Journal of Science of Haiphong University | Vol. 4, No. 15, p. 93 - 98
H U 6 N C DAN Dpc BAN DO CHO SINH VIEN OjA Lf 6 TRl/dNG DAI HOC HAI PHONG
Hodng Quoc Dung'
Tom tat
Dpc bin do l i mpt ki nang v6 cflng quan trpng vi li ki nang die thfl rai ra6i sinh vien nganh Dia li phai nam diipc. Nhin chung, viec ren luyen ki nang dpe ban do eho sinh viln dia li S Trfldng Dai hpe Hai Phong eo nhflng thuan ldi va khd khan rieng. Da phan cac era rat liing tung trong viee sfl dung ban do, die biet la sinh vien nara thfl nhat, thfl hai. Vi vay, viee hfldng dan, ren luyln cho sinh vien kha nang sii dung ban dd lu6n dUpc chii trgng trong day hpe Dia U. Hoat dpng nay dflde thflc hien vcti cac ngi dung: xic dinh phfldng hfldmg, vi tri dia li, mo ta doi tiidng trln bin do vi xac dinh moi quan he dia li gifla ehung,...
TU khod: bdn do, hieu bdn do, ki ndng dge bdn do.
1. Dat van de
Trong day va hpe Dia li, ban do dong vai tro rat quan trpng. Bin do vfla li phfldng tien tnic quan, vfla la mpt ngudn tri thfle dia li quan trpng. Qua bin do, chung ta eo the "du lieh" din nhflng vflng lanh thd xa xoi trln thi gidi ma khdng can di den tan ndi quan sit.
De eo the trd thinh mot giao vien dia li gioi, ngoii viee tilp nhan nhiing kiln thfle chuyen mon, sinh vien nginh Dia li e6n can trang bi cho minh nhflng ki nang nhat dinh.
Mpt trong nhflng Id nang dae thu vi bat buoc doi vcfi chuyen nganh nay, do chinh li ki nang dpc ban do.
• ThS., Khoa Ngu: van - Dia li.
Ki nang dgc ban do giup sinh viln linh hpi dflde cac kiln thfle dia li mpt each nhe nhang, nhanh chong, lau dai. Vcfi kl ning niy, hp CO the tai tao lai hinh anh cac lanh tho nghiin cflu vdi nhflng dae diem ca ban m i kh6ng phai den tan ndi thflc dia. Bin canh do, ren luyln ki nang dpe ban do c6n li mpt phfldng phap quan trpng de phat trien nang liie tfl duy noi ehung vi tfl duy dia li noi riing.
Khi dpe ban do, sinh vien phii luon quan sat, tfldng tflpng, phan tieh, so sanh, doi ehieu, tong hdp..., tfl do, tfl duy logic vi hi th6ng cua sinh viln dflde tang efldng.
•$• thflc dflde tim quan trpng do, vile hfldng din dpe bin dd luon dfldc chu trpng trong qua trinh dao tao ngfldi giao vien dia li d tnidng Dai hgc Hii Phong. Tuy nhiln, vile ren luyln ki nang niy con nhilu ban che do cac nguyin nhin khac nhau. Trong bai bao niy, tac gia phan tieh (1) biln trang, ddng thdi, xin trao doi (2) mpt so cich thflc de hudng ddn dgc bdn do eho sinh vien dia li d trUdngDqi hgc Hdi Phong.
2. Noi dung
2.1. Hien trgng ki ndng dgc bin do cOa sinb vien nganh sUpbgm dja li trudng Oai hoc Hdi Phong
Hien nay, so ldp Dai hge Sfl pham Dia li Trfldng Dai hgc Hii Phong co 4 ldp: K13 (12 SV), K14 (32 SV), K15 (30 SV), vi K16 (32 SV). Vile ren luyln ki nang bin do eho sinh vien ehuyin nginh dia li d Nhi trfldng hien nay ed nhflng thuan ldi sau:
TAP CHl KHOA HOC V o i . 04, No. 15 - 3/2015 93
Hirdng dan dgc bSn 60 cho sinh vien dja lid truifng flai hoc H3i Piling
Thfl nhit, khoa cd h i thong eae ban do dia ll va thilt hi do dac kha day du. He thong ban d6 bao g6m eae Bdn d6 Dia li tU nhiin dqi CUdng Bdn dd Dia li Kinh ti- Xd hpi (KTXH) dai cUdng, Bdn d6 TU nhiin ede lue dia, cae khu vfle, cac quoe gia; Bdn do KTXH edc chdu, ede vung, edc quic gia; Bdn do tU nhien vd KTXH Viet Nam... Chinh hi tiiong eae bin do nay giup eho vile thflc hinh eae ki nang bin do rat thuan ldi. Ngoai cic bin do truyin thong, eae bin do dfldi dang dfl lieu anh ciing rat dl dang thu thip tren mang Internet...
