n v n u n bUU - TRAO BOI
HOAN THIEN QUY BDIIH VE GUI QUYET PHA SAN DOANH NGHIEP THEO THU TUC RUT GON
TRAN VAN TRUNG DirONG KIM THE NGUYEN**
Theo quy djnh tai Dilu 105 Lu^t pha san nam 2014, co thi hieu giai quyet phd sdn doanh nghiep, hg^) tdc xa theo thu tyc riit gpn Id vifc doanh nghiep, hgp tdc xa dirge phep tiln hanh phd san khdng theo dly dd trinh ty cac birdc th6ng thurdng md cd thi bd qua, khdng thye hifn m$t hoae mpt si budc. T^y nhien, hifn nay quy dinh cua Ludt pha san nam 2014 vl dilu kifn ap dyng, trinh ty thu tyc pha san cung nhir thlm quyen giai quylt pha san, doanh nghiep, hyp tac xa... theo thu tuc riit gpn van chira ro rang, cy thi gdy khd khan cho vifc ap dung tren thye tl.
Tir khda: Phd sdn doanh nghiep theo thu tuc rut gpn; Ludt phd sdn ndm 2014.
Nhgn bdi: 18/9/2019; bien tapxong: 25/9/2019; duyet bdi: 26/9/2019.
1. Khai nifm ve giai quyet pha san doanh nghifp theo thu tyc rut gpn
Ludt phd sdn nam 2014 dua ra dinh nghTa phdp Iy ve phd san nhu sau: "Phd sdn la tinh trgng cua doanh nghiep, hpp tdc xd mdt khd ndng thanh todn vd bi Toa dn nhdn ddn ra quyet dinh tuyen bo phd sdn "'. Khdi niem ndy da tiep can pha sdn dudi gde dp la mdt quyet dinh ciia Tda an ehii khdng phai Id qud ttinh ban hdnh ra quyet dinh dd. Hay ndi each khac, pha san la ket qua cua mdt qua trinh yeu eau va dugc Tda dn thy ly, xem xet dnh cd can cii va cd the dugc Tda an tuyen bd doanh nghiep, hgp tdc xa phd san.
Tgi khodn 1 Dieu 4 Ludt pha san nam 2014 quy dinh: "Doanh nghiep, hgp tae xa mat kha nang thanh todn Id doanh nghifp, hgp tdc xa khdng thye hifn nghTa vu thanh toan khodn ng ttong thdi han ba thdng ke tii ngdy den hgn thanh toan". Vdi quy dinh hifn tgi cua phdp lugt Viet Nam ve pha sdn thi viee phd sdn chi dp dyng ddi vdi doanh nghiep, hgp tae xa, khdng dp dyng vifc phd sdn ddi vdi ca nhan. Ben cgnh do, viec phdp luat ve phd san cua Viet Nam quy dinh mdt giai dogn chd Id
1. Khoan 2 Dieu 4 Luat pha san nam 2014.
* Th^c si Kiem sit vi^n sa cip Vipn kiem sat nhan dan huyen CO Lao Dung, tinh Soc Trang.
**Tien sT, Khoa luit Dai hpc kinh ke thanh phd H6 Chi Minh.
I Tap chi 3 4 I KIEMSAT-
NGHIEN CW - TBAO DOI
03 thang ke tir ngay khoan n o lien quan den han nham tgo them c o bgi de doanh nghifp thanh todn n g vd Idm gidm dp lye de dpa nguy c o nop don yeu cau m d thii tyc phd san tir phia cac chu ng. Quy dinh nay la phu hgp vdi kinh nghiem lap phap ciia mpt sd nude khi cho phep con n g cd thdi hgn tte hgn thanh toan sau khi chu n p cd yeu cau ddi ng. Tuy nhien, xet ve mdt gdc dp khac thi vdi quy dinh thdi han ba thdng ke tu ngdy den hgn thanh todn khodn n p khdng cd bdo ddm hogc khodn ng cd bdo ddm mdt phan md doanh nghiep khdng thye hien nghia vu thanh todn thi doanh nghifp dupe xdc dinh la doanh nghifp lam vdo tinh ttgng mat khd nang thanh toan theo khoan 1 Dieu 4 Lugt pha san nam 2014 thi cac chu ng cd quyen nop don yeu eau md thu tye pha san mac du trong mdt sd trudng hpp doanh nghifp vdn con dii khd nang de thanh todn ng ma chii ng khdng cdn xet den Iy do vi sao doanh nghiep khdng trd ng khi d i n hgn Id chua that sy hop ly. Trong trudng hgp nay, cac chii ng hodn toan cd the thue hien vifc ddi n g thdng qua cdc hinh thuc khae nhau ttong dd cd viec kien ra Tda dn de giai quyet vu tranh chdp ve kinh doanh thuang mai hogc vu an ddn sy theo thu tye ehung cua Bd luat Td tyng dan sy nam 2015. Vdi quy dinh nhu tten ed the dan den trudng hpp doanh nghiep, hgp tdc xa bi yeu cdu tuyen bd phd san mdt cdch tuy tien, Idm mdt uy tin ciia doanh nghiep, hgp tdc xa.
