NGHIEN CQU - TRAO DOI
HOAN THI^N QUY DjNH COA BO LUAT Td TVN6 HlNH S I ;
NHAM BAO DiiM QUY^N BINH DJING COA C O N G DAN IRUOC PHAP LUAT
Q
uyen binh dang la mdt trong cac quyen CO ban cua con ngudi dugc cdng dong the gidi thira nhan va dugc quy dinh trong luat qudc le eung nhu luat ciia cac quoe gia.Luyen ngon the gidi ve nhan quyen ngay 10/12/1948 eua Lien hpp qudc da khang dinh: "Mgi ngirdi sinh ra deu binh ddng ve phdm gid vd cdc quyen. hg dugc phii cho li iri vd luang lai vd phai doi xu vdi nhau trong linh anh em" va "mgi ngudi deu binh ddng trudc phdp liult vd dugc phdp ludt bao ve, khong co bdt ki sir phdn biet ndo".^^^
Q Viet Nam, quyen binh dang ciia mgi cong diin trude phap luat la mdt trong cac quvcn CO' ban cua cdng diin duge ghi nhan, Quyen binh dang cua mgi cong dan trudc phap luat dugc quy dinh trong eae ban hien phap nam 1946, 1959, 1980, 1992'-' va dugc cu the hoa trong cac bp lual,
Trong to tung hinli su. viec ton trpng va bao dam quyen binh dang eua mpi eong dan lrude phap luat lii mpt trong cac nguyen tac CO' ban cua td lung hinh sir, dugc quy dinh tai Diiiu 5 Bd lual 16 lung hinh su (BLTTHS) nam 2003 vdi ndi dung: "To lung hinh sir lien hdnh theo nguyen ldc mgi cong ddn deu binh ddng irirdc phdp ludt. khdng phdn biet ddn ldc. nam nir. lin ngudng. tdn gido, thdnh phdn xd hdi, dia vi xd hdi Bdt cir ngudi ndo phgm lgi deu bi xu li theo phdp ludt". Quyen binh
TS. PHAN TH! THANH MAI * dang ciia cdng dan trudc phap luat trong td lung hinh su the hien d nhiing ndi dung co ban sau: Bat cir ngudi nao pham tpi deu bi xir li theo eae dieu khoan tuong img eiia BLHS;
mpi cong dan binh dang ve quyen va nghTa vu to lung neu tham gia td lung hinh sir vdi ciing mpt tu each td tung; viec giai quyet cac vu an hinh su dugc lien hanh theo thii tue chung thong nhat do BLTTHS quy dinh; cac trudng hop tuong tu phai dugc xir li tuong tu ca ve npi dung va hinh thire; khdng ed ngudi nao dugc hudng dac quyen hoac bi han che quyen trong td lung hinh sir, Tuy nhien, binh dang khdng nen hieu may mdc la ngang bang, Mpt sd chil the tham gia td tung do dieu kien chii quan hoac khaeh quan dan den viee hp bi han che hoae khdng cd kha nang thuc hien cac quyen va nghTa vu td tung, Vi vay, de dam bao quyen binh dang thuc su cho mpi cdng dan trong td lung hinh su can phai ed nhung di3u ehinh thich hgp ve phap lual ciing nhu ve CO che thue hien ddi vdi cac chii the dac biet va trong cac tru'dng hgp dac biet nham dam bao cac chii the tham gia td tung co dieu kien thuc hien cac quyen va nghTa vu td lung ciia minh mdt each binh dang vdi cac chii the khae. Nguyen tac bao dam quyen binh dang cua mpi cdng dan trudc phap luat cd y nghTa
* Giang vien chinh Khoa phap luat hinh sir Truonii Dai hoc Luat 1 la Noi
quan trpng trong viee dau tranh phong. chdng tdi pham kien quyet triet de, khdng bo Ipt tdi pham ddng thdi dam bao quyen con ngudi trong td tung hinh su. khdng lam oan ngudi vd lpi, De bao dam quyen binh dang eua mpi eong diin trudc phap luat trong td tung hinh su ddi hoi phai cd nhirng giai phap dong bp ve phuang dien phap luat cQng nhu cac giai phap khae nhu nang cao nang lire va dao dire cua can bd tu phap, tuyen truyen giao due phap luat trong nhan dan; tang eudng cdng lac kiem tra, giam sat; xir li nhiing hanh vi vi pham quyen cdng dan trong td tung hinh sir,,.
Irong pham vi bai viel nay, chiing tdi tap trung nghien cii'u viec bao dam quyen binh dang ciia mpi cdng dan trudc phap luat trong id tung hinh su ve phuong dien phap luat.
BL'I'LHS nam 2003 da eo nhirng quy dinh tuong ddi hpp li de bao dam quyen binh dang ciia mpi cdng dan lrude phap luat.
