'Phdp. Iu4li>d Xinh U 86 8(317)-2018
HOAN THIEN PHAP LUAT VE
GIAO KET HOP DONG LAO DONG d VIET NAM
I BOI THI HUY^N *
Tdm tdt: Bdi viet trao doi vd ddnh gid ve thuc trgng giao kit hap dong lao dong theo phdp ludt Viet Nam hien nay, tie do, de xudt mgt so kien nghi nhdm hodn thien phdp lugt ve vdn di ndy
Abstract: The paper discusses and assesses the real situation of labor contract conclusion in Vietnam at present, and from that point, recommends some proposals for completing law in this area.
1, Vai net v^ giao k^t hgfp dong lao ddng va thyc trang phap luSt v^ giao ket hgp dong
Giao ket hgp ddng lao ddng la giai doan Ididi dau cho sy hgp tac efla cac ben de tien tdi sy thdng nhat y chi nham tao lap quan he lao ddng. Vi vay,
"de xac lap dugc mdt quan he lao ddng hai hda, dn dinh flen ca sd tdn trpng lan nhau, cac ben can phai cd y thflc va thien ehi dac biet la y thflc phap luat va thien chi khi thuong lugng"'. Ve ban chat, giao ket hgp ddng lao dpng cd sy tucmg ddng kha Idn vdi giao kdt hgp ddng dan sy la cd sy thda thuan, trong dd, cac ben bay td va thdng nhat y chi nham hudng tdi nhung lgi ich nhat dinh. Tuy nhien, hgp ddng lao ddng cd nhflng dac tnmg rieng nhu: Ddi tugng cua hgp ddng lao ddng la vide lam cd tra luong; thudng do dich danh ngudi ky thyc hien; thda thuan eua eac ben hi gidi ban phap ly nhat dinh, d dd quyen tdi thieu co the cao hon nhung nghia vy la tdi da, thda thuan chi dugc thap hon; hgp ddng lao dpng duge thuc hidn trong thdi gian lien tuc hoac cd thdi ban hoae vd thdi han, bdi day la vide giao kit thyc hien thda thuan mua ban hang hda dac biet la sue lao ddng, vi vay.
phap luat ve hgp ddng lao ddng phai dua ra nhung quy dinh mang tinh hgp ly ban, trong dd, ben ban (ngudi lao ddng) se dugc quan tam nhieu ban trong viee nghien eflu va dua ra quy dinh luat ap dung nham tao the "can bang" tuong ddi giua hp vdi ben mua (ngudi sfl dung lao dpng). Nhu vay, cd the khai quat: "Giao ket hgp ddng la viec ngudi lao ddng va ngudi sfl dyng lao ddng cung thuong lugng, thda thuan ve eac dieu kien dat ra va hai ben thdng nhat cac cam ket thyc hien bang cac dieu khoan the hien tren hgp ddng lao dpng".
Tinh den thdi diem hien nay, nhiing quy dinh cua phap luat Viet Nam ve hop ddng lao dpng ndi chung va ve giao ket hgp ddng lao ddng ndi rieng vd CO ban da dap flng dugc yeu cau bao ve ngudi lao dpng, bao ve quyen va lgi ieh hgp phap cua ngudi sfl dung lao ddng va thich hgp vdi tinh linh hoat cua thi fludng lao ddng^. Tuy nhien, qua nghien cflu, chung tdi nhan thay van cdn tdn tai mdt sd bat cap nhu sau:
Ll. Ve chd the giao kit h&p ddng lao ddng Khoan 1 Dieu 3 Bd luat Lao ddng nam 2012 quy dinh: "Ngudi lao ddng la ngudi tfl dfl 15 tudi
* Khoa Ludt, Bgi hgc Quoc gia Hd Noi
Ddn chO & Phdp ludt
^hdp ludi od JUnh ll S6 8 ( 3 1 7 ) j j 0 l i
trd len, cd kha nang lao ddng, lam viec theo hgp ddng lao ddng, dugc tra luong va chiu su quan ly-, didu hanh cua ngudi sfl dung lao dgng". Theo dd, lao dpng cd quydn va nghia vy cua cdng dan nhung phai din du 15 hidi thi quydn lao ddng i y mdi cd kha nang thye bien^, tuy nhien, Bd luat Lao ddng nam 2012 lai quy dinh: "Ngudi sfl dung lao ddng chi dugc sfl dung ngudi tfl dfl 13 tudi den dudi 15 tudi lam eac cdng viec nhe theo danh muc do Bp Lao dgng - Thuong binh va Xa hdi quy dinh" va "khdng dugc sfl dyng lao ddng la ngudi dudi 13 tudi lam viec flu mpt sd cdng viee cy the do Bd Lao ddng - Thuong binh va Xa hdi quy dinh. Khi sfl dung ngudi dudi 13 tudi lam viec thi ngudi sfl dyng lao dpng phai tuan theo quy dinh tai khoan 2 Dilu nay" (khoan 1, khoan 3 Dieu 164), ddng thdi Thdng tu sd 11/2013/TT-BLDTBXH ngay 11/6/2013 efla Bd Lao dpng - Thuang binh va Xa hpi cung da dua ra danh myc edng viec nhe dugc sfl dyng ngudi dudi 15 tudi lam vice. Nhu vay, mpt mat phap luit quy dinh ngudi lao dpng phai la ngudi h!r du 15 tudi trd len, mat khae lai cho phep ngudi dudi 15 tudi tham gia lao ddng (mac du ehi trong mdt sd nganh nghe nhat dinh va viec giao ket hgp ddng phai thdng qua ngudi dai dien theo phap luat). Vay khi ngudi dudi 15 tudi tham gia lao dpng nhung chua dugc coi la ngudi lao dpng thi quyen lgi cua ddi tugng nay cd duge dam bao theo nhung quy dinh cua Bd luat Lao ddng hay khdng?
