©uy hoach si> dung d i t ven biln phat triln do thi thich tPng VCI tai bi§n thien nhien va bien d6i khi hau "
Land - uses planning at seaside area with urban development to adapt with natural disasters and climate change
Ngay nhin bai: 12/6/2016 Ngay SLte bai; 12/8/2016 NgSychap nhan dang: 20/8/2016
Pham Trong Manh
TdMTAT
H i ^ nay, dai dSx ven bi& d do th| difoc gay hoach bao vi n g | p lut nhif cac ichu
<m Wide thuoc do thi. Vi|c nay gky ton Itftn v4 cSn trd phat trien kinh t^bifn. B€
M h6a cac muc tieu stf dung dat do thi hi dai dit ven biln dUdc coi nhu vimg
•hiyin tit?p, chiu thiet hai Idnh te it nhi^u ihi ^ p thign tai nUdc bi& dang. Nhiing hi^ hai nay mang tinh chu dong, c6 quy Nch. Khi quy hoach xay dilng, ki€n rflc, ha tang ky thu^t c3n tuan theo giai hip quy hoach sd dung dat nay.
'Hkhda: Quy hoach, SLC dung dat, ven bien, ihiSa thien nhien, bi^n doi khi hau.
BSTRACT
owadays, the coastal zone in urban is anned to protect it from flood hke other fia of urban. This issue will cost money id prevent sea area economy from ivefoping. To harmonize whole targets
land - use in urban, the coastal zone fl be considered as a transfer zone and economy would be damaged by aster and sea level rise. These Qiages contain possibihty and tnning. When construction planning, liitecture, techniques infrastructures ' needed to follow this land use irtion.
vwords: P' ' -iij:- iand - uses, coastal le, natur.i ' • ^^lers, climate change.
S.TS. I ' l " " ' TrpngMauih
Phat trien kinh te bien la mgt trang nhCfng ojnh hudng quan trong cila nuac ra Hudc ta co tren 3000 km bd bien va cac 66 thi ven bi^n co vai tro nhu nhuYig trung tSm phat trien kinh te bi^n. Tuy nhien, bgn canh nhuYig thuan Iri tir viec khai thae tai nguyen bi^n, chiing ta con hung chiu nhCfng tai bien thien nhjen tiJ bien nhu: nude bien tiang do ap thap nhi^t 36i. do bao, cio hai liAj, cio bien 66i khi h§u, do song than,... Nhimg thiet hai to ldn se idy ra neu xuat hien td hcrp bat loi nhat cua cac nguyen nhan b^t thi/dng tren.
Hinh 1. F Hii Ridng (tiftx xay dung ven bien Chung ta c6 the phong tranh nude bi^n dang bSng c^c bi^n phap cong trinh nhung chinh nhung cdng trinh do se can trd viec tiep c^n vdi bien, khd khan hon cho phat trien kinh te b i l n . Vi vay, vi&c sddung dai dat ven bien sao cho hai hda, vifa phat tnen kinh te bien kha thuan loi lai vifa thiet hai khong nhieu khi co tai bien thien nhien vi bien doi khi hau
^ 1 . Thifc trang sd dung ait ven bien phat trien do thj
Phan Idn cac do thi ven bi^n Viet Nam duac hinh thanh va phat trien tren dia hinh thuan toi cho phai trien kinh te bien nhU: danh bSt thiiy hSi s5n, nudi trdng thuy h^i san. ehe bien thuy hai sSn, lam muoi, lam khu du lich, tSm bien,...
Trang dd, phai ki den cac dd thi ven bien nhu- cam Pha. Ha Long, Hai Phdng, Sam Son. Nghi son, Cda L6, Da Ning, Hdi An. Tuy Hda, Quy
(HiT'ir" ^'^'^' ^""^ ^^''' '^^''^ ^'^' "^ ""^^
Hinb 2 Otldng Vi (fluftng kft hop He) - Huypi Sio Cil Bi - Hai Phong
Hr§n nay, gISi phap sd dung d^i d3t ven bi^n gidng nhu la khu dat xiy dung khac cCia dd thi la phSi duoc b i o v^ khdi n g l p lut do nUdc bign dang. Bi phdng tranh nudc bien dang vao dd thi, ngudi ta xSy dung cic k§ chin sdng, de bien cd caodd dlnii de cao hdn cao dd dinh muc nudc d i n g do bao, do ap thap nhiet ddi hay do bi4n ddi khf liau theo tan suat quy dinh (Hinh 2).