Bang 1. Cac phfldng tiln phuc vu sinh viln ren luyln ki nang ban 66
sinh viln nam thfl nhit ve ca ban chfla hiiu bin do li gi, chfla biet cich sfl dung bin do.
Sinh viln nam thfl hai thi chi 50% bilt each dpc ban do mdt each ddn gian.
Bang 2. Ti 11 sinh vien vdi mflc d6 Id nang dpc ban do (%)
McSo
Nam thi} nhat Namthi^hai Nam thi} ba Namth^tif
H l i u b i n So
10 80 100 100
Xac dinh phucmg
hitdng 10 SO 100 100
Xac fljnh v j t r i
50 100 100
M 6 t i
tittfng 0 20
ao
100 Phat Men moi lien he
0 10 50 100
n Ten thiet bl
Phong tilnhctiieu May thuJ binh MaydmhviPGS 6nq nhom La ban dia chat
QuJcSu BJndo
SolifOng 02 02 02 02 10 10 78
Ghi chd P105,106B10
Thfl hai, chfldng trinh dio tao ehuyin nginh Sfl pham Dia li da danh mpt khdi Ifldng tin chi khi ldn vl hpe phan Ban do, nhfl: Ban do hgc dai cfldng. Bin do ehuyen de; Ban do giio khoa vi HI thong thdng tin dia li. Qua cic hpc phan niy, sinh viln nam dfldc nhflng kien thflc liln quan din ban do vi ren luyen dpc bin do mdt each cd he thSng. Ngoii ra, hau bet eic hgc phan trong chfldng trinh deu phai sfl dung bin dd.
Ben eanh dd, vile hfldng dan, ren luyen ki nang ban do eho sinh vien la mpt eong vile liu dii va ed nhflng khd khin nhat dinh. Cae kiln thfle ve bin do tfldng ddi khd, Uln quan nhieu den toan hgc, trong khi eae sinh viln phan ldn li "sd" tinh toin. Bin eanh dd, cac sinh vien diem thi dau vao dai hpc cdn thap, chu ylu li hpe Ban Khoa hpc Xa hdi. Theo khao sat lay y kiln va thfle te quan sat, eae
2.2. Hudng ddn dgc bdn do cho sinb vien dia If
2.2.1. Hudng dan sinh vien "hieu ban do"
Bat ki ki nang nao deu dflpc hinh thinh trln ca sd nhflng kien thfle vl mat li thuyet, nhflng kiln thfle vl hanh ddng (thiic hanh).
Vay, muon hinh thanh kl nang cho sinh vien thi trfldc bet phai lam cho sinh vien nam dflpc nhflng kien thflc li thuyet lim ed sd, sau do mdi den kien thfle thflc hinh. Ndi mpt cich khae. trflde khi rln luyln cho sinh vien ki nang dpc, giang vien giup sinh vien "hieu bin dd".
Hieu ban do li hieu biet nhflng tri thflc toi thieu ve ban dd, bilt bin do li eai gi, dac trflng, tinh chat eua nd, cac ylu to eiia bin do, he thdng cie ki hieu quy fldc, each thflc bieu thi cic doi tfldng Iln bin dd...
