NGHI6NCIJ(U-TRAOD6I
HOAN THIEN THE CHE, CHINH SACH,
NANG CAO HIEU QUA QUAN LY NGUON VON FDI
6 VIET NAM
TRAN BINH TUAN*
Sau gin 35 nim md cda, hpi nhip qudc tg, dgn nay, ngudn vdn diu tu bye tigp nude ngoii (FDI) di cd sp ting tnrdng manh mevili ngudn li^ quan ttpng ddi vdi sttphit trign kinh tg -xibgicia VigtNam. Tuynhign, ttong bdi dnh hgi nhip siu viongnkmh tgthggldi, dg tindpngtdtbonddngvdnFDIchophittrlgnkinhtg,taorastrlignkgtvdicicdoanhn^gp ttong nude, tic dgng lan tda ticb cyc hon va ning cao gii tti pa ting cho khu vyc iinh tg ttongnirdc, VigtNam dn tigp tpchoin thign thg chg, ciiinh sicb dg ning eao higu qui quin If ngudn vdn FDI ttong tinh hinb mdf.
Tdkhda: Hoin thien thg che; chinh sich; quin ly; ngudn vdn FDI
Foreign tlirect investment (FDI) inStrws have grown strong andbeen an Important resource for stmo-economic development in Vietnam over nearly 35years of openlngand international integration ofthe country. However, in the context of deep economic integration, Vietnam needs to complete its institutions andpoUcies to improve effectiveness of FDI management In tbe new situation to make better use of FDI inflows for economic development, creating links with domestic enterprises, exerting more positive impacts and adding value for the domestic economic sector.
Keywortis: Completing Institutions; policies; management; FDI inflows.
NGAYNH^: 25/10/2019 NGtePHANBlBN,DANHGlA: 28/11/2019 NGAVDUYtT: 10/01/2020
1. Vg thlic tr?ng chmh sdch thu hut va nude ngodi (DTNN) {Luat DTNN nam 1987;
qudn 1^ ngudn vdn FDI thoi gian qua Luat DTNN nam 1996; Luit Dau tundm 2005 Sau gan 35 nam ddi mdi, Dang vd Nha vd Luit Diu tunim 2014). Thdng qua 4 bp nude ta dd ban hdnh nhieu ehu traong, cbinh ludt ndy dd tag ra eo sd phdp ly quan ttpng sdch, van ban phap ludt vg diu hut, qudn ly hong viec td chile tiiuc Men thu hiit vd sti ngudn vdn dau tit ttuc tiep nude ngodi (FDD, dung ngudn vdn FDI. Theo do, ngudn vdn tao dung mdi ttudng ddu hrkmh doanh fliudn FDI dd tid tiidnh ngudn vdn quan ttgng bd ttp lpi, timg budc tiep can vdi tiidng le qude tg. Ve su ngMep phdt ttien kinh te - xa hot eiia nude coban, cac cbli tiMmg cua Dang da dupe cu
thg hda bdng 4 bd Iudt quan ttpng ve ddu tu * ThS, Bp Tdi chinh
in TAP CHf Q U A N LY N H A NU<SC - SO 288 (1/2020)
(Xjuati &ank Sjf 2020
ta, ddng gdp cho viec tdng ndng sudt, tdng gid tri Iao ddng cita ddt nuoc.
Sd heu thdng ke cho thay, sau hon 30 ndm tiiuc Men thu hut DTNN, dgn nay, von DTNN dat gdn 350 ty USD, binh qudn tdng tten 20%/nara, ddng thdi Id khu vuc tdng tirudng cao nhdt tiong ngn kinh tg. Dgn hgt ndm 2018, Viet Nam da fliu hiit dupe 29.792 du dn vdi tdng sd vdn dang ky luy kg khodng 400 ty USD. Rieng nam 2018, vdn FDI thuc Men dat khoang 19,1 ty USD, tdng 9,1% so vol ndm 2017, ddng thdi chigm 23,4% tdng vdn dau tu ciia cd nude. Kim ngach bdng hda xuat khau dat khoang 244,7 ty USD, tdng 13,8% so vdi ndm 2017, tiong dd, khu vue FDI {ke cd dau tiid) dat 175,5 ty USD, tdng 12,9% so vdi 2017.