Irong BLTTHS nam 2003 khdng cd nhirng quy dinh the hien su phan biet ddi xir giQa nhimg nguiri tham gia td tung can cir vao cae dac diem ve dan tdc, gidi tinh, tin ngudng.
ldn giao. thanh phan xa hdi, dia vi xa hdi de CO the dan den viec mdt nhom chii the nao dd cd dac quyen, dac lpi hay mdt nhdm chii the khae bi han che quyen, Tuy nhien. ngoai nhirng quy dinh ehung thdng nhat, BL'LTHS ed nhirng quy dinh dieu chinh rieng ddi vdi nhimg chu the dac biet hoac nhirng trudng hgp dac biet nhu cac trudng hgp: Ngudi tham gia Id lung la ngu'di dan tdc, ngirdi chua thanh nien, ngirdi cd nhuge diem ve tam than hoac th6 chAl. ngudi gia yeu, dm dau. benh niing. phu nir ed thai hoac dang nudi con dudi 36 thang tudi, quan nhan, dai bieu Qude hdi.
dai bieu hdi ddng nhan dan; trudng hgp vu an ed didu kien ap dung thu tuc rut ggn, trudng hgp pham tpi lien quan den bi mat quan su, gay thiet hai eho quan dpi, khdi to vu an theo yeu eau ciia ngudi bi hai, trudng hgp bi can, bi cao ve tpi theo khung hinh phat co mirc hinh phat cao nhat la tir hinh v.v,. Da sd cae quy dinh nay la hgp li va can thiet nham hd trg va dieu chinh ve mat phap luat ddi vdi mpt sd chil the dac biet hoac trong truimg hpp dac biet de tao dieu kien cho nhirng nguiri tham gia td tung co kha nang thuc hien quyen binh dang trudc toa an ndi rieng va binh dang trudc phap luat ndi chung vdi eae chii the tham gia td tung khae, Ben eanh do van cdn cd nhirng quy dinh chua thue su bao dam dugc quyen binh dang ciia mgi cdng dan trong td tung hinh su va can dugc hoan thien. De gdp phan hoan thien phap luat td tung hinh su nham bao dam quyen binh dang cua mgi cdng dan tru'dc phap lual trong td lung hinh su, ehiing tdi cd mdt so kien nghi eu the sau:
1. Sira doi, bo sung mot so dieu luat hen quan den can cu ra ban an tuyen bj cao vo toi de dam bao nguyen tac binh dang trong viec xir h' hinh sir doi voi ngirdi khong pham toi
Theo quy dinh tai Di6u 222 BLTTHS, khi cd can cir xae dinh bi cao khdng cd tdi thi hdi ddng xet xir tuyen bi cao vd tdi, can cir tuyen bi eao vo tdi duge Dieu 251 BLTTHS din chieu cu the la khoan I va 2 Dieu 107 BLTTHS, Can cir dd la dung dan nhung khi xem xet mdt sd dieu luat khae trong BLTTHS (Dieu 107 va Dieu 314), chiing tdi nhan thiy cac dieu luat dd ehua phan anh day dii cae can cir de toa an tuyen bi cao vd tdi, dan dSn
NGHIEN CLTU - TRAO DOI
vice mdt ngudi khdng pham tdi nhung lai khong duge toa an tuyen vd tpi, anh hudng den quyen lgi hpp phap eiia hg va vi pham nguyen tac mpi cdng dan deu binh dang trude phap lual, Dieu 107 BLTTHS quy dinh can cir "hdnh vi khdng cdu thdnh lgi phgm"
(khoan 2) va can eii' "ngudi thuc hien hdnh vi nguy hiem cho xd hdi chua den ludi chiu trdch nhiem hinh sir" (khoan 3) la hai can cir rieng biet. I'heo ehiing toi, viee quy dinh nhu viiy dan den viec triing lap ve ndi dung giiia hai can cir nay, Hanh vi se khdng cau thanh lpi pham khi thieu mdt trong cac yeu to eau thiinh tpi pham, Ngudi thuc hien hanh vi nguy hiem cho xa hpi chua den tudi chiu traeh nhiem hinh su khdng phai la chii the ciia tpi pham vi chii the cua tdi pham can cd hai diiu hieu la nang lue chiu traeh nhiem hinh su vii dat dp tudi chiu traeh nhiem hinh su, trong do "dgi do ludi chiu trdch nhiem hinh sir dugc coi Id dieu kien cho phep chu the cd dugc ndng lire trdch nhiem hinh su" va
"ndng lire trdch nhiem hinh sir Id dieu kien cdn ihiel hao dam cho chu the cd ldi khi thuc hien hdnh vi gdy thiet hgi cho xd hdi".' ' Khi thieu mdt trong hai dau hieu nay, mdt ngudi khong the tro thiinh ehii the ciia tdi pham.
himh vi ciia hg khdng cau thanh tdi pham va hp khdng phai chiu traeh nhiem hinh su, Vi viiy. theo chiing loi. ndi dung can cu' "hanh vi khong cau thanh tpi pham"" da bao ham npi dung can cii' "ngudi thuc hien hanh vi nguy hiem cho xa hdi chua den tudi chiu traeh nhicMn hinli su", khdng can thiet phai tach ihanh hai can cir rieng biet.
