TAP CHi CONG THKHlie
CAC YEU TO ANH HlJCfNG
DEN CHINH SACH PHAP LUAT TO TUNG HINH SLf VIET NAM HIEN NAY DOI VCfl
NGlJCfl PHAM TOI DlJCfl 18 TUOI
• HUYNH THI KIM ANH
T 6 M TAT:
Bai viet phan tfch cac quy irinh trong chinh sach phdp luSl lo' lung lilnh sii (TTHS) doi vdi igUcfi pham igidu'di 18 tuoi nhim nhan dien cac yeu to'tac dgng anh hu'dng den cac chinh sach lay hien nay.
TuT khda: Tti'tung hinh su". pham tpi, ngifcJi du'di 18 tuoi, chinh silch phap luat.
1. Bat van de
Chinh sach phap luat TTHS doi vdi ngUdi du'di J tuoi pham toi la he tho'ng cac quan diem, Bhu'dng hirdng ve xac dinh cd che. mo hmh. nhiem Mvu, nguyen lac, trinh tu'thu tuc va to chiJc tliu'c hien Fphap lual TTHS phu hcip vdi dac diem cua ngU'di du'di 18 tuoi pham toi. Chinh sach na} nh3m dam bao viec khdi to', dieu tra. truy to', xet xu" cd hieu qua vdi cac loai toi pham do ngiidi di/di 18 tuoi thifc hi^n Chinh sach nay Uen quan den mot chuoi cac qua trinh. bat dau lit viec hoaeh dinh. to chiJc Ihifc thi cho tdi viec phan tich cung nhir danh gia.
Mc">i bifdc trong quy irinh deu difcfc tien hanh hdi nhftng chu the nha't dinh va chiu si/ tac dong cua m6l hoae mot nhdm cac yeu to'. Cac yeu to dd cd the gio'ng hoae khac nhau tu}' vao mdi hoat dong cu the.
Bai viet phan tich cac quy trinh trong chinh sach phap luat TTHS do'i \di ngftdi pham tdi difdi 18
tuoi de nhan dien cac yeu to'iac dong cua toiin bp qua trinh dd den chinh sach phap luat TTHS ciia Viet Nam vdi do'i tu'dng nay.
2. Cac ye'u to'anh hu'dng den cac chinh sach phap luat TTHS ViOt Nam
Tii'cac quy dmh va thUc lien ap dung phap luat TTHS doi vdi ngu'di du'di 18 luoi pham tpi cd ihe iha'y. chinh sach nay cd the anh hu'dng tii cac yeu to'sau;
2.1. Dgc diem cda ngiidi dUdi 18 tudi phgm tgi Ngu'di difdi 18 tuoi la nhiing ngu'di chu'a phat irien day du ca ve the chat va nhan each. Difa tren cd sd cua phap luat hinh si/, li/a tuoi nay cd the phan thanh hai nhdm, moi nhom cd nhij'ng dac diem rieng. Nhdm thu' nhal li/ 14 luoi trdn den di/di 16 tuoi. \di dac diem la vifa vi/di qua giai doan thieu nhien, gan gia dinh \a sdng phu thupe hau nhi/hoan loan vao gia dinh. Nhiim ihxi hai. ti/ 16 tuoi iron den difdi 18 tuoi - vdi dac diem dang d
8 So 10-Thang 5/2020
IUAI
giai doan sap bu'dc viio luoi irifdng thanh. nhan thi/c \a hdi kha hcfn nhdm thiJ nhat nhftng van chu'a tach khdi gia dinh. kmh le vin con phu thupc vao gia dinh.
0 Ifta tuoi nay. ngftdi dftdi 18 luoi dang trong giai doan phal trien manh me ve the li/c va tam sinh l_\. Kha nang phat trien cu the cua iftng ngu'di cd the khae nhau, song nhin ehung day la thdi ky chuyen licp tft tuoi Ihie'u nien sang tuoi irftdng thanh. khdng cdn thu dong vdi vai trd cua ngu'di difdc day do nhftng lai chfta han la ngtrdi ldn. Sft vftdn len vi tri ddc lap cua ngftdi chfta ihiinh nien Iheo \u hftdng chung ihftdng dien ra ift phat. Hg mud'n thoSt ra khdi sft rang bude vdi ngftdi ldn biing nhieu each khac nhau, tuy theo hoan canh cu ihe cua tifng ngftdi. O Ifta tud'i nay, lam trang cua ngftdi chfta thanh nien rat ihat ihifdng, dl bi kich dpng. long kien iri vii nang Iftc tft kicm che thap.