Khu vue FDI khdng ehi tao ddng lire tang tradng kinh te md cdn gdp phdn tao viee ldm cho ngudi Iao ddng. Sd lugng Iao ddng ldm viee ttong khu vue FDI da tang tit 358.500 ngudi ndm 2000 Ign 4.207.400 ngudi vao nam 2017. Ty le Iao ddng ldm viec ttong khu vtre FDI so vdi tdng sd Iao dgng eua todn bg ngn kinh tg dd tdng tir 1% (ndm 2000) len 7,8%
(nam 2017)'.
Trong nam 2019, Viet Nam tiep tue ghi ddu mde ky lue mdi ve gid tri vdn dang ky ddu tu ttgng vdng 5 ndm ted Iai ddy. Theo dd, tdng vdn dang ky cap mdi, dieu chinh va gdp vdn mua ed phdn eiia nhd DTNN dat gdn 31,81^
USD, tdng 3,1 % so vdi cimg ky nam 2018. Vdn tiiuc Men cua du dn FDI ude dat 17,62 ty USD, tang 6,8% so vdi cimg ky nam 2018. Tinh luy kg den ngdy 20/11/2019, ednudccd 30.477 du dn edn Meu lire vdi tdng vdn dang ky 360,69 ty USD. Vdn thirc hien IQy kg cua cdc dit an ddu tu tiirc tigp ntrdc ngodi ude dat 209,48 ty USD, bdng 58% tdng vdn dang ky cdn Meu Iuc.
Xudt khdu cua khu vuc DTNN (kg cd ddu tiid) dat gdn 166,7 ty USD, tdng 3,8% so vdi cimg ky ndm 2018 vd cMem 69,1 % kun ngach xudt khau. Nhdp khau ciia khu vuc DTNN dat 134,1 ty USD, tang 3,1% so vdi eung ky ndm 2018 vd chiem 57,7% kun ngach nhap khdu.
Tinh chung ttong 11 thdng nam 2019, khu vuc
DTNN xudt sieu gan 32,6 ty USD (kg ca ddu thd). Mac dit khu vuc kinh tg ttong nude nhdp sieu 23,48 ty USD, nhimg sudt sieu khu vue DTNN da bit ddp dupe nhdp sieu ciia khu vtrc kinh tg ttong ntrdc. Vi vdy, cd nude xudt sigu 9,1 ty USD tiong 11 titdng nam 20191
Cung tiong ndm 2019, ede nhd DTNN dd ddu tuvdo 19/21 ngdnh trong he thdng phdn nganh kinh te qudc dan, ttong dd, linh vtrc cdngnghiepchgbign,cbgtaoeMemtytipng cao nhat vdi212,16tyUSD, cMgm 58,8% tdng vdn dau tu, tiep theo la cac Iinh vuc kinh doanb bdt ddng san vcri 58,7 ty USD (chigm 16,3% tdng vdn ddu tu); sdn xuat, phdn phdi dien vdi 23,65 ty USD (chiem 6,6% tdng vdn dau tu).
Da ed 132 qudc gia va viing ldnh thd ed du dn ddu tu cdn hieu Iitc tai Viet Nam, ttong dd tiling dau Id Hdn Qudc vdi tdng vdn dang ky 66,82 ty USD (cMgm 18,5% tdng vdn ddu tu).
Nhat Ban dung thu bai vdi gdn 59 ty USD (chiem 16,3% tdng vdn ddu tu), tigp theo Idn lupt Id Xinh-ga-po va Dai Loan, Hdng Kdng.
Hien nay, DTNN da cd mat d tat ed 63 tinh, thdnh phd ttong ea nude, trong dd thanh phd Hd Chi Minh Id dia phuong dan dau tiong tiiu hut DTNN vdi 46,89 ty USD (chiem 13% tdng vdn dau tu); tiep theo la Binh Durnig vol 34,19 ty USD (chigm 9,5% tdng vdn dau tit); Ha Ndi vdi 33,57 ty USD (cMem 9,3% tdng vdn dau tu)^.