I heo quv dinh hicn hiinh, viec quy djnh ciin Cli "ngudi thuc hien himh vi nguy hiem
cho xa hdi chua den tudi chiu traeh nhiem hinh su" thanh mdt can cu rieng tach ra khdi can cir "hanh vi khdng cau thanh tdi pham"
khdng chi don thuan la su phan biet mang tinh hinh thirc ma cac nha lam luat cdn cd su phan biet ve gia tri phap li ciia cae can cir nay. Theo quy dinh ciia BLTTHS, can cir
"hanh vi khdng cau thanh tdi pham" quy dinh tai khoan 2 Dieu 107 BLTTHS la can cir de toa an cap so tham quyet dinh dua vu an ra xet xir va ra ban an tuyen bd bi cao khong co tdi (xem cac d i k 180, 222 BLTTHS). Day eiing la can cir de toa an cap phiic tham quyet dinh huy ban an so tham, tuyen bd bi eao khdng CO tdi va dinh chi vu an (xem Dieu 251 BLT THS), Con can cii' "ngudi thuc hien hanh vi nguy hiem cho xa hdi ehua den tudi chiu traeh nhiem hinh su" quy dinh tai khoan 3 Dieu 107 BLTTLIS la can cir de loa an ra quyet dinh dinh chi vu an (xem cac dieu 180, 251 BLT'LLIS), Theo ehiing tdi, viec quy dinh nhu tren rd rang la khdng hgp II va khdng bao dam nguyen lac mgi cdng dan binh dang tru'dc phap luat vi thue chat can cir ""ngudi thuc hien hanh vi nguy hiem cho xa hdi chua den tudi chiu traeh nhiem hinh su" la mpt trong nhung trudng hgp thudc can cu' "hanh vi khong cau thanh tdi pham". Neu nhu ve npi dung, hai can cir deu xac dinh sir viec ciing ban chat thi ve hinh thiie cac co quan tien hanh to tung phai ra ciing mdt each giai quyet. Neu can cu' "hanh vi khdng clu thanh tdi pham" la can cir de toa an ra ban an tuyen bi cao vd tdi thi can cir "ngudi thue hien hiinh vi nguy hiem cho xa hdi chua den tudi chiu traeh nhiem hinli sir" eung phai la can cir d6 toil an ra ban an tuyen bi eao vd tgi. Diku 11
luyen ngon the gidi ve nhan quyen ngay 10/12/1948 cua Lien hgp qudc neu ro:
"Khdng ai bi coi Id phgm tdi ve bdt cic hdnh ddng hodc khdng hdnh ddng dd xay ra vdo thdi diem md theo ludt qudc gia hodc ludt qudc te khdng cdu thdnh mdt ldi hinh i'lr",'•"
lir nhiing phan tich tren, chiing tdi eho rang khdng nen quy dinh can cii' ""ngudi thuc hien himh vi ehua den tuoi chiu traeh nhiem hinh su" thanh ciin eii' rieng. Can xac dinh dav la truimg hgp thudc can eii' "'hanh vi khong cau thimh tdi pham" va cd ciing gia trj phap li trong qua trinh giai quyet vu an hinh su,
Dieu 107 BLTTHS khdng quy dinh can cir "ngudi thirc hien hanh vi nguy hiem cho xa hdi trong khi dang mac benh tam than hoiic mdt benh khae lam mat kha nang nhan thirc hoac kha nang dieu khien hanh vi cua minh" la ciin cir khdng khdi td vu an hinh su rieng biet, Lheo ehiing tdi, truimg hgp nay ciing can phai coi la can cir khong khdi to vu im hinh su va la mdt trudng hgp thupc can cir ""himh vi khdng cau thanh tdi pham" quy dinh tai khoan 2 D i k 107 BLTTHS, Hanh V i khcich quan ciia lpi pham phai cd ba dac dic-m: phai cd linh nguy hiem cho xa hpi;
phai la hanh vi trai phap lual hinh su va phai la hoal ddng cd y thirc va y chi.''"" Neu ngirdi thuc hien hanh vi nguy hiem eho xa hpi trong khi dang mac benh tam than hoac benh khiie liim miit kha nang nhan thue hoae kha nimg dieu khien hanh vi cua minh thi hp khong du didu kien de cd loi, hanh vi cua hp khdng elu thanh tdi pham va hp khong phai chiu traeh nhiem hinh su. Dieu 13 BLHS quv dinh: "Ngirdi thuc hien hdnh vi nguy hiem cho .xd hdi trong khi dang mdc benh
tdm thdn hodc mdt benh khdc ldm mdt kha ndng nhdn thirc hodc kha ndng dieu khien hdnh vi cua minh thi khdng phai chiu trdch nhiem hinh .sic: ddi vdi ngirdi ndy phai dp dung bien phdp bdt budc chua benh ".