Tinh hieu thSng dii led Ihiinh pho bien trong moi hiinh ddng cua hg va nhieu khi lii ddng cO irftc liep thuc dav ngftdi ehfta ihiinh nien di den quyei dinh bdc phat, Ihie'u suy nghT, ihieu can nhic ky Iftdng va nhieu khi trdtbiinh lieu ITnh. 0 lifa lud'i dftdi 18.
ranh gidi gifta cai dung - cai sai thftdng de kin ldn.
D()ng cd hanh vi ciia ngftdi dftdi 18 ludi de chiu dnh hftdng eua moi trftdng xung quanh, nhay ben
\ c linh than, cd tinh hay hge ddi, bill ehftdc nhftng ehfta ed kha nang ift kiem che va danh gia van de viy ra mot each loan dien. 6 giai doan nay, mpi hanh vi cung nhft ddng cd di chiu sft Uic ddng tft mdi irildng ben ngoai. Qua trinh hinh Ihimh linh e.ich \a pham cha't ca nhan phu ihudc \ a a than nhan cua hg. Mdi trftdng giao due cua gia dinh.
nhil trftdng va xii bdi cung la yeu lo chi pho'i co tinh quyet dinh.
Neu sd'ng trong mdi trftdng lanh manh, ngftdi dftdi 18 tudi se ed dieu kien phat trien loan dien de trd thanh mdt edng dan cd ich. Nhftng ngifdc lai, d mgl mdi trftdng sdng phftc tap. Ign xdn lhi sft anh hftdna xii'u den lam ly lii dieu khdng the tranh khdi.
Chinh bdi sft phal tnen chfta day du ve pham chat vil linh than mii phap luat danh cho ngu'di dftdi 18 tudi ed mdt sft quan tam, bao ve dae biet. Cae ehe dinh deu lay giao due. thu\ei phue lam bien phap eliinh dieu chinh hanh vi ciia hp. Day la mgl trong
nhftng nhan id chi phd'i den qua trinh hoaeh dinh, xiiy dftng chinh sach phap lual TTHS ddi vdi ngftdi du'di 18 ludi pham tpi.
2.2. Tmh hinh chinh trj, kinh te, vdn hda, xd hdi ciia 1 iet \ani
Trong nhftng nam qua. thfte hien cdng cupc ddi mdi do Dang vii Nhii mrdc khdi xftdng, tinh hinh ve chinh in. kinh te. van hod. xa hpi khdng ngftng dn dinh va tang irftdng. ddi song viit cha't, tinh than cua nhan dan ngiiy eang dftdc nang eao. Ben canh nhftng mat da dai dftdc thi mflt trai eua nen kinh te thi in/dng da keo theo tmh hinh tdi pham nga>
cang dien bien phftc lap. linh chii'l ngay eang nghiem trgng Tft dd. tac d()ng, anh hftdng den hieu qua trien khai eJc bien phap TTHS.
Cac loai tdi pham do nguyen nhan xa hdi vii tgi pham trong Ifta tudi chu'a thanh men chiem ly 10 eao, cd nhieu vu an dae biet nghiem trong ma dd'i Iftdng cam dau lii ngftdi dftdi 18 ludi gay hau qua Idn ve kinh le - \a hgi eho nhieu gia dinh va ca nhan ngftdi pham tpi. Day la \iin nan gay nhftc nhdi loan xa hpi di/Oc Dang, Nha nu'dc va cac cd quan bao \'c phap luat ra'i quan lam bdi linh chai dac biel cua ehu the ipi pbam. Hg la nhftng ngftdi chfta CO kha niing nhan ihftc va dieu khien hiinh vi ciia minh mot each chuan xac iheo cac chuan mftc eua dao dfte. xa hpi va phap lual. Vi vay, can thiel phai hoaeh dinh chinh saeh hinh sft ndi ehung vii chinh sach phap luat TTHS dd'i vdi ngftdi dftdi 18 ludi pham loi ndi rieng. nhdm tae dong den linh hmh theo cac phftdng hu'dng can thiet cho xa hpi.