Qua nhiing phan tich tren, cd the nit ra khdi nifm ve giai quyet pha sdn doanh nghiep theo thu tuc nit gpn nhu sau: "Phd sdn doanh nghiep theo thu tuc rut gpn Id thu tuc td tung tuphdp dgc Met dupe Toa
dn dp dung de gidi quyet viec phd sdn doanh nghiep, hap tdc xa khi cd du dieu kipn theo quy dinh etia Ludt phd sdn vdi trinh tu don gidn hon so vdi thu ttic gidi quyet viec phd sdn thong thudng nhdm gidi quyet nhanh chong nhimg vdn ddm bdo cdc nguyin tdc ciia phdp ludt vi phd sdn vd ddm bdo quyen, Im ich hpp phdp ciia cdc ben cd lien quan ".
2. Bit cap trong quy dinh ve giai quylt pha san doanh nghiep theo thu tuc riit gon
Quy dinh ciia Luat pha sdn nam 2014 ve dieu kifn phd sdn doanh nghiep, hgp tdc xd theo thu tye nit ggn van cdn nhieu bat cap, chua phu hgp vdi thye tien ciia ddi sdng kinh te, xa hdi, cy the:
Thu nhdt, theo quy dinh tai diem a khoan I Dieu 105 Lugt pha san nam 2014 thi chu the cd nghia vy nop don yeu cdu Tda an tuyen bd pha san quy dinh tgi khoan 3, khodn 4 Dieu 5 Lugt pha san nam 2014 duge yeu eau tuyen bd pha sdn theo thu tye nit ggn khi doanh nghiep, hgp tae xa mat khd nang thanh todn, khdng edn tien, tdi sdn khae de nop le phi phd sdn, tgm iing ehi phi phd sdn. Quy dinh nhu tren la khdng rd rdng, chua cy the. Cym tii "khdng cdn tien, tdi sdn" hieu theo nghTa khdng cdn bat cii ddng ndo hay khdng cdn bdt cu tdi san nao de nop dii le phi pha sdn vd tam iing pha san hay edn tien, tai san khae nhung khdng dii de ddng If phi pha sdn, tam iing ehi phi phd sdn hay cdn den, tai san nhung chi dii de nop If phi pha san ma khdng cdn tien, tai san khdc de nop tam img le phi pha sdn theo quy dinh cua Tda an nhdn dan.
Thir hai, theo quy dinh tai diem b khodn I Dieu 105 Lugt pha sdn nam 2014,
So 07/2020
Tap chi _K1EM SAT I 3 5
lUU - TRAO BOD
thi sau khi thy ly don yeu clu md thu tuc pha sdn md doanh nghifp, hgp tac xa mlt kha ndng thanh toan khdng cdn tdi sdn dl thanh toan chi phi phd sdn tiu Tda an tuyen bd pha sdn theo thii tyc nit gpn.
Trong trudng hop ndy, theo quy dinh thi chi phi phd san bao gdm chi phi qudn tdi vien, doanh nghiep quan ly, thanh Iy tdi sdn, ehi phi kiem todn, chi phi dang bdo vd cac chi phi khac theo quy dinh ciia phap ludt. Vdi quy dinh tai diem b khodn
1 Dieu 105 Lugt pha sdn ndm 2014 thi khi doanh nghiep, hgp tdc xa khdng cdn tdi sdn de thanh todn chi phi phd sdn Id khdng cdn de thanh todn todn bd chi phi phd sdn hay khdng du de thanh todn ehi phi phd san. Vi tten thye te, cd trudng hgp doanh nghifp, hop tdc xa mdt khd nang thanh toan va van cdn tai sdn nhung khdng dii de thanh toan toan bd chi phi pha sdn thi doanh nghiep, hgp tac xa mat kha nang thanh todn cd duge tuyen bd pha san theo thu tye nit gpn hay khdng?