Thdng thfldng, nhflng kiln thfle toi thieu mi sinh viln can hiiu ve ban do bao gom:
khai nilm ban do, eae tinh chit, dae diem eiia ban dd, eae yeu td c5u thinh bin do...; Cd sd toan hpc eua bin dd (ti le, phep ehieu ban do) (bieu hien d he thdng cac dfldng kinh tuyen vi tuyen, bo cue bin do...); he thdng ki hieu
94 TRl/dNG £>i;>\ HOC H A I P H O N G
Ho^ng Quoc Dung
quy fldc trln vi each bieu hien eae doi tfldng tren bin dd.
2.2.2. Hudng dan sinh viin dgc ban do Dpe ban dd li sfl quan sit bang rait nham giii thieh cie hinh anh bin dd trong mdi liln he vdi eae khii niem ve hien thfle. Theo N.N.
Baranxki, "dgc bdn do Id thong qua nhdng ki hieu tren bdn do md phdn tich vd nhin thdy nhUng nit thUc tecua khu vUe bi mat Trdi Ddt dUde bieu hiin trin bdn do"
KT nang dpc bin do Ii mdt kl nang tdng hpp, bao gdm nhilu ki nang d eie mfle dp khae nhau, nhfl: ki nang xae dinh phfldng hudng, xae dinh vi tri, ki nang so sanh, rad ta... Dpe ban dd khdng chl hieu ddn thuan li ki nang chi ra rapt ddi tfldng eu the tren ban do d dau ma phai biet khai thac, phan tich, tong hdp nhflng kiln thflc tilm Un trong dd ve cac phfldng diln: hinh thai be ngoai, tinh ehat ben trong, ngudn gdc, moi quan he eua ddi tfldng. Nhin ehung, ed ba mflc dp dpc ban dd:
Mfle 1, la mflc dp ddn gian nhat, ngfldi doe ehi ra dfldc vi tri eiia ddi tfldng dia li, ed dfldc bieu tfldng ve ddi tfldng thdng qua he thdng eie ki hieu quy flde.
Mflc 2, mfle dp eao hdn, ngfldi dpe ehi ra dfldc nhflng die dilm ciia doi tfldng bieu hien tren ban dd.
Mflc 3, ngfldi doe ed the so sanh, phan tich de tim ra moi Uen he gifla cic ddi tfldng va rflt ra nhflng kit luan dia li an tren ban dd.
Nhin chung, sfl phan ehia ra ba mfle dp dpc ban dd eung ehi mang tinh tfldng ddi. Cu thi, hfldng dan dpc ban dd gom nhflng ndi dung sau:
fl. HUdng ddn xde dinh phUdng hUdng trin bdn do
Phfldng hfldng trln ban dd rat dl hi nham lan neu khdng hieu dung bin chat.
Sinh vien, ke c i mot sd giio viln deu hinh
thanh mdt thdi quen rang, phia trln bin do la hfldng Bie, dfldi Ii hfldng Nam, ben phai li Ddng vi bin trii li Tiy. Dieu niy ehi dung vdi mpt s6 bin do. Viee xae dinh phfldng hfldng khdng dung ed the lam thay ddi ban chSt cua sfl vat hien tfldng.
De khic phi;LC, can hfldng dan cho sinh vien nguyin tic xac dinh phfldng hfldng li dfla vio cic dfldng kinh tuyin: kinh tuyin li dfldng ndi liln hai dilra cflc Bae vi Nam, li dfldng chi hfldng Bae - Nam. Cach thfle hfldng dan ki nang niy nhfl sau:
Bude 1: Hfldng dan sinh viln xae dinh phfldng hfldng trln qua dia cSu: tim cic dilm efle Bae vi Nam; xae dinh cac dfldng kinh tuyin li cic dfldng chi hfldng Bae, Nam; xae dinh cac vi tuyin li cie dfldng ehi hfldng Ddng, Tiy.
Budc 2: Cho sinh vien thflc hanh xic dinh phfldng hfldng tren ban dd nfla bin eau, ban dd ehau lue d l nhan xet, ddi chieu vdi cac dfldng kinh tuyin, vi tuyen tren qui can, tfl dd rut ra sfl sai lech ban dd.