Nd lii nhu cau can ihie'l va la ddi hdi ca'p bach irong dieu kien hien tai va tftdng iai.
2.3. Tinh hinh va thifc tien cong tac dau tranh phdng. chdng ngiiifi diidi 18 tuoi phgm toi
De hoaeh dinh chinh sach phap luat TTHS ddi vdi ngu'di dftdi 18 ludi pham toi mpt each dung diin. loan dien \ii sau sic. in/dc lien phai uen hiinh lap trung thu thap ^d lieu, phan lich va lam sang td ve tinh hinh va nguven nhan, didu kien cua dd'i tftdng nav. Dii\ la \eu eau cd tinh bat buoc va la mpt trong nhftng cd ^d quan trgng de soan thao he ihdng chinh sach phap luat TTHS ddi vdi ngftdi du'di 18 tudi pham tdi phii hdp,
Tinh hinh loi pham ndi chung vii iinh hinh ngftdi
So 10-Thang 5/2020
TAP CHJ CQNG THlTKNG
dftdi 18 ludi pham tgi ndi riens la hien iftona xa hoi, da va dang hang ngay. hang gid diln ra trona cugc song. Khi nghien eftu v^ tinh hinh nily. can nam dftoc so heu toi pham: dien bien cua tgi pham trong^tftng giai doan nhat dinh; tinh chat, cd cau cua tpi pham, hau qua cua tdi pham \ii nhftng van de lien quan khac, tft dd cd the dUa ra difpc phftdng hu'dng giai quyei.
Ben eanh vi^c danh gia tinh hinh tpi pham do ngftdi dftdi 18 tudi thi/c hien trong nhftng nam qua.
de hoaeh djnh chinh sach phap luat TTHS dd'i vdi ddi tftdng nay can lam ro xu hu'dng \a diln bien cua tinh hinh lgi pham do ngftdi dftdi 18 ludi thi/c hien d Vigl Nam trong nhftng nam sSp tdi. Tftc la, dfta ra nhftng dft bao ehinh xac va khoa hge \ e tinh hinh tdi pham do dd'i iftdng nay thi/c hien. Dc chu ddng dau tranh phdng, chdng loi pham ddi hoi phai cd ke hoaeh, irong dd neu rd nhftng muc tieu. giai phap, bien phap can phai du'de ihftc hien de giai quyet vande. Dftbao dnh hinh tpi pham ndi ehung va tdi pham cu the ndi rieng phue vu irftc liep cho viec lap ke'hoaeh dau tranh phdng, cho'ng tpi pham nhftng nam tiep theo.
Trong dieu kien hien nay. viec hoaeh dinh chinh sach phap lual TTHS dd'i vdi ngftdi dftdi 18 tudi pham tdi can dfta tren sft danh gia khaeh quan.
cd can eft va dam bao sftc thuyet phue hieu qua xa hoi cua cac quy pham va cac ehe dinh phap lual Ihudc ITnh vftc Ift phap ma ede cd quan bao ve phap luat ap dung trong thfte lien. Tft dd. gdp phan hd trd nang cao hieu qua cua he thd'ng tft phdp ndi ehung va he Ihd'ng phap luat ndi rieng. cung nhu thfte tidn dp dung cdc quy pham va che dinh phdp luat ve tft phap cho ngftdi dirdi 18 tudi trong eong tae da'u tranh phdng. chdng tdi pham. Viec nay cuna gdp phan lang cftdng nang Iftc hoat dgng cua cae ed quan bao ve phap lual. qua dd cung cd uy tin trftdc nhan dan \a dft luan xa hdi. ddng thdi nana cao y thfte phap luai cua edc thanh vien trong xa hdi.
