu
nhdt the... Nhdn la cdi gdc l&n cua sir sinh hda trong tr&i ddt. The gian nh& do md dung vgn vat nh& do ma sinh, qudc gia nho do md cdn, li nghia nh& do mdphdt hiin ra. Cho nin, Khdng gido lay nhdn la cdi tong chi duy nhdt trong tong gido, chinh tri vd hgc thuat cua thien hg...
Nhdn la cdi tich tu duong cua nho hgc"^.
Trong "nhdn " edn cd trung, hieu, le.
"Nghia": xet frong mdi quan he vdi
"nhdn " thi "nghia " la hinh thiic eua "nhdn ".
"Nghia " la phan ta phai lam, do la menh lenh tdi cao. Manh Tu bd sung them quan diem ciia Khdng Tir ve "nghia" frong Ngu thudng.
Manh Tir coi frpng nhat la nhan nghTa, do do khdng chii y den lpi, (vdi Nho gia "nghia " va '7p7" la hai tir hoan toan ddi lap). Manh Tir noi rang: neu tii vua quan den dan thudng deu tranh nhau lpi thi nudc se nguy. Trai lai, chua timg thay ngudi cd nhan lai bo vo vdi ngudi thdn, chua timg thay ngudi cd nghia lai quen vua.
"Li": ben CEUih "nhdn" Khdng Tir cdn rat chii frpng den "li", nhung "li" theo Khong Tir khong phai la mdt tieu chudn dao diie hoan toan doe lap ma la mdt van de ludn ludn gan lien vdi "nhdn" Trong mdi quan he giiia
"nhdn - le", "nhan" la gdc, la npi dung, con 'ie" la bieu hien cua "nhan" va cd the dieu chinh diic nhan eho diing myc. Khdng Tii ndi:
"cung kinh md khong biet le thi met nhgc, edn than md khdng biil le thi nhut nhdt, diing cdm md khong biet li thi ldm logn, thdng thdn md khdng biit le thi ldm phdt y nguoi khde ".
"Tri": la su thdng bilt 11 le, phan biet thien dc, dimg sai. Trong hpc thuyet cua Nho gia, tri Id hieu biet dupe dao frong mpi mdi quan he ldn nhd, rdng hep, cao thdp cua eon ngudi vdi
* Ngo Xuan Binh, Pham Quy Long (d6ng chu bien) (2000), tr. 19.
Nghien ciiu An Bp va Chdu A. So 7 - 2018 frdi dat, mudn vdt va vdi mpi ngudi khac frong
thien ha. Ndi each khac, t h i hien d cho biet dupe mpt each diing dan ro rang dieu phai dieu trai trong mpi van de ndy ra tir mat dao diic.
Giang giai cho hpe frd la Trpng Do, Khong Tii ndi "hieu tri bdt hieu hgc ky te dd ddng" nghia la ham tri ma khdng ham hpe, cai hai che Idp mat tri la sy bira bai, lung tung (Ludn ngii).
"Tin": giii diing ldi, dang tin cay. Trong quan niem ciia Khdng - Manh, trung hay di ddi vdi "tin". Khdng Tir ty ddnh gid: "thdp thdt chi dp tdt hdu trung tin nhu Khdu gid yin ", nghia la mpt ap mudi nha, at ed ngudi trung tin nhu Khau nay thdi. "Tin" ciing the hien ldng that tha. Trong quan he giiia ngudi vdi ngudi, theo Khdng gido, diic tin la diie cua dao bang hflu. Dac biet la ddi voi nhung ngudi tri nudc, tn dan thi diic tin cua hp frpng het siic. Cd the ndi day la quan niem khd linh boat so vdi cae quan niem khac.
"Tam long": la ba dieu ngudi phu nu' phdi theo, ed nghia la: tai gia tdng phu (ngucd phu nu: khi cdn d nha phdi theo cha); xuat gia tdng phu (lay chdng phai theo chdng); phu hi tdng tir (neu chong qua ddi phdi theo eon).