Budc 3: Cho sinh viln thfle banh xac dinh phfldng hfldng tren bin do va ddi chilu vdi qua eiu.
b. Ren luyin ki ndng xdc dinh vi tri dii tUdng trin bdn di
Vi tri eua doi tfldng li moi quan he khdng gian eua nd vdi nhflng doi tfldng khac nam bin ngdai. Xae dinh vi tri dia li eua ddi tfldng nio dd, chung ta khdng chi xae dinh toa dp cfla nd m i edn phii ehi ra nd giap vdi cii gi, ed radi liln he vdi doi tfldng hay vdi lanh thd nio...
* Caeb xae dinh vi tri ddi tfldng li mdt dilm:
Bude 1\ Dpe ban ehu giai d l biet dfldc ki hieu quy flde ve ddi tfldng
TAP CHl KHOA HOC Vol 04, No. 15 - 3/2016 95
Hirdng dan Hoc bjn do cho sinh vien dia iifl tririmg M hgc HSi Phong
Bude 2: Tim ddi tfldng tren ban dd vi xae dinh tda dp dia H eua nd.
Budc 3: Tun cic ddi tfldng khic cd Uen quan Bude 4: Rut ra kit luan ve vi tri cfla ddi tfldng Vi du: dl xic dinh vi tri eua thu dd Ha Ndi, ta can xac dinh toa dp dia Ii (vi dp, kinh dp).
Sau dd, xac dinh eae ddi tiidng liln quan, nhfl:
dfldng giao thdng (Qudc Id 1, 2, 3, 5, 6; dfldng sat Bae - Nam, dfldng sat H i Npi - Lio Cai, Ha Ndi - Lang Sdn, Ha Ndi - Hii Phdng), sdng ngdi (sdng Hdng), mdi quan he ve kinh t l cua H i Ndi... Tfl do, kit luan H i Npi cd vi trI l i dau mdi giao thdng, li trung tam edng nghiep, trung tam kinh t l ehinh tri...
* Cach xae dinh vi tri ddi tfldng la mdt vung (mgt qudc gia, mdt ehau luc.)
Budc 1: Dpc bin chu giii d l bilt dflpc ki hieu quy flde ve ddi tfldng;
Budc 2: Tim toa do dia li eua cic dilm cflc Bae, Nara, Ddng, Tay eua vung;
Budc 3: Xic dinh cae bien, vinh (neu ed), eae vung giap ranh vdi lanh tho...;
Budc 4: Rut ra kit luin vl vi tri eua doi tfldng Vl du: de xic dinh vi tri efla Chau Phi, ngoii vile xac dinh toa dp dilm efle, ta phai xac dinh Chau Phi giap vdi cac dai dfldng va bien: Dia Trung Hii, An D6 Dfldng, Bien Dd, Dai Tay Dfldng...; ed radi liln be vdi Chau Au, Chau A, Chau Mi, Chau tJe... Tfl dd, rut ra kit luan ve vi tri eua Chau Phi, nhfl: nam tren ea 4 ban eau, nam chfl yeu d v! dd thap, ed mdi quan he mat thilt Chau Au, Chiu A...
c. Hudng ddn mo td trin bdn do Cd nhieu ddi tfldng bieu biln tren ban do nln vile md t i can phai xac dinh muc tiiu eu the. Viec md t i phai lim toat len nhflng dae diem chinh eua doi tfldng. Hfldng dan ki nang md t i can dfldc thfle hlln tfl thap len eao, tfl ddn giin den phfle tap. De cd thi md t i ddi
tflpng thuan Idi, ngfldi dpc bin dd khdng chi ed kiln thfle bin dd m i cdn phii hiiu biet vl dia li. Md ta cho eie ddi tfldng bao gdm eic ndi dung sau:
- Vi dia hinh, can md ta cae ylu td hinh thai nhii: hinh dang, diln tieh, dd cao (tfldng ddi va tuylt ddi), dp sau, dd dde, ehieu dai, rdng, dp chia eat, hfldng dia hinh...
- Vi khi hdu, can md ta cie ylu to, nhfl:
nhilt dp (ciic dai, efle tieu, trung binh, biln dp nhilt, chl dp nhilt...) mfla (Ifldng mfla, do am, biln trinh mfla...), gid (loai gid, hfldng gid, toe dd gid, sflc gid...), tfl do, rflt ra kit luin vl kieu khi hau cfla khu vflc.