Tai mdt sd dd thj cd d]a hinh ven bien thap nhimg cd kha nang bi ngap lut do nudc b i l n dang cao thi thudng duoc b i o vi ngap lut bdi de bien. Chinh de bien la edng trinh cin trd con ngddi tiep cSn vdi bien de phat trien kinh ti, can trd giao thong, ngan dch khong gian b i l n va khong gian dd thi.
Ddi vdi cac dd th| cd dia hmh cao hon h i n muc nudc bien hoac duoc ehe chSn bcfi gd, ddi nui lhi viec p h i t triln kinh te biln la khd khan.' nhat la kho td chiic kinh t l du lich bien. Trudng hdp nay, dai flat ven bien dudc sd dung v<S nhifng chdc nang ft gSn l i l n vdi klnh te b i l n .
Nhu vay. hien nay tat c i cic d i i dat ven bien d do thj deu duoc nghidn cdu, khai thie gSn lien vdi p h i t triln kinh te bi^n vh thudng p h i i cd nhimg g i i i phap dac bi&t 64 b i o v f khdi ngap iut do nudc bien dSng, mot sd trudng hop b i i bdi ven biln thap, dia'chat khdng dn drnh thi chua duoc sif dung phat trien do thi
D i i dat ven bien duoc quan niem la an loan v l mat ngap lut khi khdng b[ ngap lut do nudc bien dang theo tan suat quy dinh iJng vcfi moi loai dd thi. TrUdng hdp d i i dat ven bien khdng the duoc b i o ve khdi ngap iut do nUdc bien dang thi hien nay chung ta khdng nghien cdu de p h i t trien dd thi tren dal dat niy.
Sau khi CO giii phip b i o v§ khu dat khdi ngap lut thi dai dat ven bien duoc quy hoach phat t n l n dd thj binh thudng nhu cic khu vUc khic thudc dd thi. Day la mot nguyen tac nhung kha cdng nhic trong bdi dnh bien doi khi h^u va tai biln thien nhien nhien ngay cang nhilu. Viec bao vi dd thi khdi ngap lut rat tdn kem, t h i m chi la bat k h i thi neu xiy ra td hop bat loi ve thdi t i l t cue doan.
2. IUdt sfi t6n tai v l siT dung dat ven bi^n A d d thi
Dii 3it ven bien d dd thi cd vai trd. chdc nang dac biet hon cic khu vuc khic thuoc dd thi.
Vl bin canh nhflng chdc nang do do thi giao cho, nd cdn cd chile nang b i o v§ dd thi Widi ngap lut ddng thdi gSn kit hoat ddng kinh te - xa hdi do thj vdi biln. TrUdc nhCmg thuc t l ve quy hoach dd thj ven bien, cic vin 3i t6n t?i IS:
• W^c sCf dung d i i 3it ven biln khdng don thuln phgc vi^ chdc n i n g eiia dd thf nhu: khu d, khu sin xudt, Miu cdng edng,...
• D i i d l i ven bi^n khd cd the vda dUcJc bao v§ khdi ngip lyt do nUdc bien d i n g lai vda p h i t triln kinh t l biln binh thudng.
• Dil d i t ven biln rdng hep khic nhau tiiy thyc t l tai dd thi phii duac nghien cflu v i cd g l i i phip S^c bi^t nhSm hai hda cic nhu c i u cOa eon ngudl.
3. G l i i phjip sd d^ng d^t ven b i l n phai t r i l n dd thj thfch Ofng vdi thign tai vh b i l n d ^ i k h i h l i u
Nhu tT4n da n^u, cic quy djnh v l phdng trinh ngip lyt dd thj la nhiing nguyen tSc budc cic glil phip quy hoach dd thi phii d i p dng va mpl khu dat dd thj phiiduoc b i o v6 khdi b! ngap lyt Ddng trudc nhung hien tddng thdi t i l t eye doan ngay cing nhilu. cUdng dp ngiy cing Idn, cac 66 thj ven bien khd trinh khdi ihiet hai bdi thien tai v i bien ddi kht hSu, nhSt l i cac hoat d^ng kinh t l x i hdi tf^n d i i dat ven biln.