Diku 314 BLTTHS vk xet xir trong thu tue ap dung bien phap bat budc chira benh (thil tuc dac biet dugc ap dung khi cd can cir cho rang ngudi thuc hien hanh vi nguy hiem eho xa hdi khdng ed nang luc traeh nhiem hinh su) khong quy dinh ve viec toa an ra ban an tuyen bi cao klidng cd tdi ma chi cd quy dinh toa an cd the ra mdt trong nhu'ng quyet dinh sau: mien traeh nhiem hinh su hoac hinh phat va ap dung bien phap bat bupe chira benh; dinh chi vu an va ap dung bien phap bat budc chu'a benh; tam dinh chi vu an va ap dung bien phap bat budc chira benh; tra ho so de dieu tra lai hoac dieu tra bo sung. Dieu 314 BLTTHS ciing khong neu can cir phap II de ra eae quyet dinh mien traeh nhiem hinh sir hoac hinh phat; dinh chi vu an; tam dinh ehi vu an; tra hd so de dieu tra lai hoae dieu tra bo sung nen khd xac dinh dugc quyet dinh nao trong sd cac quyet dinh dugc ap dung trong truong hgp khi xet xir xae dinh dugc ngudi thuc hien hanh vi nguy hiem cho xa hdi trong khi dang mac benh tam than hoae benh khae lam mat kha nang nhan thii'c hoac kha nang dieu khien hanh vi ciia minh. Da so cae y kien giai thich Dieu 314 deu theo hudng toa an ra quyet dinh dinh chi vu an va ap dung bien phap bat budc chila benh neu xae dinh bi eao khdng nhan thuc va khdng dieu khien duge hanh vi eiia minh, tuc la trong tinh trang khong cd nang luc traeh nhiem hinh sir, do bi tam than
NGHIEN CLTU - TRAO DOI
hoac mpt benh li khae."'' Trong khi dd theo quy dinh chung. neu ed can cir "hanh vi khdng eau thanh tdi pham" quy dinh tai khoan 2 Diku 107 BLTTHS thi toa an phai ra ban an tuyen bi cao vd tpi. De giai quyet viin de nay. theo ehiing tdi, can phai thong nhiit quan diem xae dinh trudng hgp ngudi thue hien hanh vi nguy hiem cho xa hdi trong khi dang mac benh tam than hoae benh khae lam mat kha nang nhan thirc hoac kha nang dieu khien hanh vi eiia minh la thudc can cir ""hanh vi khdng cau thanh ldi pham". Neu xae dinh can cir nay d giai doan xel xu thi toa an phai ra ban an luyen bi cao khdng pham tdi va ap dung bien phap bai bude chiia benh ddi vdi bi ciio, Ngoai truimg hgp da phan tich d tren, neu xac dinh CO can cir ""khdng ed su viec pham tdi"
thi toil an phai ra ban an tuyen bj eao (la ngudi mac benh lain than hoac mdt benh khae liim miit kha nang nhan thii'c hoac kha nimg dieu khien hiinh vi ciia minh) khong CO tdi theo quy dinh chung, Vi vay, Dieu 3 14 BLI THS ciin bd sung them quy dinh ve vice toa im ra ban an tuyen bd bi cao khdng cd tpi khi cd can cir quy dinh tai khoan 1, 2 Dieu 107 BLTTLIS nhu ddi vdi cae bi cao khcic dc bao dam quyen binh dang ciia mpi cdng diin trong td timg hinh sir,
Lir nhirng phan tich tren, chiing tdi kien nghi sua doi. bo sung mdt sd dieu luat nhu sau:
"Dieu 10". Cdn cir khdng khdng khai td VII dn hinh sir
1, Khdng cd sir viee pham tdi;
2, I liinh vi khdng cau thanh tdi pham;
3, Nguii'i ma hanh vi pham tdi ciia hp da cd ban an hoac quyet dinh dinh chi vu an co
hieu luc phap luat;
4, Da het thdi hieu truy cim traeh nhiem hinh su;
5, Tdi pham dugc dai xa; : "«ii.i 6, Do chuyen bien cua tinh hinh ma hanh vi pham tdi khdng cdn nguy hiem eho xa hdi nira.
7, Ngudi thuc hien hanh vi nguy hiem cho xa hdi da chet trir truimg hgp can tai tham ddi vdi ngudi khae".
"Dieu 314. Xet xu
1, Toa an ed the ra mdt trong nhung quyet dinh sau day;
a, Tuyen bi cao khdng cd tdi; tuyen bi cao khdng cd tdi va ap dung bien phap bat buoc chiia benh;
b, Mien traeh nhiem hinh sir hoac hinh phat va ap dung bien phap bat bude chira benh;
c, Dinh chi vu an va ap dung bien phap bat budc chira benh;
d, Tam dinh chi vu an va ap dung bien phap bat budc chii'a benh; i • . ."!•..
e, Lra hd so de dieu tra lai va dieu tra bd sung".
2. Bo sung quy djnh ve bao chiia trong thii tuc riit gon de dam bao quyen binh dang giira cac bj can, bj cao trong viec thuc hien quyen bao chija
Khi ap dung thii tuc riit ggn, van de can dac biet quan tam la viec dam bao quyen bao ehiia cua bi can, bi cao. Do thdi han dieu tra, truy td, xet xir nit ngan, viec bi can, bi eao chuan bi eho viec tu bao chira hay lien he va mdi ngudi bao chira eho minh la rat khd khan. Nhirng bi can, bi eao trong cac vu an ap dung thil tuc riit ggn rd rang khd cd the binh dang dugc vdi cac bi can khae trong cac vu an lien hanh theo thii tuc chung khi thuc hien quyen bao ehua. Quyen bao chira ciia bi can,
bi ciio khdng dugc bao dam day dii se anh huong den viec giai quyet dung dan vu an ddng thiri anh hudng den quyen lgi hpp phap ciia bi can, bi cao, de dan den viec bi ean, bi cao khdng yen tam, khdng thoa man vdi ket qua giai quyet cua toa an va khang eao phiic thiim hoae de nghi giam ddc tham, Vi vay, vice bao dam quyen bao chira trong thii tuc nit gpn ciin phai duge quy dinh hgp li de dam bao quyen lgi chinh dang ciia ngudi bi buoc tpi.