- Ve song ngoi, can rad ti eae die diem nhfl: hfldng ddng chay (ndi bat dau, ndi kit thfle, hfldng ehiy), hinh thii (dd dai, dien tieh lflu vfle, dp doe...), each kit hpp mang lfldi sdng, ngudn eung cap nfldc, thu^ chl ddng ehay,...
- Ve tho nhUdng, can md t i vl kilu dit (dat phu sa hay dat man, phen..), die diem (dien tieh, dp diy, dp doe, dp phi...), co gia tri trdng cay, nudi eon vat gi...
- Vi ddn cU vd lao dpng, can md ta vl sd Ifldng, sfl gia tang dan sd, kit eSu, thanh phin din cfl, chuyin cfl,...
- Vi ngdnh kinh ti, can rad t i ve quy md nginh, tdc dd tang trfldng, eau true nganh...
Nhin chung, vile rad t i ddi tfldng tren bin do can dflpc thflc hien theo mpt de cfldng vaeh san. Giio viln hfldng dan sinh vien ren luyen ki nang niy nen bat diu tfl nhflng ddi tfldng CO dae dilm ddn gian rdi mdi den ddi tflpng phflc tap.
d. Hudng ddn ki ndng phdt hien moi quan he dia li trin bdn dS
Cic ddi tfldng dia li bao gid cung gan vdi mdt khdng gian phin bd xac dinh vi ehflng
96 TRflClNG B ^ l HOC H A I PHdNG
Hoang Qudc Dung
tac ddng qua lai lan nhau tao thinh mdt the long hdp dia li. Khdng gian eua mdi the tdng hdp dia li dupe biiu hien bang khdng gian tren ban do. Do dd, phat biln mdi quan hi dia ll trln ban dd l i mdt kl nang rat quan trpng trong qua trinh dgc ban dd.
Hfldng dan sinh viln phat biln mdi quan he dia li ddac tiln hinh qua nhflng bflde sau:
Budc 1: Yeu eau sinh viln nam ro cie raoi quan he dia U.
Cd nhieu mdi quan he dia li: quan he nhan qui trfle tiep - giin tilp; mdi quan he ddn giin - phfle tap... Biiu hien cu thi li nhflng mdi quan he gifla tfl nhiln vdi tfl nhiln (gifla eae thanh phan tfl nhien nhfl; dia hinh, khi biu, thuy van, tho nhfldng, sinh vat); gifla kinh t l vdi kinh t l (gifla boat ddng ndng nghiep vdi cdng nghiep, vdi dich vu); gifla tfl nhien vdi kinh tl. Trong eae moi quan hi dd, can phan biet mdi quan he nhan - qua, ed tinh quy luat vdi cic mdi quan he thdng thfldng.
Bude 2: Can cho sinh vien nam vflng nhflng kiln thflc ve ban dd, die biet la phfldng phap biiu hien ndi dung bin dd.
Dong thdi, sinh viln ciing phai nam vflng ki ning xac dinh phfldng hiidng, toa dp, vi tri va md t i ddi tfldng...
Budc 3: Trln ca sd kien thflc ban dd va dia li, sinh viln xae dinh mdi quan he eua eae ddi tflpng dia li trln ban dd.
e. Hudng ddn ki ndng mo td tong hdp dia li mpt khu vUc
Ki nang rad ta tdng hdp dia li mdt khu vflc (ed the li mdt vung, mdt qude gia, mdt chiu lue...) l i ki nang cao nhat trong vile "dpc bin do". Nhflng ki nang d tren deu la ed sd de ren luyen ki nang md ta tdng hdp.
Md ta tdng hdp mdt lanh thd bao gdm eae eong vile: xae dinh vi tri, gidi ban; rad t i cae thinh phan tfl nhien, eae boat ddng kinh te
xa hdi cfla din cfl eung nhfl moi quan he tae dgng qua lai gifla eae ylu td dd. Va tfl dd, ngfldi dpe se rut ra dflde nhflng ket luan ve die trflng dia li eua lanh tho dd.