2. Mdt sg ban che ttong thirc hign thu hut va qudn ly ngudn vdn FDI
Bgn canh nhiing ket qud dat dupe thi viee thu hiit vd qudn ly ngudn vdn FDI van edn nhung ban chg, dd Id:
Thu nhit thg chg, cbinh sdch ve DTNN van chua then kip ygu cdu phdt trien. DTNN dang dua rat nhieu vdo vdo ygu td gidm chi phi eua ngn kinh te. Cdn ygu td vg the che thuc day chg su ddi mdi sdng tao, sit an todn cua cdc nha dau tu, su nhdt qudn ciia he thdng ehinh sdch... edn bdt cap. Dde biet, thu tuc hanh ehinh cdn ludm ta so vdi cac he TAP CHi Q U A N LY N H A NUdC - S6 288 (1/2020)
NGHIlN cau-TRAOBOI
tiidng khde tiong khu vtie. CMnh vi vdy, ehungtamdidangdehat lupng thg ehe Uimg binh trong so sdnh taong quan ASEAN.
Thuhai, ehinh sdch tm ddi cdn dan tidi, tMgu nhdt qudn, khdng dn dinh. Mdi trudng dau tu kinh doanh, ndng lire eanh ttanh eiia Viet Nam tuy da dupe cai tiiien nhung vdn cdn ban chg; chdt lugng, hieu qud thu hut vd quan ly ngudn vdn FDI chua cao. Ha tdng khih te - xd hdi, ngudn nhan lue ehdt lupng eao chua ddp ling ygu cau; cdn tMgu cde tiiigt ehe vdn hda, xd hgi thiet ygu. He thdng td chuc bg may vd nang lire thu but, qudn ly ngudn vdn DTNN edn bat cap, phan tdn, chtta ddp iing dupe yeu eau, tiiieu tinb chu ddng vd chuygn nghiep.
Viet Nam Men dang dp dung ede chinh sdch uu ddi eao, thu but cac du dn dau tu vdo mpt sd Iinh virc nhu: ndng nghiep, ehg bign ndng sdn, tbiiy sdn, sdn xuat phdn mgm vd ndng lupng tdi tao. Tuy nhien, dgn nay, ty trpng thu hut FDI vdo Iinh vue ndng nghiep edn khd thdp. Ndng nghiep chigm khoang 15,34% GDP cd nude (ndm 2017), nhung ty tipng dau tu vdp ngdtih Ndng nghiep cM chiem gan 6% tdng vdn ddu tu todn xd bdi^.
Thu ba, sd lupng du dn quy md nhd, ling dung cdng nghe thap, phan bd khdng dgu; ty le vdn thuc Men tten vdn ddng ky thap. Ty ttgng ddng gdp che ngdn sdch nha nude cd xu budng giam. Lien kgt, tuong tae vdi cdc khu vtrc khde eua nen kmh te thigu chat che, hieu irng Ian tod vg ndng suat vd edng nghe chua cao; ty le ndi dia hod edn thap.
Thutu, cdc Men tagng chuygn gid, dau ta
"chui", dau ta "niip bdng" ngdy edng tinh vi vd ed xu hudng gia tang. Hien nay, van edn tinh ttang ehuyen gid, bao Id ciia cac DN FDI.
Vd mac du cdc DN FDI Uen tuc bdo Id nhung vdn Uep tue ddu tu md tong sdn xudt. Tinb ttang ttuc Ipi tit cbinh sdch uu ddi thu hut FDI dang dign ta Id do cbinh sach tm dai tiiue cd thdi ban, theo dd, tm dai ve tiidi gian mien gidm tiiue ed xu hudng thu hut edc dtr dn ddu
W ngdn ban tiiay vi cac dtr dn dau tu ddi han vd sau kM het ky ban uu ddi tiiud, DN FDI co xu hudng thay ddi dtr dn ddu W Men tai thdnh dtr an mdi vg mat phap ly dg tigp tuc dupe hudng uu dai thue.
Thtr nam, mdt sd DN, dit dn sir dung Idng phi tdi nguyen, ddt dai, vi pham chinh sach, phdp ludt ve Iao ddng, tien luong, thue^bao hiem xaiidi, mdi tiudng...; phdt smh nhigu vu viee ttanh chdp, kMeu kien phuc tap cd trong nude va qudc te.