2.4. Cdc gid tri phdp luat truyen tho'ng ciia ddn toe Viet Nam, nhiing ddi hdi cap bdch ciia cdng ciiQc cdi cdch hogt dgng tii phdp hinh sd, kinh nghiem thiic tidn ciia cdc cdqiian bdo ve phdp luat trong cong tac dau tranh phong. chong toi phgm trong Ilia tuoi chiia thanh nien
Cde gid tri phdp luiit truyen thdng ciia dan lgc la tdng hpp cae ehe dinh va ede quv pham phdp luai dftdc ihfta nhan ehung eua mdt dan idc. cung nhu cac quan niem, quan diem \ii tft iftdng phap l\' tien bd cua nhan dan da dftdc hinh ihiinh trong qua trinh phat trien cua nen van hda linh than \ii phu hdp %di \a hdi Iruydn tho'ng ciia dan tde. Trong linh \ftc Ift phdp ddi vdi ngftdi dftdi 18 ludi pham tdi. ede gid tri phap luat ay dftdc the hien sdu siic trong du'dng Id'i, quan diem xft ly dd'i vdi dd'i Iftdng na\ la viec dieu tra, Iruy id. \ei xft va lhi hanh an phai dftdc xem xet. lien hanh than trpng, tren ed sd cdc quy djnh cua phap lual Viet Nam, phu hdp phdp luat qud'e ld ve eac quyen tre em.
Nhftng ddi hdi ca'p bach eiia hoal ddng ift phdp hinh M/va nhftng yeu cau ihie'i thfte cua cdng cude cai each tft phap lii nhftng van de quan trgng xua'l phal tft thfte lien phdp ly ndi ehung va thfte lien boat dpng cua cac cd quan bao ve phap lual va Tda dn ndi rieng, trong qua trinh dieu tra, truy id, xel xft cac vu an hinh sft cung nhft ddi mdi vii hoan thien id ehftc. xay dftng va phat trien dpi ngu can bd nhdm tiing cftdng nang Iftc hoat ddng, ddng thdi nang cao hicu qua eua cude dii'u tranh phdng, chdng tdi pham.
Nhftng ddi hdi ea'p bach eua hoal ddng iftphap hinh sft chi dftdc coi la khdch quan, chinh xac vii phu hpp vdi tinh hinh ciia dat nftdc khi nd dftdc xac dinh tren cO sd tdng ke't kinh nghiem thi/c tien cua cac cd quan bao ve phap luat va Tda an vdi tinh cha't lii cde chu the eua chinh hoal ddng dd. Tft viec ldng ket kinh nghiem thfte lien cua edc cd quan bao ve phap luat va Tda dn trong eong tde dau tranh phdng, chdng tdi pham, chung ta cd du'de nhftng eft Heu xa hdi hgc cu the va khach quan de ddnh gid hieu qua xa hdi cua cac quy pham, che' dinh phap luat thupc ITnh vftc tif phap cho ngftdi dudi 18 tudi. Thdng qua dd, tien hanh ra soat de sfta ddi, bd sung va hoan thien he thd'ng phap luat hinh sft, phap luat td'tung hinh sft va phap luat lhi hanh an hinh su' ddi vdi ngftdi dftdi 18 ludi nham thfte hien muc tieu xiiy dftng nen tft phap trong sach, vftng manh. diin chu.
nghiem minh, bao ve cdng ly,lftng birdc hien dai.
phue vu nhan dan, phung sft td qudc Vidi Nam
\a hdi chu nghTa.
]0 So 10'Thang 5/2020
lOAT
2..5. D<>i hdi ciia vii'c xay dting vd hodn thien quy dinh ciia phdp lugt hinh sd trong dieu tra, truy to, .xet xii, thi hdnh dn hinh sU dd'i vdi ngiic/i dii&i 18 tiid'i phgm iQi
Theo yeu eiiu ciia qua trinh hpi nhap qud'e te' cung nhft ngi luat hda cac quy dinh trong cac \an ban phap ly qudc te ddi vdi ngftdi dftdi 18 ludi pham Ipi. phai dam bao sft phu hdp vdi cdc nguyen lac vil quy pham cung nhft cae tft tftdng phdp ty lien bd dirdc thfta nhan chung cda phap luat qud'e le irong ITnh vftc Iftphap cua ngftdi difdi 18 ludi.