Vi du, de phit biln ra nhflng dae trflng kinh t l cfla nfldc Phap, ta ein md t i tdng hdp cic nhin td tfl nhiln (vi tri, dilu kiln tfl nhiln), eae hoat ddng kinh t l xa hdi (dan cni, lao ddng, boat dpng ndng nghiep, edng nghiep, dieh vu...). Tfl dd, ngfldi dpe rflt ra ket luan ve nflde Phip: li nfldc cdng nghiip phit trien eao ea ve ndng nghiip, cdng nghiip vi dich vu...
3. Ket luan
Dpe ban dd la mdt ki nang die thu eua ehuyin nginh Dia li. Vile hfldng dan ren luyln ki ning nay giup sinb viln khdng ehi nam bat dfldc kien thfle m i cdn giflp phat triln tfl duy khoa hpe. Ddi vdi sinh viln nginh Dia U d tnidng Dai hpe Hai Phdng, vile ren luyen Id nang niy vfla cd nhflng thuan ldi, nhflng ddng thdi eflng gap nhilu khd khan do nhieu nguyin nhan khac nhau. Nhin chung, eae sinh viln rat lung tflng vdi vile dpe bin dd, dae biet la sinh vien nam thfl nhat, thfl hai.
Dpe ban do la rapt ki nang tdng hdp, bao gdm nhilu ndi dung khae nhau nhfl: xie dinh phfldng hfldng, xac dinh vi tri ddi tfldng. rad ta ddi tfldng, phat hien raoi quan he nhan qua dia li vi md t i tdng hdp mdt khu vflc. Vile hfldng dan, ren luyen ki nang niy can dflde thfle hiin thfldng xuyen va liln tue, tfl thap din cad, tfl ddn giin den phfle tap.
De phat triln ki nang dpe ban dd cho sinh vien, giing viln can ddi mdi phfldng phap day hpc theo hfldng tieh efle, giira bdt vile day kien thflc, hfldng tdi phat trien cae ki nang vi ning lflc ngfldi hpc. Ki nang ban do phii dfldc chu trpng dflng mfle vi dflde ldng ghep vao nhilu ndi dung eae hgc phan. Giing vien can tang efldng cac bii tap lam vile vdi bin do cho sinh viln.
TAP CHl KHOA HOC Vol 04, No. 15 - 3/2016 97
nuong oan aoc oan ao cho sinh vien oj
TAI L I | U T H A M KHAO
1. Nguyen Dflpe, Nguyen Trgng Phflcl (999), Liludn dqy hge dia li, NXB Dai hpc Sfl pham, Ha Ndi.
2. Ding Van Dflc, Nguyen Thu Hang (2007), PhUdngphdp dqy hge dia li theo hudng tieh cUc, NXB Dai hgc Sfl pham.
H i Npi
3. Nguyen Trpng Phflc, Hoing Xuan Linh (1997), SU dung bdn do vd phUdng tiin ki thudt trong dqy hgc dia li, NXB Dai hpe Qude gia H i Npi.
4. Le Thdng (2008), Hudng ddn hgc vd khai thdc Atlat dia U Viit Nam, NXB Dai hpc Qudc gia TP. Hd Chi Minh
5. Mai Xuan San (1998), Ren luyen ki ndng dia li, NXB Giio due. Ha Ndi.
G U I D I N G T O READ M A P S FOR GEOGRAPHY STUDENTS I N H A I P H O N G
UNIVERSITY Asbtract
Map reading is an extremely important and specific skiU that every student of Geography needs to master. In general, there are some advantages and disadvantages in training the map reading sldU for the students of Geography in Hai Phong University. Most of the students, speciaUy the first and the second year students, usuaUy find it dificult to understand maps. For this reason, training students' ablUty of using maps is always paid special attention to in teaching and learning Georaphy. This activity is carried out in the foUowing aspects: identifying directions and geographical locations, describing georaphical objects on maps and analyzing the relationship among them.
Keywords: maps, map understanding, map reading skill.
98 T R l / d N G 6,0,1 HOC H A I P H 6 N G
