THE GIOI VA VAN DE NANG LirONG
Sir phat trien khong ngirng cua thi trudng nang lircfng tai tao da lam birng len hy vpng vao su ra ddi cua mot ki nguyen mdi - kl nguyen nang lirang tai tao. Hay cung nhin lai nhiifng thanh tiTu ma nganh nang luong mdi me nay da dat 6m - dUa tren ban bao cao cua Chuang trinh moi trudng Lien Hop Quoc (UNEP) de thay rang, ki vpng tren la hoan toan cd cd sd.
Hudng den ky nguyen cua nang liforng tai tao
Tang triTorng a n tUtfng
Ndng Ifldng tai tao ngay cang khang djnh dfldc vi thi vd tam quan trpng so vdi cic ngudn ning lfl<?ng truyin thdng nhfl than di, khi ddt, ddu md vd hat nhan. Die bilt, trong nam 2010; ngdnh nang Ifldng nay da cd da tang trfldng dn tflpfng.
Ngudn nang l\i0ng tdi tao chilm din V4 cdng sudt tieu thy nang Ifldng tren todn thi gidi va cung flng 18%
ngudn di|n nang cho cd hanh tinh trong ndm 2009. Tai mdt sd qudc gia;
ndng Iflpfng tdi tao chilm mpt phdn quan trpng trong tdng sd nang Iflpfng cung cap; bao gdm ci nhi|t nang va giao thdng. Sd hp ddn trin t h i gidi sfl dyng mdy nydc ndng nang lyping mat trdi cung ngdy mpt tang, ydc tinh khodng 70 tri|u hd- Ngudn vdn ddu ty cho ndng \\i0ng tdi tao trong ndm 2008 vi 2009 chilm hdn mdt nfla tdng sd tien ddu tfl cho viec tao ra cdc ngudn nang Iflping mdi tren toan cau.
Sy phit triln ddng deu d hdu hit tat ci cdc ngdnh cdng ngh| tdi tao
d\i0c danh dau bang sy tang trydngtrong sudt 5 ndm (2005 - 2009), trong dd; cdng suat nang lyg'ng gid tang trung binh 27% mdi nam; may nydc ndng nang lyg'ng mat trdi tang 19% va sdn xuat ethanol tang 20%.
Nang lypfng sinh khdi va nang lyg'ng dja nhi|t (tao ra ngudn di|n va nhi|t) cung tdng trydng manh.
Nhilu xu hfldng gdn day cung phin inh tam quan trpng ngay cang Idn cua cic nfldc dang phit triln trpng viec thuc day nganh nang Ifldng tdi tao. Cdc nfldc nay hien chilm tdi hdn mdt nfla cdng suat nang Iflpfng tdi tao toin cau. Trcng dd; Trung CJudc din dau mdt vai chi sd tang trfldng thj trfldng. An dp dflng thfl 15 trin thi gidi vl tdng cdng suit ning Ifldng gid hien cd va qudc gia nay dang tiep tuc md rdng nhieu dang nang Ifldng tii tao tai cic vflng ndng thdn nhfl khi sinh hpc (biogas) vi he thdng pin mat trdi. Brazin thi sin xuat gan nhfl toan bd Ifldng ethanol tfl mia tren thi gidi va qua trinh niy da tap them dfldc nhilu sinh khdi. Cdc thj trfldng nang Ifldng tdi tao khde cung dang phdt trien manh tai Argentina, Costa Rica, Egypt, Indonesia, Kenya, Tan- zanya, Thailand, Tunisia, Uruguay va nhilu qudc gia trin thi gidi.
Dia bin phdn bd cdc ngudn nang Ifldng tdi tap cung cd sfl thay ddi theo hydng md rdng qui md tren todn cau. Chang ban; nang lydng gid ban ddu chi cd d mdt vai qudc gia trong nhflng nam 1990; nhyng nay da xuat hi|n trin hdn 82 qudc gia.
Qua trinh san xuat tap trung cung dang chuyin dan tfl chau Au sang chau A khi cdc qudc gia nhy Trung Qudc; An Dp; Trieu Tien tiep tuc tang cydng cam kit phat trien ngudn
ndng Ifldng tii tao. Dfldc bilt; trong nam 2009; Trung CJudc sin xuat 40%
sd pin nang Ifldng mat trdi; 30% so Ifldng tua bin gid va 77% thilt bj lam ndng nfldc bang nang Ifldng mat trdi tren toan thi gidi.
Nhilu qudc gia d Mi La tinh nhfl Argentina; Brazil, Colombia, Ecua- dor va Peru cung dang nghien cflu sin xuat cac loai nhien heu sinh hpc va md rdng nhilu cdng nghe tdi tao khde. It nhat 20 qudc gia d Trung Ddng; Bdc Phi vd cac nfldc khu vyc chau Phi Nam Sahara dang cd thj trfldng nang Ifldng tdi tao hoat dpng.