Theo khoan 1 Dieu 18 Bp luat Lao ddng nam 2012: "Trudc khi nhSn ngudi lao dgng vao lam viec, ngudi sfl dung lao ddng va ngudi lao dpng phai true tidp giao ket hgp ddng lao dpng", quy dinh nay la trai vdi quy dinh ve uy quydn duge quy dinh tai khoan 2 Dieu 18 efla Bp luat nay. Hon nfla,
hien nay, hinh thflc tuyln dung lao ddng khdng cdn bi bd hpp nhu each truySn thdng gifla bai ben ehfl the nua ma cdn cd thd thdng qua nhung hinh thflc khac nhu thdng qua ben cac don vi khac khi can. Vi vay, chung tdi eho rSng cum tfl "tryc tiep giao kit" tai khoan 1 Dilu 18 la khdng cdn phfl hgp vdi tinh hinh hien nay.
1.2. vk nguyen tdc vd nghia vu giao ket hap dong lao dgng
Nguyen tie giao kit hgp ddng lao ddng dugc bd sung tai Dilu 17 Bd luat Lao ddng nam 2012, viee giao kit hgp ddng thuc hien tren co sd: (i) Ty nguypn, binh ddng, thien chi, hgp tae va trung thyc; (ii) Ty do giao kit hgp ddng lao ddng nhung khdng duge trai phap luat, thda udc lao dpng tap thi va dao dflc xa hdi. Vdi quy dinh nay, vipc xac Igp quan hd lao dgng phai dya trdn nen tang cua nguydn tic Ur nguyen, binh dang, thien chi, hgp tac, trung thye va khdng trai vdi phap luat, thda udc lao dpng tdp the cung nhu dao dflc xa hdi. Tuy nhien, do giao kdt hgp ddng lao dgng la hinh thflc giao ket dac thu khac vdi cac hinh thflc giao ket khac, vi the, viec bieu hien ty nguyen, binh dang, thien chi d day chi mang tinh tuong ddi. Vi du, fludng hgp sfl dung lao dgng dudi 15 tudi lam mpt sd cdng viec dugc phap luat cho phep thi viee ky ket hgp ddng lai dugc thyc hien vdi ngudi dai dipn theo phap luat* chfl khdng phai chi vdi ban than ngudi dudi 15 tudi; hoac trudng hgp giao ket hgp ddng lao dpng vdi ngudi lao dgng tfl du 15 den dudi 18 tuli lai ddi hdi phai duge sy ddng y cua ngudi dai dipn theo phap luat^ chfl khdng hoan toan chi la sy thda thuan mdt each binh ding va tu nguyen giua ngudi sfl dung lao dpng vdi ngudi lao ddng.