Theo thong le phap luat td tung hinh sir ciia cae nudc cung nhu d Viet Nam, neu xet thay mpt nguiri khdng cd day dii dieu kien de thuc hien quyen nhu cae trudng hgp binh thutmg khae thi ciin phai cd nhii'ng quy dinh va bien phcip CO tinh chat trg giup phap li doi vdi hg,
Binh luan chung sd 32 eua Uy ban cdng udc Lien hgp qudc ve Dieu 14 Cdng ude qudc le ve cac quyen dan su, chinh tri ngay
16/12/1966, phien hgp thii' 19 nam 2007 (tom tiit) neu rd; Ngudi bi huge tdi ed quyen dugc CO du thdi gian phii hgp vii dieu kien thuan lien de chuiin bi bao chira va lien he V d'i ngirc)i bao chu'a do chinh minh lira chpn, dugc tiep xiie rieng vdi lual su, dam bao bi miii, khdng bi han che, tae ddng, can thiep.
cip lire, dugc cd mat trong khi xet xir va dugc tu bao chua hoac nhd su giup dd ve phap li do minh ehgn; neu chua ed su giiip dd ve phiip li thi phai dugc thdng bao ve quyen niiy; Irong trudng hap do ddi hdi cua cdng li, phai bd tri eho ngudi dd su giiip dd ve phap li mil khong phai tra tien neu khong co dii ditm kien di tra.'**' Chiing ldi eho rang can quv dinh diiy lii trudng hgp bat budc co ngu'di biio chira tham gia vu an. Can phai coi day la mdt trong nhihig trudng hgp ma bj
can, bi cao khdng cd day dii dieu kien de ed thi thuc hien quyen bao chira, Neu nhu bi can, bi cao chua thanh nien hoac ed nhuge diem ve the chat hoac tam than khdng ed day dil dieu kien ve mat ehii quan de thuc hien quyen bao chira thi bi can, bi cao dd trong vu an CO ap dung thii tuc rut ggn khong cd day dil dieu kien khaeh quan de thuc hien quyen nay. Vi vay, theo chiing tdi, can bd sung quy djnh ve viee ca quan tien hanh td tung phai yeu cau doan luat su cir ngudi bao chira cho bi can, bi cao trong vu an ap dung thii tuc rut gpn neu hp va ngudi dai dien hpp phap ciia hp khdng mdi ngudi bao chira. Can bo sung mdt dieu rieng trong Chuong XXXIV BLTTHS vdi ndi dung sau:
"Dieu 320b. Bdo chira
Ngu'di bao chii'a do bi can, bi cao va dai dien hgp phap ciia hg lira ehgn, Trong truong hgp bi ean, bi cao hoac dai dien hgp phap eiia hg khdng mdi ngudi bao chira thi co quan dieu tra, vien kiem sat, toa an phai yeu cau doan luat su phan cdng van phdng luat su cir ngudi bao chira cho hg hoae de nghi Uy ban Mat tran Td qudc Viet Nam, td chire thanh vien ciia Mat tran cir ngudi bao chira eho thanh vien ciia td chuc minh. Bi can, bi cao va dai dien hgp phap ciia hg van cd quyen thay ddi va tir chdi ngudi bao ehiia".
Ddng thdi bo sung them truong hgp nay vao khoan 2 Di8u 57 BLTTHS;
"Dieu 57. Lua chon vd thay ddi ngudi bdo chira
2, Trong nhirng trudng hgp sau day, neu bi can, bi cao hoac dai dien hgp phap ciia hg khdng mdi ngudi bao chiia thi eo quan dieu tra, vien kiem sat, toa an phai yeu clu doan
NGHIEN c a u - TRAO DOI
lual su phan cong van phdng luat su cir ngudi bao chira cho hp hoac de nghi Uy ban Mat Iran To quoc Viet Nam, td chirc thanh vien cua Mat Iran cir ngudi bao chiia cho thanh vien cua to chirc minh,
c. Bi can. bi cao trong cae giai doan td tung CO ap dung thii tue rut gpn",
3. Bo sung quy djnh vice bj can va dai dien hop phap ciia ho dong y ap dung thu tuc rut gon la dieu kien ap dung thii tuc de dam bao quyen binh dang trirdc phap luat Clia bi can, bj cao
Phap luat hien hanh khong quy dinh dieu kien phai c6 sir dong y ap dung thii tuc rut gpn eua bi can va ngudi dai dien hgp phap Clia hp ma chi ed quy dinh ve quyen khieu nai cua hp ddi vdi quyet dinh nay, Mpt so y kien eho rang do van hoa phap li, mat bang hieu bicl phap lual ciia nhan dan cdn nhieu han che nen viec dua dieu kien nay vao BLTTHS la ehua thuc su phii hgp vdi thue tc cua Viet Nam hien nay.*''' Ngugc lai, nhieu y kien cho rang can bo sung dieu kien ngudi thue hien hanh v i pham tpi dong y lua chpn ap dung thu tuc riit gpn vi thii tuc riit gpn vdi vice riit ngan thdi gian va rut gpn mdi sd thu luc to tung nen phan nao anh huong den quyen cua bi can. bi cao, dae biet la quyen bao chira. Mat khae, se la khdng cdng bang neu mdt ngudi thuc hien hanh vi pham tdi it nghiem trpng. tinh chat don gian, rd rang lai bi xu li theo thu tuc it nhieu mang tinh han che hon so vdi nhiing truong hgp pham tpi nghiem trpng. phii'c tap. Tir do. co the thay rang v iec quy dinh bi can co quyen