"Tu due": la bdn tinh nit tdt ma ngudi phu nfl' phai ed, la: cdng - dung - ngdn - hanh.
"Cong" la kheo leo frong viee lam; "Dung" la hda nha frong sac dien; "Ngdn" la mem mai frong ldi ndi; "Hgnh " la nhu mi frong tmh n l t ^ Vi thi, frong xa hpi Viet Nam trudc kia mac nhien thira nhdn: "Trai thi trung hiiu ldm ddu, gdi thi tiit hgnh lam cdu trau minh..."
Ngoai ra, cdn cd Luc ki la sau mdi quan he vdi nhirng ngucri ngang hang: ngang hdng vdi cha, ngang hang vdi me, ngang hang vdi anh em, voi thdy gido, vdi hp hang, vdi ban be.
5 Phan Ngoc (2006), tr.22.
Nho giao nhat la frong tu tudng cua Khdng Tii thudng ehi ban den ngudi "Qudn tu" day cho hp cd diic hanh hoan toan va cd nhan pham cao quy, cdn ke "Tiiu nhdn" khdng duoc nhdc den. Sach Luan ngfl- ed viet: ""'Qudn td thuong dgt, tieu nhdn hg dgt", nghia Id tiie quan tir ve cai li cao minh, tieu nhan dat ve cai h' de ha.
Cae nha tu tudng Nho giao de cao ngudi
"qudn tu", coi thudng ke "tiiu nhdn". Liic ddu "qudn tu" la ndi ve ngudi cd dia vi tdn quy, "tiiu nhdn " la ndi ve thudng dan, khdng cd dia vi frong xa hpi. Sau nay md rdng nghia hon, "qudn tu" la ngudi cd due hanh tdn quy, tieu nhan la ngudi ed ehi khi hen ha. Vi vdy, ngudi "qudn tu" phai dat ba dieu trong qua trinh tu than:
"Dgt dao": theo Nho gia, "dao" la quy ludt bien chuyen, tien hda cua frdi ddt, mudn vat. Ddi vdi con ngudi "dgo" la eon dudng diing dan phdi noi theo de xdy dyng quan he lanh manh tdt dep. "Bgo " cua con ngudi theo quan diem cua Nho gia Id phdi phu hpp vdi tinh con ngudi, do con ngudi lap nen. Tir Tu ndi rang: "Qudn tir chi dgo, tgo doan hd phu phu, cap ki chi gid. sdt ho thiin dia ", nghia Id
"dao " ciia ngudi quan tir lap mdi ddu d dieu nhd mpn tdm thuong cua nhiing ke didt phu thdt phu lam dupe, ma len den cimg cue, tM xet ro viec frdi dat. "Dgt dgo Irong thien hg eo ndm diiu md ngu&i qudn tuphdi theo: dgo vua toi dgo cha con, dgo vg chdng, dgo anh em.
dgo bgn be " (sach Trung Dung), tuong duang vdi "qudn thdn, phu tu, phu phu, huynh di, bdng hdu" (do chinh la Ngfl ludn). Trong xa hpi cdch cu xii tot nhat la "trung dung ".
"Dgt due": (gdn chat vdi dao) tir "due"
frong kmh diln Nho gia thuong dupe dimg de ehi mpt cai gi de chi pham chat tdt dep eiia con ngudi trong tam hdn y thiic ciing nhu hinh
Tran Dinh Thao. Anh hu&ng cita dgo due nho gido...
thiic, dang dieu... Vi vdy ngudi quan hi phdi dat ba due: "nhdn - tri - diing". Khdng Tu ndi:
"due cua ngu&i qudn tu co ba "due " md ta chua ldm dugc. Nguoi "nhdn " khdng lo budn, ngu&i "tri" khdng nghi nggi nguoi "ddng"
khdng so hdi" (sach Luan ngir). Ve sau, Manh Tir thay "dung" bdng "le, nghia" nen ba
"^wc" frd thdnh i d n "due": "nhdn, nghia, le, tri". Han nho them mdt "due" la "tin", nen ed tat ca nam "due" Id: "nhdn, nghia, li, tri, lin"
(tiic Ngfl thudng).