Cac tft Iftdng phdp ly lien bg dftdc thfta nhan ehung eua nen van minh nhan loai ed the dUde hieu la nhftng tinh hoa, di san linh than vd'n ed cua nhan loai diTdc hinh thanh qua bao the ky tft nhftng thdi dai rat xa xu'a eiia xa hoi loai ngftdi. Cac hi tftdng phap ly lien bp nhft cdng bang, nhan dao, diin chli, phap che khdng phai la san pham lumao nhiln cua mot hay mdt nhdm cac qud'e gia. ciia he thd'ng chinh tri hay cua be tft tftdng duy tam, duy y chi do mgt ca nhan hay mot nhdm nhftng ngftdi earn quyen rieng biet nao tft sang tao ra.
Thfte tiln xu hirdng phdt trien eiia thdi dai nhftng nam cud'i the ky XX, dau the ky XXI da vii dang minh chftng cac tft tftdng phdp ly lien bd dftcJe thfta nhan chung ctia nen viin minh nhan loai deu dUPc th^ hien rd net trong boat dgng tft phap ndi chung va Iftphap ngftdi dftdi 18 ludi ndi rieng. Do dd, tien trinh hgi nhap ciia Viet Nam vdi edc nUdc trong khu vftc vil tren the gidi la xu the tat yeu va nam irong quy luat chung ciia nhan loai, nha't la khi Viet Nam dang quyet lam xay dftng thanh edng Nhii nftdc phap quyen ciia nhan dan. do nhan dan va vi nhan dan. Dieu dd ddi hoi khi hoaeh dinh chinh sach phdp luat TTHS ddi vdi ngi/di dftdi 18 ludi pham lgi hien nay nhiit thiel phai tuan thii va eu the hda d mftc dd khac nhau nhftng nguyen ta'c tien bd trong ehinh sach phdng ngfta lgi pham, chinh sach phap luat hinh sft. ehinh sach phap luat td tung hinh sft, ehinh saeh phap lual thi hanh an hinh sft.
Thdnaqua dd. eiing ed quyet tam xay dftng Nha nftdc phap quyen ciia Viet Nam, niing cao vi the.
uy lin va tinh than trach nhiem eiia Viet Nam vdi tft each lii thanh \ien trong cgng ddng qud'e le. hd trd nans cao hieu qua hoal ddng cua he thd'ng tu' phap hmh sft. gdp phan bao \ e che dd xa hdi ehii
nghTa. quyen lam chii cua nhan dan. ban ve quyen blnhddnegiftaddngbaoedcdan tde. baove Ipi ieh eiia Nhil nftde. quyen. Idi ieh hdp phdp cua cdng dan, td chftc: bao ve trat ift phdp luat xa hpi chii nghTa. chdng mpi hanh \i pham idi: ddng thdi giao due mpi ngftdi y thfte tuan theo phap luat. dau tranh phdng ngfta \a phdng chdng tdi pham.
2.6. Ndng lUc thtic thi chinh sdch phdp ludt TTHS dd'i vdi ngUcfi dudi 18 tudi phgm tgi
Cdc dieu kien vai chat de thi/e thi chinh sdch phap lual TTHS ddi \di ngftdi dftdi 18 tudi pham ipi la nhftng nhan id quan trpng ide ddng de'n chinh sach phap lual TTHS dd'i vdi ngftdi dftdi 18 tudi pham lgi.
Chu the thfte thi chinh sach niiy chii yeu lii eac cd quan nha nftdc cd iham quyen. gdm: Cd quan dieu ira. Vien kiem sdt nhan dan, Tda an nhan dan.
2.7. Sii dong tinh, iing hg ciia ngidfi ddn va dii ludn xd hgi
Hien nay, trftdc sft phat irien manh me. cung id'c do lan tda nhanh chdng cua he thd'ng thdng tin, moi ngu'di dan ed dieu kien liep can thuan Idi hdn vdi nhieu ITnh vftc khae nhau trong ddi sd'ng, chinh tri - xa hdi. Day chinh la ban dap thue dii'ydu'luan xa hpi tde dpng de'n viec hoaeh dinh, td ehfte thfte thi he thd'ng ehinh saeh phap lual ciia Nhii nftde, trong dd. cd he tho'ng chinh sach phdp lual TTHS dd'i \di ngftdi dftdi 18 tudi pham tdi. Vi vay, de qud irinh hoaeh dinh. td chftc thfte thi chinh saeh cd hieu qua rat can sft iing hd. tde dpng ciia du luan xa hgi. Can thiet phai day manh viec tuyen iruyen, phd bien, giao due nhdm nang eao trinh dp van hda phap ly. y thfte phdp luat ciia mdi ngftdi trong viec Ihftc thi chinh sach phap luat TTHS dd'i vdi ngu'di dftdi 18 tudi pham lgi.