lira ehgn hinh thirc thdng thuong hay riit ggn ddi vdi vu an cua minh la hoan toan can thiet. bdi quyen dugc xet xir vdi thii tuc day dil theo luat td tung hinh sir la quy en co ban cua cdng dan. Day la yeu cau can thiet de dam bao quyen con ngudi trong dieu kien xay dung nha nude phap quyen o nude ta hien nay.""* Chiing tdi ddng y vdi quan diem va nhirng lap luan nay va bd sung them mdt sd y kien de lam rd sir can thiet phai quy dinh them dieu kien nay:
Theo quy dinh tai khoan 3 Dieu 320 BLTTHS, bi can hoac ngudi dai dien hgp phap ciia hp eo quyen khieu nai quyet djnh ap dung thu luc riit gpn. thdi hieu khieu nai la ba ngay, ke tii' ngay nhan dugc quyet dinh, Khieu nai dugc gui den vien kiem sal da ra quyet dinh ap dung thii tuc riit ggn va phai duge giai quyet trong thdi han ba ngay, ke tir ngay nhan dugc khieu nai, Quy dinh nay da phan nao dam bao quyen ciia bi can va dai dien hgp phap ciia hg ddi vdi viec ap dung thu tuc rut ggn. tuy nhien do la quyen co tinh chat thu ddng trude quyet dinh cua co quan tien hanh to lung ma khong phai quyen lira chpn mpt each ehu dpng, Dieu 320 BLTTHS ki.ong quy dinh rd vien kiem sat phai giai quyet nhu the nao khi co khieu nai ciia bi can va dai dien hgp phap ciia hp nen c6 the hieu la ndi dung khieu nai eiia bi ean hoac dai dien hgp phap ciia hg co the dugc chap nhan hoac khdng chap nhan, Trong truong hgp chap nhan khieu nai, vien kiem sat huy quyet dinh ap dung thii tuc riit ggn va vu an duge chuyen sang giai quyet theo thu tue ehung, Trong truong hgp khong chap nhan
khieu nai. vu an van dugc giai quyet theo thu tuc nit ggn thi kha nang bi can hoae ngudi dai dien hgp phap ciia hg khang cao ban an so tham la rat cao. Khi bi can va ngudi dai dien hgp phap eiia hg da khdng chap nhan thu tuc rill ggn thi thdng thucmg hp ciing se khong tin tudng vao ket qua ciia viec xet xir nen hg se tan dung quyen khang cao eua minh de phan ddi ket qua xet xir ndi rieng cung nhu ket qua ciia qua trinh td lung theo thu luc nit gpn ndi ehung, Hau qua phap li cua vice khang cao dan den viee phai xet xu phiie tham vu an theo thii tuc chung, neu toa cin cap phiie tham huy ban an so tham de dieu tra, xet xir lai thi viec dieu tra, xet xu lai cimg duge lien himh theo thii tuc chung, Nhu
\ av. trong ca hai trudng hpp chap nhan hoac khong chap nhan khieu nai ve quyet dinh ap dung thu luc riil gpn deu ed the dan den hau qua vu an phai ehuyen sang giai quyet theo thu luc chung, Se la hpp li hon neu nhu thay vi quy dinh cho bi can va dai dien hpp phap eua hp cd quyen khieu nai quyet dinh ap dung thu luc rill gpn bang quy dinh chi ap dung thii tuc nil gpn khi bi can va dai dien hpp phap cua hp ddng y lira ehpn giai quyet vu an bang thu tuc rill ggn, 'Trudc khi quyet dinh ap dung thu luc nit gpn. eo quan dieu tra thdng bao eho bi ean va dai dien hgp phap ciia hp viec V Ll an thudc tru'dng hpp cd the ap dung thu tuc nil gpn, giai thich rd eho hp ve thii tiie nay va quv'cn eua hp trong viee lira ehpn viec ap dung thu tuc chung hay thu tuc riit gpn de giai quvcl VII cin ma trong do minh la bj ean.
Luiit 16 lung hinh sir cua nhieu nudc quy dinh nhirng thu tuc cd tinh chat riit gpn thu
tuc va rut ngan thdi gian (vdi nhirng ten gpi khae nhau va nhirng quy dinh cu the ciing khae nhau) cung coi viec bi can, bi cao dong y lira ehgn thii tuc dac biet dd la dieu kien khdng the thieu de ap dung. Vi du. Dieu 462 BLTTHS Nhat Ban quy dinh yeu clu ciia cdng td vien yeu cau toa gian lugc ra lenh xir phat theo thu tue gian lugc phai kem theo van ban ddng y eiia ngudi bi tinh nghi;' Diki 314 BLTTHS Lien bang Nga quy dinh bi can ed quyen tuyen bo ddng y vdi ndi dung budc tdi hp va yeu cau ra ban an ma khdng can tien hanh xet xir va viec dua ra yeu cau la tu nguyen;"^' thii tue mac ca thu tdi d My va mdt sd nudc (thuc chat la thii lue dac biet eo tinh chat rut ggn theo trinh tu td lung khdng day dii) doi hdi phai eo su dan xep giira bi cao, nguiri bao chira vdi co quan lien himh td timg; theo luat td tung hinh su Italia, bi ciio ed the yeu cau xet xu nil ggn, tham phan phai quyet dinh cd xet xir theo thii tuc nay hay khong; theo luat td tung hinh su Tay Ban Nha. chi ap dung thii tuc rut gpn neu ca bi cao va cong td vien ddng y vdi thu tuc nay' '•"*,,,
lix nhung phan tieh tren. ehiing toi kien nghi sira doi, bd sung Dieu 319 BLTTHS nhu sau:
"Dieu 319. Dieu kien dp dung thu tuc riit ggn Thil tuc riit gpn ehi dugc ap dung khi cd dil cac dieu kien sau:
1, Bi can bi bat trong trudng hgp pham tdi qua tang;