Thu ba, bat cap ttong quy dinh ve trinh ty, thu tuc phd san doanh nghiep theo thii tye rut ggn: Ludt phd sdn nam 2014 khdng quy dinh cy the ve trinh ty, thu tye yeu cau vd gidi quyet phd sdn doanh nghiep, hgp tdc xa mat kha nang thanh toan theo thu tuc nit gpn. Vifc quy dinh ve pha sdn theo thii tuc nit gpn chi quy dinh tgi Dieu 105 Luat pha san nam 2014 la chua day du, chua toan difn ve mat lap phap. Dieu 105 Ludt pha sdn nam 2014 chi quy dinh vl dieu kifn de yeu cau md tbii tuc pha sdn (diem a khodn 1), dieu kifn de Tda an tuyen bd phd sdn theo thu tuc rut gpn khi Tda dn da thy ly vifc giai quyet phd san theo thu tuc thdng thudng nhung sau do doanh nghifp, hgp tac xa mat khd nang
thanh toan khdng cdn tdi sdn khdc de nop chi phi pha sdn (dilm b khodn 1). Dilu lugt chi quy dinh viec Tda dn phdi thdng bao ve viec md thu tye phd sdn theo thii tyc nit gpn cho ngudi tham gia pha sdn biet vd quy dinh vl viec If phi, chi phi phd sdn, md chua quy dinh ve thu tyc tiep nhdn don, xem xet thy ly don vd cung khdng quy dinh ve viec dp dyng quy dinh khdc ciia Ludt phd sdn khdng ttdi vdi quy dinh ve pha san theo thu tuc rut gpn khi Dieu 105 khdng quy dinh (thii tuc npp, thy ly don, trinh ty tuyen bd doanh nghifp, hop tdc xa mlt kha nang thanh todn phd san, thu tyc thi hdnh quyet dinh tuyen bd phd san theo thu tuc nit gpn...).
Quy dinh nhu tten ddn den hai cdch hieu:
- Nhiing quy dinh khde khdng dugc quy dinh tai Dieu 105 Luat pha san 2014 thi vdn dp dyng nhung quy dinh ehung cua Luat phd sdn nam 2014 de gidi quyet vifc phd san. Tac gia eho rang cdch hieu nay chua chinh xac, khdng ddm bao nguyen tie dp dyng phdp ludt. Phdp lugt dugc dp dyng khi cd quy dinh hoae cd dan chieu dp dyng, nd khdng duong nhien dugc dp dyng khi khdng cd quy dinh vifc dp dyng.
- Do phdp ludt ve phd sdn khdng quy dinh ro rdng, cy the ve trinh ty, thu tue gidi quyet phd sdn theo thu tyc nit gpn vd eung khdng cd quy dinh dan chieu viec dp dyng cdc quy dinh khdc ve pha san doanh nghifp, hgp tae xa nen tten thye tien thdi gian qua van ehua ed vy phd san doanh nghifp, hgp tdc xa ndo theo thu tyc nit gpn.
Chiing tdi eho rang phap lugt ve pha sdn doanh nghiep, hgp tdc xa theo thu tyc nit gpn ttong Lugt phd sdn nam 2014 la dugc hieu theo hudng phai dp dung cdc quy dinh
I Tap chi
3 6 I KIEMSAT- So 07/2020
khdc ve phd san doanh nghifp, hgp tdc xa khdng tiii vdi nguyen tdc theo thii tye nit ggn (nop dan, xem xet thy ly dan, tham quyln cua Tda an, kiem sat vifc giai quyet...). Tuy nhien, Lugt phd sdn nam 2014 can sua ddi, bd sung quy dinh chgt ehe hon ve trinh ty, thu tyc pha san doanh nghifp, hpp tdc xa theo thu tuc nit gpn.