Tic g i i de xuiit g i i i phip quy hoach sir dung d i t ven biln cd tinh bnh hoat nhSm hii hda cic mue tieu sd dung dat klii khdng cd thien lai va khi cd thign lai nudc bien ding. D i i dal dd cd chiic nang mang linh q u i dd, chuyen t i l p tdkhu vuc khdng an loan bdi n g i p lut den khu vUc an toan bdi ngap lut (Hinh 3. So do quy hoach sd dung dat ven bien). Dd ihi cd 2 khu vyc sddyng dat khic nhau:
• Khu VUc an loan v l ngap lut 36 thi ehilm p h i n Idn dien tfch do lhi. Tai diy, quy ho^eh cac cdng trinh cdng cdng, trudng hpc. benh vi§n, nha d, cdng sd. khu cdng nghiep Cic hoat ddng kinh te xa hdi d khu vuc nay dien ra mdt cach binh thudng k l c i
trudng hop cd nddc b i l n d i n g d tSn sudt thiet ke. Khu vdc nay chi chiu i n h hudng trdc t i l p ciia nUdc bien dang cao hem tan suat ^ i l t k l .
• Khu vue chuyin tlep (dii ddt ven biln) dUdcquy hoach vdi cic chdc nang ft bi tdn hai neu bi ngap lut nhu; drch vu nghe c i , lam bien. vui choi giai tri, n h i d thSp tang.
Khu vUc n i y tiep can vdi bien t h u i n Idi, khdng cd di bio vi. Khu vUc nay 3Ut3c b i o ve bdi phuong i n lam cU nen khdng thiet hai ve ngddi, cd thiet hai it nhilu ve vat chat tiiy theo giai phap cu the ve quy hoach, x i y dung, v i t lieu,...
Bai cat
Ghidiu:
1. Khu VUc do thj airoc bSo v? khfil ngip lyi theo qu/(llnh;
2. Khu vircvHibi^ mang tinh chuyin tiep;
3. Balcjtvenbie^:
4.Bi^{)6ng.
ifinh 3. So do quy hoadt Sl) dung dat ven bi^n Tdy theo do thj ma dai 6it ven b i l n ed nhdng chut nang khic nhau nhu; nha d, djch vu n g h i ca, djch vu nudi trdng thdy h i i sin, d|ch vu tim biln,,.. nhUng khong bd tri cic cdng irinh tap trung ddng ngddi nhd trUdng hpc. benh vien. Khi khdng cd tai b i l n thign nhien thi cac hoat ddng kinh t l x i hpi d i l n ra binh thudng. NhUng khi cd d d bao cd t h i ed tai bien nddc biln d i n g thi eic hoat ddng tgm ngirng va so t i n d i n cu den ndi tam eu d i bd tri theo quy hoach, chap nhan mdt phan ihifit haj vat chat do thi§n tai Nhd vay, d i i dat ven bien van ed kha n i n g de dang liep can biln d l phat t r i l n kinh te biln vh van ed t h i phat t r i l n do thj cd dieu kien.
^ Tdm lai-Ddng trudc bdi c i n h thi4n tai nUdc bien d i n g ngay cing nhilu va eic dd thj ven biln chju anh hudng true t i l p cda biln ddi khf hau thi quy hoach sii dung d i t dd thj c i n tim dudc giai p h i p ihich hop, nhal la d i i ddt ven bien. Trong mdi sd tnjdng hdp nen ehon g l i l phip hai hda gida vi§c b i o ve dd thi khdi ng?p lut do nudc b i l n d i n g va v,ic t i l p c^n d l d i n g de p h i t t n l n kinh le b i l n . Dd l i d i l ddt ch|u
lhi#t hgi It nhilu khi ed nudc ta4n dSn^M ho^tdgngddthlddSycHt^tnn thien tai.
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