Mpt dilm nua thd hien tinh tuong ddi efla
7>hdft ludt od JCinh tl 36 8 (317)-2018
nguyen tic giao kit hgp ddng lao ddng la quy dinh vl vipc cac thda thuan flong hgp ddng lao dgng cdng ddng thdi khdng duge trai vdi thda udc lao dpng tiip thd, hjrc la, mpi quyin lgi, thda t h u ^ theo hgp ddng khdng dugc thip hon nhung quydn lgi ma thda udc lao ddng tap thd da xac lap^. Thda udc lao ddng tap thd duge xem la nhung thda thu^n chung nhat, co ban nhat va dat dugc nhdt tri cao nhat ciia tap the ngudi lao ddng, vi thd, nd mang tinh "dgi dien" rat eao. Chinh vi le do, phap luat quy dinh viec giao ket hgp ddng lao dgng khdng dugc thap hon quyen lgi da thda thuan t^i thda udc lao ddng tap the nham bao ve ngudi lao dpng vi hp thudng d vi the thfl yeu bdi cai hg cd duy nhat la sflc lao ddng cdn ben sfl dyng lao ddng lai nam nhieu lgi the ban khi hp la ngudi tra luong, la ngudi quan ly, nam vdn va khoa hpc cdng nghe trong tay, hp ciing la ngudi cd quyen td chflc boat dpng kinh doanh cung nhu phan phdi lgi ich trong doanh nghiep. Tuy vay, tren thyc te vin cd nhung ngudi lao ddng khdng hoan toan ddng y vdi tat ca mpi dieu khoan trong thda udc lao dgng tap the nhung hp van bude phai chap nhan tuSn thu (mdt each mien cuong) vi nhieu ly do, chang ban, hg dugc tuyen dyng sau khi thda udc lao ddng tap the da dugc ban hanh. Va day cung lai la mpt minh chung nua cho thay vipc giao ket hgp ddng lao dpng khdng hoan toan dya tren co sd flr nguyen mpt each tuyet ddi.
Ben canh do, theo quy dinh eua Bp luat Lao dpng thi v l nguyen tac, ngudi sfl dyng lao dgng khi giao kit hoac thye hipn hgp ddng lao ddng khdng dugc giu ban chinh giSy td tuy than, van bing, chflng chi cua ngudi lao dpng hoac yeu ciiu ngudi lao ddng phai thyc hipn bien phap bao dam bing tiln hoac tdi san khac cho vice thyc hipn hgp
ddng lao dgng, song tren thuc te, van cd nhieu doanh nghiep giii bang tdt nghipp cua ngudi lao dpng nhu mgt "tai san dam bao" khi tuyen ngudi lao ddng lam vi tri nhan vien kinh doanh thudng xuyen giao nhan/thu tien ban le.
1.3. Ve npi dung giao kit hgfp dong lao dpng So vdi quy dinh eua Bd luat Lao ddng nam 1994 thi Bd lugt Lao dpng nam 2012 da cd rit nhieu didm mdi day du va tudng minh hem. Tuy nhidn, flen thye te, npi dxmg giao ket hgp ddng van cdn so sai, cdn thieu nhieu npi dung chu yeu nhu:
Cdng viec phai lam, hinh thflc tra luong, cac khoan phy cap, an toan vp sinh lao dpng, dieu kien lam viec..., nen khi ed tranh chap xay ra khd cd can cfl de giai quyet. "Hien nay phan Idn cac don vi ap dung theo mau in sin, trong dd ed dfl eac mye cua npi dung chu yeu, tuy nhien cac thda thuan lai thudng khdng cu the va khdng cd dan chieu rd rang..., rat chung chung hoac map md..."^. Vay viec ghi chung chung nhu vay cd that sy bao dam dugc quyen lgi eho ngudi lao ddng hay khdng?
Vdn cdn tdn tai phd bien nhieu don vi vi pham ve loai hgp ddng lao dpng nham "ne tranh" thuc hien cae quy dinh cua phap luat ve viec sfl dung loai hgp ddng lao ddng tai cac doanh nghipp hi nhieu nam nay da trd thanh ehfl de ban luan d nhieu dien dan khae nhau... "Yeu cau ve cam ky chudi hgp ddng lao ddng mac du la mdt quy dinh mang tinh bao vp quyen lam viec lau dai cua ngudi lao ddng nhung viec cac doanh nghiep "cd tinh" trdn tranh nghia vy ky hgp ddng lao ddng chudi nhu thyc te vfla qua da gay khd khan cho mdt lyc lugng lao ddng Idn tudi (tren 35 tudi) va lao ddng nude ngodi iam viec lau dai tai Viet Nam^. Bd luat Lao ddng quy dinh trong hgp ddng lao ddng phai ghi rd ndi dung ve dao tao, bdi dudng, nang eao trinh dp ky
Ddn chCi 8t Phdp ludt I
'Phdp. ludi od Xinh ti S6 8 ( 3 1 7 ) j j 0 j l
nang nghe khien khdng it doanh nghiep cd quy md nhd roi vao lung tung bdi xet ve nhu cau, kha nang thi viec dao tao, bdi dudng, nang eao trinh dp ky nang nghe hau nhu hp khdng dfl dieu kien ve kinh t l de thyc hipn, hp chi ed the tuyen dyng dau vao vdi lao ddng du trinh dp ma cdng viec yeu cau, dilu nay din tdi vipc dieu khoan ve dao tao bdi duong chi dua vao cho du theo quy dinh nhung khdng dugc ap dyng thuc hien trong thuc te.