4. Bi can co can cude. lai lich ro rang, ed the xac dinh nhanh chdng. de dang.
5. Bi can va dai dien hgp phap cua bi ean dong y lira ehgn ap dung thii tuc rut gpn".
NGHliN CQu - TRAO DOI
4. Sira doi, bo sung mot so quy djnh lien quan ve quyen duoc sir dung tieng noi va chir viet ciia dan toe trong to tung hinh SU" de dam bao quyen binh dang ciia nhirng ngiroi tham gia to tung la ngiroi niroc ngoai, nguxri dan toe, ngiroi cam diec
Viec ngudi tham gia to tung dugc sir dung tieng ndi, chir viet eiia dan tdc minh co y nghia rat quan trgng. Ngdn ngii la phuong tien giao tiep, la phuong tien de ngudi tham gia to lung thuc hien cac quyen va nghia vu td tung cua minh, Viec bat ddng ngdn ngir la trd ngai lon eho nguiri tham gia td tung trong viec nghien cim tai lieu, trao ddi thdng tin, dien dat suy nghT, nguyen vgng khi tham gia td tung va dac biet anh huong den quyen binh dang tru'dc toa an. Luy nhien, la qudc gia thdng nhat su dung tieng phd thdng la tieng Viet nen tieng ndi, chir viet trong to tung hinh su la tieng Viet va neu can thiet co quan tien hanh td lung yeu cau ngudi phien dich tham gia td lung. Dieu 61 BLTTHS quy dinh: "Ngudi phien dich do ca quan dieu tra, vien kiem sdt,
tod dn yeu cdu trong trudng hgp cd ngudi tham gia td lung khdng sic dung dugc tieng Viet ", Lheo ehiing toi, quy dinh nay chua day du va CO the han ehe kha nang thuc hien cae quyen to tiing cua ngudi tham gia td lung, lam hg khdng binh dang dugc vdi cac ehii the tham gia to lung Idiae va anh hudng den quyen va lpi ich eua hp. Can phai co van ban hudng dan ro miic dp su dung tieng Viet ciia hp de xac dinh cd can ngudi phien dich hay khdng. neu hp sir dimg dugc tieng Viet nhung chl o' miie dp han che thi khdng the coi dd la can cir de klidng yeu cau ngudi phien dieh, Theo chiing tdi, mirc dp nay d mirc dgc thdng vien thao. Vin d§ thir hai, Di8u 61 BLTTHS
chi quy dinh co quan di6u tra, vien kiem sat, toa an ed quyen yeu cau ngudi phien dich la chua day dii. Viec tien hanh td lung cdn co nhung chil the khae nhu co quan hai quan, kiem lam, bd ddi bien phdng, lire lugng canh sat bien v.v. va viec yeu cau ngudi phien djch tham gia la can thiet trong mgi truong hgp co ngudi tham gia td tung khdng sii' dung dugc tieng Viet, Vi vay can phai quy dinh them chii the cd quyen yeu cau ngudi phien dich, Lir nhirng phan tich tren, chung tdi kien nghi sii'a ddi, bd sung Dieu 61 BLTTHS nhu sau:
"Dieu 61. Ngudi phien dich
1, Ngudi phien dich do co quan cd tham quyen trong hoat ddng td tung yeu cau trong truimg hpp cd ngudi tham gia td tung khong sil' dung thdng thao tieng Viet.
2. Ngu'di phien dich phai cd mat theo giay trieu tap ciia co quan ed tham quyen- trong hoat ddng td lung va phai dich trung thue, khdng dugc tiet Id bi mat dieu tra, neu dich gian ddi ngudi phien dich phai chiu traeh nhiem hinh su theo Dieu 307 BLHS,
Ngoai ra, ehiing tdi kien nghi phai quy dinh eae quyet dinh td tung dugc giao cho ngudi tham gia td tung khdng sir dung thong thao tieng Viet nhu quyet dinh khdi td, quyet dinh ap dung, thay ddi, huy bd bien phap ngan chan, ban ket luan dieu tra, ban cao trang, quyet dinh dua vu an ra xet xii', ban an va quyet dinh eiia toa an v,v, phai dugc dich ra tieng me de hoac thii' tieng ma hg thdng thao de hg nam duge nhiing thdng tin cd lien quan true tiep den quyen va nghTa vu cua hp va cd dieu kien de thuc hien cac quyen va nghTa vu td tung eiia minh mdt each hieu qua, binh dang vdi nhirng ngudi tham gia to
lung khae trong to tung hinh sir./,
(1). lrung tam nghien cuu quyen con nguoi - Hpc vien chinh tri quoc gia Ho Chi Minh, Cdc vdn kien qudc le ve quyen con ngudi. Nxb. Thiinh ph6 H6 Chi Minh. 1997, tr. 27, 28 (xem DiSu I va Di^u 7 Tuyen ngon the gioi ve nhan quyen).