Biet thi thu, le, nhgc: ngoai cae tieu chudn ve "dgo". "due", ngudi qudn tir edn phdi biet
"Ihi thu, le, nhgc ", ngudi quan tu phdi ed vdn van hoa todn dien.
Sau khi nude Tan thdng nhdt Tmng Quoc, nhd Tdn tiep tuc sir dung tu tudng Phap gia lam ducmg loi tri nudc nen nhanh chdng bi lat dd.
Nam 136 (TCN), chdp nhan y kiln cua Ddng Trpng Thu, Han Vfl D I ra lenh "Bdi trudt bdch gia, dgc ton Nho gido ". Tir dd, Nho gido frd thanh he tu tudng chinh thdng eua xd hdi Trung Qudc. "7am cuong, Ngii thu&ng, Tam tdng. Tu due" frd thdnh nhiing tieu chudn dao due chu yeu trong xa hdi vd ddng vai frd rdt quan frpng frong viee bao ve frat ty frong suot chieu dai lich sii phong kiln Trung Qudc.
Ket luan
Anh hudng ciia Nho gido frong lich sii phdt triln xd hpi, truyin thing van hda cua Viet Nam va Han Qudc van tilp tuc. Day la mdt sy that khong phii nhdn dupe. Vdn de "ggn due khoi Irong" Nho giao d l phuc vu muc dich tich cyc cho ddt nudc hien nay frong sy nghiep cdng nghiep hda hien daii hda la vdn d l edn ldm ngay. Tren con dudng hudng din muc tieu dan giau nudc manh, xa hdi cdng bdng, dan chu van minh, chiing ta khdng thi phii nhdn hoan
toan nhflng gi ma Nho giao d l lai nhung can phdi thay dupe nhiing dilm tich cue cdn phdt huy va han che ndo phai kbdc phuc.
Tki lieu tham khao
1. Ly Xuan Chung, "Tim hilu mgt vai khia canh ve van hda truyen thong Han Qudc" frong Ngo Xudn Binh, Pham Qu;^ Long (dong chu bien) (2000), Hdn Qudc tren duang phdt trien, Nxb. Thdng ke. Ha Ndi.
2. Dai hpc Qu6c gia Seoul (2008), Xd hoi Hdn Qudc hiin dgi, Nxb. Dai hpc Qudc gia Ha Ngi.
2. Chu Hy (1999), Tu thu tap chu, Nxb. Van hda thdng tin.
3. Phan Ngpc (2006), Bdn sac vdn hoa Viet Nam, Nxb. Van hpc.
4. Trdn Ngpc Them (2000), Ca s& vdn hda Viet Nam, Nxb. Giao due.
5. Ly Xudn Chung, "Tim hilu van dl Nho giao du nhdp vdo Han Qu6c", Tgp chi Nghiin curu Ddng Bdc A, sd 3 (33), thdng 6/2001.
6. Le Thi Thu Giang, "Y thiic gia dinh Nho gido frong each suy nghT cua ngudi Han Qu6c", Tgp chi Nghien ciru Bong Bae A, so 6 (48), thang 12/2003.
7. Nguyen Van Hong, "Nhdn thiic vl gia fri van hda Nho gido truyen thdng Han Quoc vdi xa hpi hien dai", Tgp chi Nghien am Ddng Bdc A, s6 3 (45), thang 6/2003.
8. Nguyen Ba Thdnh (chu bien) (2002), Tuang ddng vdn hda Hdn Qudc - Viet Nam, Nxb.
Van hda.
9. Choe Je-mok (2004), Ddi thogi giira Nho gido vd hien dgi, Nxb. Hakjin, Han Qudc.
10. Hwang Ui-dong (2002), Ddi thoai giira Nho gido vd hien dgi, Nxb. YeMun, Hdn Qudc.
11. Keum Jang-tae(1989), Tim hiiu Nho gido Hdn Qudc, Nxb. Vdn hda dan tgc, Seoul.