Ben canh do, quy dinh ve thfl viec cung la van dl dang phai ban. Ndi dung cua hgp ddng thu vipc quy dinh tai eac diem a, b, c, d, d, g va h khoan 1 Dilu 23 cua Bp luat Lao ddng nam 2012. Vay, vipc ddng nop bao hiem xa hdi, bao hiem y te ed de cap den trong thdi gian thfl viee khdng? Theo quy djnh cua Luat Bao hiem xa hpi nam 2014 thi tu ngay 01/01/2018, mpi hgp ddng lao ddng cd thdi ban tu 01 thang trd len thugc lo^i hinh bao hiem xa hpi bat budc. Nhu viy, quy dinh cua Bd luat Lao ddng nam 2012 da khdng cdn phu hgp vdi Luat Bao hiem xa hpi nam 2014. Hon the, quy dinh tai Dieu 27 Bd luat Lao ddng nam 2012 ve thdi gian thfl vipc dugc tdi da khdng qua 60 ngay ddi khi gay khd khan cho ca ngudi sfl dyng lao dgng va ngudi lao ddng. Thyc t l trong nhieu trudng hgp, viec ap dung hgp ddng thfl vipc flong thdi gian 02 thang la chua dfl khi ma ngudi lao dpng chua hoan toan dap ung dugc yeu cau cdng viec va don vi sfl dung lao ddng van mudn ed them thdi gian d l danh gia lai nang lyc dap flng cdng viec eua ngudi dd. Tuy nhien, theo quy dinh cua luat thi vdi mdi cdng vipc chi dugc thfl vipc 01 lin, khdng dugc gia hgn.
Ngoai ra, cfing theo quy dinh tai Dilu 27 vl thdi gian thfl viec cdn chia ra cac mdc thdi gian thfl viee khac nhau doi vdi tung nhdm trinh dp cy the, song hipn nay, hau het cac don vi deu ap dung thdi
gian thfl viee la 02 thang ddi vdi tit ca ngudi lao dpng, khdng phan bipt lao dpng d trinh do nao, vi tri ndo. Dac biet, ddi vdi cae don vj giao dye cdng ldp cd sfl dung giang vien la lao dgng hgp ddng, ngoai viec thfl viec 02 thang vdi mflc thu nhgp
"tugng trung" thi cac dan vi cdn ap dyng hgp ddng tap sy cd thdi gian la 12 thang vdi mflc luong hudng 85%. V l thyc tl, ap dyng hgp ddng tap sy ndy doi vdi can bg giang vidn mdi di lam la phu hgp vi giao due la nganh nghe mang tinh chat dac thu, tuy nhien, cac don vi ap dyng cho ca can bp hanh chinh thi lai la khdng hgp ly. Mac du, vipc ap dyng nay ddi vdi ddi tugng lao dpng ky hgp ddng lao ddng nao xet d gdc dp quy dinh phap luat lao dpng deu sai.
2. Mpt so kien nghj hoan thifn ph^p lu^t Thd^ nhat, ve chu the vd nguyen tdc giao kit hgp dong lao dgng
- D I nghi bd sung khoan 2 Dieu 164 "khi ngudi su dyng lao ddng ky hgp ddng vdi lao dpng dudi 15 tudi thi lao ddng dudi 15 tudi dugc hudng day du cac quyen nhu ngudi lao ddng khac dugc quy dinh tai Bd luat nay".
- Sfla ddi khoan 1 Dieu 18: "Trudc khi nhan ngudi lao ddng vao lam viee, ngudi sfl dung lao ddng va ngudi lao ddng phai giao kit hgp ddng lao dpng" nhim dap ung tinh linh hoat cua thi ttudng lao ddng.
- Nen tap ttung cac quy dinh ve lao ddng chua thanh nien va lao ddng tfl 13 den 15 tudi vao Chuang XI, myc 1 de tien tta cflu.
Jftif hai, ve ngi dung giao ket hop dong lao dpng
- c i n nghien cflu va quy dinh viec ghi dia dilm iam vipc cua ngudi lao dgng cy thi hon nhim bao dam quyin lgi cua ngudi lao dpng nlu trong qua
7>hdp^lu4ttfd JCinh il 86 8 (317)-2018
ttinh lam viec ben su dyng lao ddng thyc hien vipc thay ddi dia dilm lam vipc so vdi dia diem Iam vipc ban diu da ky kit.