Cd nMeu nguyen nhdn dan den nhtrng ban ehg, yeu kem tten, ttong dd, nguyen nhan chu ygu la do nhdn tiuic cua cde edp, cdc nganh vd eua xd hdi cdn chua day du, nhat qudn; thu hut DTNN thigu ehpn lpc. Tu duy vd dinh hudng ddi mdi, hodn thien eo chg, chinh sdch, phdp ludt hen quan chua ddp ling ygu cdu thue tiSn, tMgu ddng bd, nhigu quy dinh cdn chdng cheo, mdu thuan. Nang luc eiia dpi ngti can bd ldm cdng tde thu hiit, qudn ly ngudn vdn DTNN nhigu ncri edn ban che, thigu tinh ehu ddng, sdng tao; khd nang phdn ticb, dii bdg cdn bdt cap. Thanh tia, kiem tia, xu Iy vi pham cd Iiic, ed noi chtra nghigm...
3. Mdt sfi gidi phdp vg hoan tM6n thg chg, chinh sach, ndng cao hi$u qud qudn ly ngudn von FDI
Ngdy 20/8/2019, Bd Chinh tii da ban hanh NgM quyet sd 50-NQ/TW ve dinh hudng hoan thien thg che, cbinh sdeh, ndng cao chat lupng, Meu qud hpp tae DTNN den ndm 2030.
Day Id Nghi quyet ed tam quan ttpng ddc bigt doi vdi tign trinh ddi mdi md hinh tdng tradng, CO cdu lai ne'n kinh te vd hodn tiiien thg che kinh te tin Drnng dinh hudng XHCN eua nude ta ttong thdi ky mdi. Theo dd, Nghi quygt dd dua la mdt sd mue tigu cu tiie: phan dau giai doan 2021- 2025, khu vtrc cd von DTNN dat vdn ddng ky khodng 150 - 200 tf USD (30 - 40 ty USD/nam); giai doan 2026 - 2030 khoang 200 - 300 ty USD (40 - 50 tj USD/nam); vdn ttiuc Men giai doan 2021 - TAP CHf Q U A N Vi NHA NUtJC - SO 288 (1/2020)
(^uau ^anh <7^ 2020
2025 khoang 100 - 150 t^ USD (20 - 30 ty USD/nam); giai doan 2026 - 2030 khoang 150 - 200 ty USD [30 - 40 ty USD/nam). Ty le DN sii dung cdng nghe tien tiln, quan tri hien dai, bao ve moi trudng, hudng den cong nghg cao tang 50% vao nam 2025 va 100% vao nam 2030 so vdi nam 2018. Ty le ndi dia hda tang tii 20 - 25% hien nay len mue 30% vao nam 2025 va 40% vao nam 2030. Ty trpng Iao ddng qua dao tao trong co cau sii dung Iao ddng tii 56% nam 2017 len 70% vao nam 2025 va 80%
vao nam 2030.
Dl thuc hien dup€ mue tieu tren, can tap trung vao cac giai phap sau:
Mdtli, tiep tuc hoan thien the ehl, chinh sach ve DTNN. Hoan thien ddng bp he thdng phap lugt, sua ddi, bd sung cac quy dinh vl thii tuc, dilu kien dau tu, danh mue dia ban, Imh vuc, ddi tupng dupe ap dung uu dai dau tu trong cac luat vl DTNN va eae luat cd lien quan dl thdng nhat trong thuc hien va bao dam phii hpp vdi cac cam ket qude te cua Viet Nam.
Xay dung cu thi danh mue han che, khong thu hut DTNN phii hpp vdi cac cam kit qudc tl; ngoai danh mue nay, nha DTNN dupe ddi xii binh ddng nhu nha dau tu trong nude. Khuyen khich nha DTNN gia nhap thi trudng 6 nhimg nganh, llnh vuc ma Viet Nam khdng cd nhu eSu bao hp. Xay dung cac tieu chi ve dau tu de lua ehpn, uu tien thu hiit d^u tu phii hpp vdi quy hoach, dinh hudng phat trien nganh, Unh vuc, dia ban. Xay dung co chi danh gia an ninh va ttIn hanh ra soat an ninh ddi voi cae du an, hoat dpng DTNN cd hoac cd the anh hudng den an ninh qudc gia.