(2). Miin phap Viet Nam. tr. 9, 34, 85, 139 (xem Diiu 7 Hicn phap nam 1946; Dieu 22 Hiin phap nam 1959:
Dieu 55 Hien phap nam 1980; Diiu 52 Hiin phap nam 1992). Nxb. Chinh tri qu6c gia, Ha Npi, 2002.
(3).Xem: GS. LS. Nguyen Ngpc Hoa, Cdu thdnh tgi plum - Li ludn vd thuc lien. Nxb. Tu phap. Ha Npi, 2004, tr. 50.
(4). Trung tiim nghien ciiu quyen cpn nguoi - Hpc vicn Chinh tri quoc gia H6 Chi Minh, Sdd, tr. 23.
(5). 1 ruong Dai hpc Luat Ha Npi, Gido tiinh ludt hinh su I iei Nam. Nxb. Cong an nhan dan, Ha Npi, 2000. tr. 75.
(6).Xem: PGS.TS. Vo Khanh Vinh (chu bien). Binh ludn khoa hgc Bg ludi lo lung hinh su, Nxb, CSng an nhan dan. Ha Npi, 2004, tr, 846; Vien nghien ciiu khoa hpc phap li Bp tu phap, Binh ludn khoa hgc Bg ludi Id lung hinh su. Ha Npi, 1992, tr, 484,
(7). Vice kien nghi bo sung can cir nay da dupc tac gia trinh bay trong biii viet "Can cii' khong khdi to vu an hinh su va mpt so quy dinh lien quan" , Tgp chi ludt hgc. so 7'20]0.tr. 19-24,
(8), Khoa Lual - Dai hpc quoc gia Hii Npi, Quyen con ngudi - lap hgp nhung binh lugn. khiQ'en nghi chung cua L']- han cdng udc Lien hgp qudc, Nxb, Cong an nhan dan. I la Npi, 2010, tr. 369-370.
(9).Xem: Nguyen Van Hien, Thu tuc riit ggn trong phdp ludt Id lung hinh su Viet Nam. Nxb. Tu phap.
Ha Npi, 2004, tr, 45,
(10), Bp lu phap, Chuong trinh KhLXH cdp nhd nirac, Cai ciich cac co quan tu phap, hoan thien he thong cac thu tuc tu phap. niing cao hieu qua vii hieu luc xet xir cua toil an trong nha nuoc phap quyen XHCN ciia diin, do dan va vi dan, Ha Npi, 2006, tr. 304.
( I D . Vien khoa hpc kiim sat VKSNDTC, Bp luat t6 tung hinh su Nhcit Ban, ban dich tieng Viet, Ha Npi,
1993, tr. 75.
(12). Vicn khoa hpc kiem sat VKSNDTC. Bd ludt id iiing hinh su Lien bang .\'ga ndm 2002. ban dich tieng Vict, Ha Npi.tr. 131,
(13). Vien khoa hpc kiem sat VKSNDl'C, Truyen thong ludi ddn su chdu .4u. .My Latin vd chdu .4. ban dich iienu Viet. Ha Npi, 1998.tr, 26:58,62,
BAT CAP CUA PHAP LUAT HIEN HANH V£ MUA BAN DOANH NGHIEP... (tiip lheo trang 8)
Quy dinh nhu tren dugc bd sung se tao ra su nhat quan va dam bao su binh dang giira cac nha dau tu khi cimg lira ehgn mo hinh edng ti doi vdn de kinh doanh,
Thir ba, phap luat nen ed eae quy dinh dinh hudng ve ndi dung hgp dong mua ban doanh nghiep
Mua ban doanh nghiep cd dae diem chuyen giao quyen sd hiru tai san eua doanh nghiep tir ngudi ban sang ngudi mua va thdng qua hinh thirc phap li la hgp ddng mua ban doanh nghiep.
Do vay, hpp dong mua ban doanh nghiep la loai hgp ddng mua ban tai san nen cac ben ki ket hgp dong phai tuan thii nhirng nguyen tac chung ciia Bg luat dan sir nam 2005 ve giao ket hgp dong, dieu kien ed hieu luc ciia hgp dong, Tuy nhien, doanh nghiep la loai ''hang hoa dac biet" nen phap luat ve doanh nghiep Cling phai du lieu duge quy dinh rieng mang tinh khuyen nghi, dinh hudng cho cac nha dau tu tham khao khi ki ket hgp ddng mua ban doanli nghiep, Nha lap phap Viet Nam khi xay dung cac quy dinh mang tinh dinh hudng ve ndi dung hgp dong mua ban doanh nghiep phai can cir vao ban chat ciia quan he mua ban doanh nghiep tai Viet Nam va co tinh den su phii hgp vdi phap luat nudc ngoai trong xu the hpi nhap kinh te qudc t§,
Tren co sd phap li mang tinh dinh hudng nhu vay vira dam bao ton trpng quyen lu do giao ket hpp ddng cua cac nha dau tu kinh doanh vira han che dugc cae rui ro. tranh chap ed the xay ra vira bao ve canh tranh lanh manh tren thi trucrng./.