3. Ket luSn
Mdi yeu id'tren deu cd nhftng ide ddng nha'l dinh ddi vdi qud trinh nghien eftu, hoaeh dinh, xay dftng va thfte thi ehinh sach phdp luat TTHS dd'i vdi ngftdi dftdi 18 tudi pham tdi trong tinh binh hien na} lai Viet \ a m . \'iec nhan dien. ndm bat day dii cac yeu id'nay la mdt trong nhftng dam bao hieu quii nha't cho viec hoan thien ehinh sach phiip luat, gdp phan bao dam cao nhii't quyen va Idi ieh hdp phap ciia ngftdi dftdi 18 tudi pham idi irong qua irinh giai quye'l edc \u an hinh sU •
So 10-Thang 5/2020 11
T9P CHi CONG TBtrONG
TAI LIEU THAM KH.AO:
1. Dai Hoi dong Lien hiep qudc 114891. Cdng Udc qud'e le ciia Lien hiep quae ve Quyen ire em. iheo •••-iii quyel 'W-ZSng&y 20/11/1989 cua Dai Hgi ddng Lien hiep qudc. \ iet Nam phe chuan ngay 20/2/1990.
2. Quoc hoi nirdc Cong hoa xa hpi chii nghTa Viet \ j n i 120131. Hien pintp mrdc Cong Iwn xii hdi ehii nghia Viel Nam nam 2013. NXB Chinh iri qudc gia. Ha Noi:
3.TranHifng Binh (20\?,). Buo ve (iu\en va Un ieh hap phdp ciui ngudi eliKa thdnh men theo phdp ludt td'lung hmh su Viet Nam. Luan an Tien sT lual hoc: Ha Ngi.
4. Le Cam (2005). Nhi?ng vd'n de cd hdu ve Chinh .-iiich Idnh .sU trong gioi (loan .\dy di/ng Nhd nude phdp quyen Viet Num. NXB Dai hoc Qudc gia. Ha Ndi.
5. Hoang Minh Dftc (2016), Chinh such hinh sir doi vdi ngUiti chilu lliaiih men phuni tdi d Viel Nam Inen nay.
Luan an lien sT tuiil hoc. Hii Ndi
6. Vo Khanh Vinh (2017). Quan nicm long ihc vc chinh -^ach xiiydUng ph:ipiuat d Viei Nam. Tap chi Nguon iilicmlUc. s d 9 vil s6' 10/2017.
7. Vo Klianh Vinh (2019). Chfnh sdch phap kiui ihi hiinh dn hmh sif; Nhftng van de iy luan. Tap ehi Ngudn nhdn hfc. so'chuyen de 01 (.5/20191.
Ngay nh3n bai: 17/4/2020
Ngay phan bi^n danh gia va sfta chiTa: 27/4/2020 Ngay cha'p nh^n dang bai: 7/5/2020
Thong tin lac gid:
ThS. HUYNH TBI KIM .\NH Trfttfng Dai hpc An nhih nh3n dan
FACTORS AFFECTING THE CRIMINAL PROCEDURES OF VIETNAM'S CRIMINAL CODE FOR JUVENILE
OFFENDERS WHO ARE UNDER 18 YEARS OLD
• Master, HUYNH THI KIM ANH People's Security University
ABSTRACT:
Thi.s paper analyzes the criminal procedures of Vietnam's Criminal Code for juvenile offenders v\ ho are under 18 \ ears old to identify factors affecting these criminal procedures.
Keywords: Criminal procedures, offenses, persons under 18 years old, legal policies
12 So 1 0 - T t i o n g 5/2020