Ddi mdi co che, ehinh saeh uu dai dau tu;
xay dung, bd sung co che khuyin khich ddi vdi cac DN hoat dpng cd hieu qua, thuc hien tdt cam kit; phan biet uu dai giiia cac nganh, nghi dau tu khac nhau. Xay dung the ehl, chinh sach uu dai vupt trdi, canh tranh qudc te, tao dilu kien kinh doanh thuan loi, thu hiit c^c du an Ion, trpng dilm qudc gia, du an
cong nghe eao..., thu hiit cac nha dau tu chien luoc, eae tap doan da qudc gia dau tu, dat tru sa va thanh lap cac trung tam nghien ciru - phat trien (R&D), trung tam ddi mdi sang tao tai Viet Nam. Cd chinh sach khuyin khich ddi vai DN DTNN dao tao, nang cao ky nang, trinh dp cho iao dpng Viet Nam; su dung ngudi Iao ddng Viet Nam da lam viee, tu nghiep d eac qudc gia tien tiln.
Xay dung chinh saeh thu hiit DTNN can ddi, hpp ly giira cac vimg, miln; bao dam viec thu hiit, hpp tac DTNN theo dung dinh hudng, quy hoaeh va yeu eSu phat trien. Nang cao cac tieu chuan, quy chuan ky thuat ve san pham, bao ve mdi trudng, tai nguyen va tilt kiem nang lupng phii hop vdi tieu chuan cua khu vue va the gioi.
Hai la, hoan thien thi che, chinh saeh nh&m bao hd va dl cao traeh nhiem ciia nha dau tu. Sira ddi, bd sung quy dinh bao dam quyln, nghia vu, edng nhan va bao hp quyen sd hiru hpp phap vl tai san, quyen sd hiiu tri tue, vdn dau tu, thu nhap va lpi Ich hpp phap khac ciia nha dau tu va chii the cd Men quan, phh hpp vdi cae cam ket quoe te. Dong thdi cd chi tai xii ly nghiem cac vi pham. Quy dinh ro trach nhiem ciia nha dau tu ve bao ve mdi trudng trong qua trinh dau tu, trien khai du an va hoat ddng cua DN trong sudt thdi gian thuc hien du an theo quy dinh ciia phap luat.
Hoan thien the ehe, chinh saeh quan ly, giam sat dau tu. Nang cao nang lire phan tieh, du bao cua cac eo quan xay dung, ban hanh the che chinh sach; kip thdi ban hanh quy dinh dieu chinh cac quan he kinh t l mdi, cac md hinh, phuong thiic kinh doanh mdi..., tao thuan loi cho hoat ddng dau tu kinh doanh eiia nha dau tu va hoat ddng quan ly ciia co quan nha nude. Ra soat, hoan thien cac quy dinh ve chdng doc quyln phii hpp vdi thdng le qudc te; vl dap ung dieu kien tap trung Idnh te theo phap luat canh tranh; ve bao dam qudc phdng, an ninh khi nha DTNN, DN TAP CHf QUAN L? NHA Nl/dC - SO 288 (1/2020)
NGHIEN CCTU-TRAO DOI
DTNN gdp von, mua cd phan, sap nhdp, mua lai DN tai Viet Nam.
Hoan thien phap ludt vg ehdng ehuyen gid theo budng ndng len tiidnh ludt; hodn thien, bd sung cdc quy dinh chat chg tiong phdp Iuat ve thue, ngoai hdi, hdi quan, ddu ta, khoa hpc vd cdng nghe, ve xdy dung co sd du heu, cdng bd thdng tin... dg kiem sodt, qudn ly, ngdn ehdn ehuyen gid ngay tu khi thdnh lap vd tiong qud trinh boat ddng cua DN ed vdn DTNN. Ndng cao chdt lupng, hieu qua cdc thiet chg giai quygt tianb chap va thuc tbi. Day manh phan cdng, phdn cap, u^
quygn va co che phdi hpp gitia cdc co quan qudn Iy nhd nude; dp dung co ehg mdt eira, mdt cita lign thdng.