Thii- tu, ve thdm quyen ciia Tda dn ttong vifc giai quyet phd san doanh nghifp theo thii tuc nit ggn: Ludt phd sdn nam 2014 quy djnh tuong ddi day du vd phii hgp ve thdm quydn cua Tda an nhdn ddn ttong vifc phd san doanh nghifp, hgp tdc xa. Song thue te vdn ed the phat sinh mdt sd han ehe ttong thye tien dp dyng nhu sau:
- Quy dinh tgi Dieu 8 Ludt pha san nam 2014 chua rd rang, cy the. Khi npp don yeu cdu pha san do cd bdt dgng sdn d nhieu huyfn, quan, thi xa, thdnh phd thupc tinh khac nhau nen Tda dn tinh thy ly nhung ttong qud trinh gidi quyet thi tai san dd khdng du de nop le phi pha san thi doanh nghifp, hgp tdc xa se bi tuyen bd pha san theo thu tuc nit gpn (can cii diem b khoan 1 Dilu 105 Ludt phd san nam 2014). Trong trudng hgp ndy, rd rang viee pha san khdng cdn phiie tap niia nhung quy dinh cua Luat pha sdn nam 2014 vd Nghi quylt sd 03/2016/NQ-HDTP ngdy 26/8/2016 ciia Hdi ddng Thdm phan Tda an nhdn dan toi eao hudng ddn thi hanh mdt sd quy dinh ciia Luat phd sdn lgi khdng dugc dl cap den trudng hgp ndy.
- Vifc giai quyet phd sdn lau nay van dugc ddnh gid Id vu vifc khd, ddi hdi Tham phdn phdi cd kinh nghiem, kien thiic chuyen mdn sdu ve thu tuc td tung, cd sy hieu biet ve quan ttj doanh nghiep vd nhung van dl lien quan khdc. Trong
khi do chat lugng dpi ngy Tham phan Tda dn nhan dan cap huyen van cdn thap, ehua ddng deu nen se rat khd cho Tda an nhan dan cap huyfn ttong giai quyet viee phd sdn doanh nghifp ndi ehung vd theo Ihii tuc nit gpn ndi rieng.
- Hifn nay, nhieu doanh nghifp, hgp tdc xa ed quy md ldn, lien quan den nhieu nganh, nhieu dia phuong khde nhau, rdt phuc tap. Vi vay, khi giao tham quyen gidi quyet don yeu cdu md thu tuc pha san cho Tda an nhdn dan cap huyen se dnh hudng den tien do ciang nhu chdt lupng giai quyet phd sdn, dgc bift la trudng hpp gidi quyet pha sdn theo thii tyc rut gpn quy dinh tai diem b khodn 1 Dieu 105 Ludt phd san nam 2014.
Thii- ndm. ve If phi, ehi phi phd sdn theo thii tyc nit gpn: Luat pha san nam 2014 ldn dau tien quy dinh ve pha san theo thii tyc nit gpn. Qua dd, Luat da quy dinh trudng hgp neu ngudi cd nghia vy nop don yeu cdu pha sdn theo khoan 3, khoan 4 Dieu 5 Lugt pha sdn yeu cdu md thii tuc phd sdn theo thu tyc nit gpn thi khdng phai nop le phi, chi phi pha san (trudng hgp phd san theo diem a khodn 1 Dilu 105 Lugt pha san nam 2014). Tuy nhien, ngoai trudng hgp tren thi trong trudng hpp Tda an da thy ly don yeu edu md thu tye pha sdn nhung xet thay doanh nghiep, hpp tac xa mat khd nang thanh toan khdng cdn tai sdn de thanh todn ehi phi pha san thi Tda an se gidi quyet phd san theo thu tuc nit gpn. Trong trudng hop ndy ngudi nop dan khdng duge hoan lai If phi phd san, din tam iing chi phi pha san da ndp^. Vdi quy dinh nhu tten ve eung
2. Khoan 4 Dieu 105 Lu^t pha san nam 2014.
Tgp chi _KIEM SAT
37
NGHIEN CW - TRAO DOI
mdt van de nhung Iai khdng duge ddi xir
"cdng bang" trudc phdp luat giiia cdc chu the. Ddng thdi, phdp luat vl phd san khdng quy dinh trong trudng hgp khdng hodn lai If phi, tgm ung chi phi pha san thi sd tiln nay giai quylt nhu thi nao?