- Quy djnh cu thi hon ddi vdi vipc dao tao, bdi duong, nang eao tay nghi ddi vdi ngudi lao ddng, ttong cd cd the hiy thupc quy md don vj, pham vi hoat dpng... dk quy dinh sat thyc han va ngudi ap dung luat cflng de dang hon.
- Bo sung quy dinh vS vide don vi sfl dyng lao dpng khdng dugc phep ky hgp ddng loai khac thay the hgp ddng lao dpng khi phat sinh quan he lao dpng hoac, trong trudng hgp ky hgp ddng dich vy thue mudn lao dpng thi bupc phai ky vdi don vi cd phap nhan nham dam bao don vi cho thue lao dpng cd tu each phap nhan thuc hipn cac quyin va nghia vu hgp phap cho ngudi lao ddng.
- Quy dinh rd khai nipm "cdng vipc tam thdi"
tai khoan 2 Dieu 16 de ttanh viec dan vi sfl dyng lao ddng Igi dung sy thieu ro rang de ky hgp ddng bang ldi ndi ddn den viee ngudi lao dgng khdng dugc bao dam quyen lgi khi ky hgp ddng loai nay.
Ben canh do, can hudng din cy thi hgp ddng mua vu la gi de tranh doanh nghidp lach luat keo dai thdi gian ky hgp ddng cd thdi han vdi ngudi lao
- Dilu chinh quy dinh tai khoan 1 Dieu 26 ve thfl vipc nhu sau: "Ngudi sfl dung lao ddng va ngudi lao ddng cd the thda thuan viec lam thfl, neu cd thda thuan thu vipc thi thdi gian thfl viec se dugc ghi vao hgp ddng lao ddng. Trong thdi gian thfl vifc, hai ben cd quyen don phuong cham dflt hgp ddng lao ddng bat cfl Iflc nao ma khdng can bao trudc hoae bdi thudng" theo dd, van ban hudng dan cd the cu the hda ve viec ngp bao hiem la "thdi gian lam vipc dudi 01 thang ma hai ben cham dflt thfl viec, khdng tiep hac ky hgp ddng lao dgng thi khdng phai ngp bao hiem"
- Bd sung quy djnh tai Dieu 27 vd thdi gian thfl viec, ttong do chip thuan cho dan vi thda thuan vdi ngudi lao dgng ve viee gia han thfl vipc vdi dieu kien khdng vugt qua 1/2 thdi gian da thfl viec trudc dd nham tao them co hpi cho ca ben sfl dyng lao dpng va ben ngudi lao ddng; sfla ddi khoan 1 Dieu 29 thanh "khi het thdi gian thfl viec ma khdng ben nao thdng bao ve viee cham dflt hgp ddng thi hgp ddng ed xac dinh thdi ban duong nhien cd hieu luc". Quy dinh ro han ve loai hgp ddng lao ddng, thang bang luong, hinh thflc tra luong, thfl viec ddi vdi cac don vi cd nganh nghe dac thu (vi dy nhu nganh giao due) •
1. Nguyen HQu Chi (2002), Hgp ddng lao ddng trong ca che thj trudng a Viet Nam, Lugn dn Tien si ludt hgc, Dgi hgc Lugt Hd Npi
2. PGS.TS. Le Thi Hoai Thu (2015). Nhirng yiu td dnh hudng din viec thuc thi phdp ludt vi hap dong lao dpng trong cdc doanh nghiep, Tgp chi Nghiin ciru Igp phdp, so 8 (288), T4/2015.
3. Le Thi Hoai Thu (2012), de tdi nhom B • Dgi hoc Qudc gia Hd Noi, Thuc trgng phdp ludt ve quan he lao donga VigtNam vd phuang hudng hodn thien, tr.l9.
4. Diim a khodn 2 Dieu 164 Bp lugt Lao dgng ndm 2012.
5. Dogn 2 khodn 1 Diiu 18 Bg lugt Lao dpng ndm 2012.
6. Khodn 1 Dieu 73 Bp lugt Lao dpng ndm 2012.
7. PGS. TS. Le Thi Hodi Thu (2014), Phdp ludt hgp dong lao dpng tir quy dink den thuc tien, Tgp chi Nghiin cuu lap phdp, si 23 (279). Tl2/2014.
8. Bp Lao dpng - Thuang binh vd Xd hpi, Bdo cdo tdng kit thi hdnh Bp ludt Lao dpng ndm 2012, du thdo thdng 12/2017.