Ba la, ddi mdi, ndng cao Meu qua cdng tdc xuc tien dau ta. Rd sodt, eocau Iai he thdng cdc CO quan xuc tien ddu ta Men ed (khdng thdnh lap mdi) theo budng ehuyen ngMep, ddc lap, khdng chdng cheo, khdng tiung lap vdi cac co quan cd chiic ndng qudn ly nha nude ve DTNN; xem xet khd ndng gan ket vcri xuc tien thutmg mai va du lieh mdt each hnh boat, phu hop vdi ygu edu vd dde thu cua timg dia phuong. Da dang hda cdc hoat ddng va phuong thuc xue tien dau tu; ehu tipng xuc tien ddu tu tai ehd vcri nhtmg du dn hpp tde thdnh cdng eu the. Dau tutbda dang cho boat ddng xde tien. Uu tign thue Men ede hoat ddng xuc tign dau ta qudc gia, vimg, lien nganh.
Bdn la, nang eao hieu lire, hieu qua qudn Iy nhd nude ve DTNN. Cde cap cMnh quygn can thirc Men ngMem phap Iuat vg ddu ta vd cd hgn quan ddn boat ddng DTNN, khdng de phdt sinh kMgu kien, ttanh chap qudc te. Xu ly nghiem tinh trang thue Men thg che, cMnh sdeh tMeu tiidng nhat giiia Trang uong vd dia phuong, giira eac dia phuong.
Chan ehinh edng tdc quan Iy, tiign khai du dn dau ta, bdo ddm Men qud kinh te - xa bdi - mdi tradng, phu hpp quy hoach, theo dung edc tieu chi lira ehpn, sdng lpc dir dn... Bdo dam chat chd ve quy ttinh, thu tuc edp, dieu
cbinh, thu hdi, chdm dirt boat ddng eua dir an DTNN theo dung quy dinh phdp ludt.
Tdng cudng cdng tde kigm tta, giam sdt, thanh tra gan vdi ndng cao ttach nhiem cita cbinh quyen dia phuong vd ngudi dtmg ddu ttong chap hdnh chu traong, cbinh sdch ciia Ddng, phdp ludt ciia Nhd ntrdc hen quan tdi DTNN. Xii ly dirt diem cac du dn gdy d nMlm mdi titidng, sii dung dat khdng Meu qua, kmh doanh thua Id nMeu ndm, dtr dn khdng thue Mdn dung cam ket. Phdng ngita, gidi quyet sdm, cd bieu qud cac tianh chap lien quan den DTNN.
Kien toan bd may qudn ly nhd nude ve DTNN theo hudng Hnh gpn, bieu lue, hieu qua vd thdng nhdt mdt dau mdi tai cac bp, nganh, dia phuong, ddp irng yeu edu qudn ly Uen ngdnh, hen vimg tai dia phucmg vd ttong pham vi cd nude. Day manh phdn cdng, phdn cap, phdi hgp giiia ede bd, ngdnh vd cdc dia phuong gdn vdi tdng cudng kiemtta,gidmsdt.
Chil tipng ndng eao ndng luc va dao diic cdng vu cua dpi ngu can bd quan ly nha nude vg DTNN d cac bd, nganh va dia phucmg phii hpp vcri yeu cau, nhiem vu mdi vg qudn ly DTNN.
Hodn thien he thdng eo sd dtr heu, thdng tin qudc gia vg ddu ta ddng bd, hen thdng vdi eac hnh vuc lap ddng, dat dai, time, hai quan, ti'n dung, ngoai bdi... vd edc dia phuong. Ndng eao ehdt lupng cdng tdc thdng ke, bao dam kip thdi, day du, chinh xac va phii hgp vdi thdng le qudc tg. Phdi hpp chat che vdi eac hidp hgi DN, cdc td chtte qudc te ndng cao chat luong, Meu qua cdng tde binh ehpn, vinh danh eac DN DTNN; dinh ky bmh ehpn, vmh danh cdc nhd DTNN tieu biguD
Chu thich:
1,4. Thuc trang chlnh sich uu dai thu hut FDI vao Viet Nam hiin nay. http://tapchitaichinh.vn, ngay 25/06/2019
2,3. Bio cao ve tmh hinh thuhiitdau tunudc ngoii 11 thing nam 2019 cua Cue Diu tunudc ngoai-BpKe hoach viDiu tu, ngay25/ll/2019.