Thir sdu, bat cap ttong viec quy dinh kiem sat phd san: Luat phd sdn nam 2014 quy dinh ve kiem sdt vifc phd sdn doanh nghiep, hop tdc xa ndi ehung va theo thu tyc nit gpn ndi rieng cdn nhieu bat cap. Cy the: Vifc thue hifn quyen kien nghi, khdng nghi cua Vifn kilm sat (VKS) nhdn ddn cap tten trye tiep khi phat hien quyet dinh cua Tda an nhdn dan cdp dudi vi phgm nhung VKS cap dudi khdng phdt hien kip thdi de thuc hifn quyen kien nghi, khang nghi. Tgi khoan 1 Dieu 36 Luat phd san nam 2014 quy dinh VKS nhan ddn cung cdp cd quyen kidn nghi vdi Chdnh dn Tda an nhdn ddn da ra quyet dinh tta lgi don yeu cdu, neu khdng ddng y ket qua gidi quyet thi cd quyen kien nghi vdi Chdnh dn Tda an nhan dan cap tten trye tiep. Ludt phd sdn khdng cho phep VKS nhdn ddn cap tten kien nghi trong trudng hgp VKS clp dudi khdng phdt hien vi phgm ttong vifc ttd lai don yeu cdu. Ddng thdi, Dieu 44 Luat phd sdn nam 2014 quy djnh:
"Trong thdi hgn 07 ngdy Idm viec ki tir ngdy nhgn duac quyit dinh md hogc khdng md thii tuc phd sdn, ngudi tham gia thu tuc phd sdn cd quyin de nghi xem xit lgi, VKS nhdn ddn cung cdp co quyin khdng nghi quyet dinh md hogc khdng md thii tuc phd sdn "; hogc theo Dieu 111 Ludt pha san nam 2014 quy dinh quyen khdng nghi quylt dinh tuyen bd doanh nghiep, hgp tdc xa pha san theo thii tye nit gpn ehi
thude tham quyen cua VKS nhdn dan ciing cap, ddi vdi VKS cdp tten trye tiep khdng cd quyen nay. Quy dinh nhu tten Id chua cd sy ddng bd giiia Lugt phd san nam 2014 vdi Luat td chiic VKS nhdn dan nam 2014.
Bdi le, Ludt td ehue VKS nhan ddn nam 2014 quy dinh VKS nhan dan cdp tten trye tiep kiem sat ban an, quyet dinh eiia Tda an nhan dan cdp dudi, VKS nhan dan edp tten ed quyen khang nghi ddi vdi bdn an, quyet dinh cua Tda dn cdp dudi khi cd can cii cho rdng quydt dinh dd la khdng cd can cii, trdi quy dinh cua phdp luat lam anh hudng din quyln, lpi ich hgp phap eiia Nha nude, cd nhan, td chiic khae.
3. Mdt so kiln nghi hoan thifn quy dinh phap luat ve giai quylt pha san doanh nghifp theo thu tyc rut gon
Vdi nhung bat cap da neu, ehiing tdi xin dua ra mdt sd kien nghi de hoan thifn quy dinh phdp ludt ve pha san doanh nghiep, hgp tac xa theo thu tyc nit gpn nhu sau:
Mdt Id, hodn thien quy dinh dieu kifn dp dyng thu tyc pha san nit gpn. Theo do, can sua khoan 1 Dieu 105 Lugt phd sdn nam 2014 nhu sau:
"a. Ngudi nop dan yiu cdu md thti tuc phd sdn theo quy dinh tgi khodn 3, khodn 4 Dieu 5 aia Ludt ndy md doanh nghiep, hpp tdc xd mdt khd nang thanh todn khong cdn tiin, tdi sdn khdc di npp todn bp hogc chi nop dupe mdt phdn li phi phd sdn, tgm ung chi phi phd sdn.
b. Sau khi thg ly dan yiu cdu md thu tuc phd sdn md doanh nghiep, hpp tdc xd mdt khd ndng thanh todn khdng con tdi sdn di thanh todn todn bp hogc chi thanh todn duac mdt phdn chi phi phd sdn"
I Tap chi ^ ^ _ _ ^ _ 3 8 I Kl£M SAT_y So 07/2020
NGHIEN CW - TRAO DOI
Chung tdi cho rang, vifc sua ddi nhu tten se khdc phye dugc thye tiln cd mpt sd trudng hgp cdn tiln, tdi san nhung khdng dli de ngp le phi, tam img chi phi va chi phi pha san se dugc yeu cdu dp dyng phd san tiieo tiiu tyc nit gpn. Qua dd, hgn ehl tinh ttgng sy vifc cd thi keo ddi, it tdn them nhieu ehi phi cho viec pha sdn nhung vln dat dugc ket qua nhu mong dgi eua cdc ben tham gia vdo vifc phd sdn.
Hai Id, vl thlm quyln giai quylt phd sdn ciia Tda an nhan ddn.
D I hilu vd dp dung diing, thdng nhdt phdp luat pha san thi cdn nang cao nang lyc, trinh do cua dpi ngii can bg thye thi phdp ludt pha san. Tda an nhan dan tdi cao can dinh ky td ehiic cdc hgi thao chuydn de, khda dao tao, bdi dudng va nang cao trinh dp nghifp vy cua Thdm phan, Thu ky Tda an trong viec gidi quylt yeu cau tuyen bd phd sdn theo thu tuc nit gpn ndi rieng va phd sdn theo thu tyc thdng thudng ndi ehung; edn cd kl hogch ddo tgo Thdm phdn chuydn trdch vl an kinh te ndi ehung vd gidi quylt cdc vy viec phd sdn ndi rieng. Can xdy dyng chuong trinh dao tao vd cdp chiing chi Qudn tdi vien. Ngodi ra, cdn tich eye tuyen truyen phd bien phdp ludt phd sdn rpng rdi den ngudi ddn vd doanh nghiep, hgp tdc xa trong cd nude.
Ba Id, ve If phi, ehi phi phd sdn theo thii tue rut gpn.
De tgo sy cdng bang giiia cdc chu the khi tham gia trong vifc tuyen bd doanh nghifp, hgp tdc xa phd sdn theo thu tyc rut gpn, kien nghi sua ddi quy dinh theo hudng trong trudng hgp Tda an da thy ly yeu cau tuyen bd phd sdn doanh nghiep
(da ddng le phi, tgm ung chi phi phd sdn) nhung sau dd Tda dn xet thay doanh nghifp, hgp tdc xa mlt kha nang thanh todn khdng cdn tdi san de thanh todn toan bd hogc chi thanh todn duge mdt phan chi phi pha sdn thi ngudi da nop If phi phd sdn, tgm ung chi phi phd san dupe hodn lai sd tien da nop, viee hodn lgi sd tiln da npp dupe thye hifn theo quy dinh cua phap lugt ve thi hanh dn dan su va phdp ludt cd lien quan.
Bdn Id, ve kiem sat vide gidi quylt pha sdn theo thu tyc nit gpn.
Vdi bdt cap ttong quy dinh Luat phd sdn nam 2014 ve kiem sat viec giai quyet phd san theo thu tuc nit gpn ndi rieng va theo thu tuc ehung ndi ehung can sura ddi tham quyen kiem sat cua VKS theo hudng ddi vdi quyet dinh cua Tda an nhan dan cdp dudi ngoai vifc cd the bi VKS eung cap kien nghi, khang nghi thi cdn cd the bi VKS nhan dan cdp tren trye tiep kien nghi, khdng nghi theo thu tuc ehung. Cd nhu the mdi ddm bdo dugc sy ddng bd trong phap lugt ndi ehung vd khac phye duge trudng hgp quyet dinh cua Tda dn cdp dudi ed sai phgm nhung VKS eung cap khdng phdt hien kip thdi hoae khi phdt hifn thi thdi ban kiln nghi, khdng nghi da bet. Trong tnrdng hgp ndy, VKS nhdn ddn cimg cap va Tda dn da ban hdnh quyet dinh pha sdn theo thu tue nit ggn cd the bdo edo len VKS tten trye tilp de thye hien quyen kien nghi, khdng nghi nham ddm bdo phdp luat phdi dugc dp dyng nghiem minh, ehinh xdc, nhdm dam bdo mgi quyen, Igi ich hpp phap ciia ca nhan, td chirc.•
Tap chi _KIEMSAT I 3 9