Ngodi chdu Au vd Hoa Ki, cdc nfldc phat trien khac nhfl Australia, Canada va Nhdt Ban cung nhdn thdy nhflng ldi ich thilt thyc tfl ngudn nang lydng mdi me nay va sy can thilt phii md rdng cung nhy phat trien cac cdng nghe ndng ly(?ng tdi tao.
Mdt trpng nhflng dpng Iflc cho sy phdt triln va tang trfldng nhanh chdng cua ngdnh ndng Ifldng tai tao Id tilm nang tao ra nhflng ngdnh cdng nghilp mdi vd hang trieu vi|c lam mdi. Tai mpt sd nfldc, sd lfl<?ng vi|c lam trong nganh nang lfl(?ng tai tao lin tdi con sd hang tram nghin. Xet trin pham vi todn caU; cd khodng 3 trieu cdng viec trfle tilp hen quan tdi ngdnh nang lfl(?ng tai taO; trong do mpt nfla thudc nganh cdng nghiep nhien Ueu sinh hpc va nhieu cdng
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NANG LUONG VI$T NAM 56 68+69(11+12/2010)viec giin t i l p k h i c cdn vfldt qua c i con sd nay.
Viec n h i n dflCc ngudn dau tfl ngay cang n h i l u tfl cd khu vyc cdng vd c i c ngan hang cung dang m d ra nhflng cd hpi Idn che nganh nang Ifldng tai taO; dac bilt Ii cic ngdn hang d chau Au, chau A vd Nam My. M p t sd ngan hang da tang cfldng hd trd phdt t r i l n cdc ddng vdn, va ddng vdn nay trong nam 2009 da tang vpt len hdn 5 ti dd, sp vdi 2 ti dd trong n i m 2008. C i c n h i dau tfl Idn nhdt trong hnh vfle n i y cd t h i k l tdi la Ngan h i n g T h i gidi (WB), Ngdn hang Phdt triln (^udc doanh Dflc (KFW), Ngan hang Phdt triln liln My (IDB) v i N g i n h i n g P h i t trien chau A (ADB). Ngoii ra, cdn cd hang chyc cd quan p h i t t r i l n khde cung cap cic k h o i n vay, tr<;i cap, va hd trc? ve mat kl thuat cho nganh ndng lyyng tdi tao.
Chinh sach n a n g d o n g
Dieu dang chu y la ngiy c i n g cd n h i l u cic chinh sich tich eye tap trung v i o nganh nang Ifldng tii tao v i cot mdc d i n h dau bfldc chuyin quan trpng diSn ra v i o dau nam 2010 khi cd hdn 100 qudc gia ban hanh cic myc tieu chinh sich va/hoac cic chinh sich thuc day hen quan den n g i n h nang Ifldng mdi me n i y tang hdn 50 qudc gia so vdi dau nam 2005.
T r i n thflc t l ; cic chinh sach thflc day nang Ifldng tai tao da cd d mpt sd qudc gia tfl nhflng nam 1980 -1990 nhflng thflc sfl ndi len trong vdng 15 nam trd lai diy, d i e biet Ii trong giai doan 2005 -2010. Nam 2009, tren 85 qudc gia da dfla ra muc tieu chinh sach nang Ifldng tii tao, tang 40 qudc gia so vdi nam 2005. Mpt trong nhflng chinh sich dfldc dp dung phd b i l n Ii chinh sich flu dai ve gia ddi
vdi nang Ifldng t i i tao. Ngoii ra, cung cd n h i l u chinh sich k h i c thuc day sfl tang trfldng ngudn nang Ifldng nay nhfl chinh sach flu dai t h u l , trgf cap vdu; hd trd ky thuat...
Xu hiicfng p h a t t r i e n
Mdi mpt qudc gia deu dinh hfldng v i Ifla chpn cho minh xu hfldng phat trien nang Ifldng t i i tao rieng; dfla tren nhflng d i l u kien ve chinh sich;
kinh t l ; mdi trfldng v i xa hdi. Dfldi d i y Ii nhflng xu hfldng chinh tai n h i l u qudc gia tren the gidi.
Nang Ifldng gio: Xu hfldng n i y bap gdm viec m d rdng qui md phdt trien nang Ifldng gid ngpii khdi;
mang Ifldi tua-bin v i c i c dfl i n mdi v l n i n g Ifldng gid tai n h i l u vung dja ly da dang khap t h i gidi. Nhieu doanh nghiep hien dang tilp tuc gia tang kich thfldc tua-bin trung binh va cai thien cdng nghi; chang ban nhfl vdi cac t h i l t k l khdng sfl dyng b i n h ring.
Nang Ifldng sinh khoi: C i c n h i may dien sinh khdi da cd mat tai hdn 50 qudc gia tren t h i gidi; cung cap ngay c i n g nhieu ngudn dien nang cho con ngfldi. M d t vii nfldc d chdu Au cung dang m d rdng ngudn nang Ifldng nay trong tdng ngudn cung nang Ifldng, bao gdm Austraha (7%), Phan Lan (20%) va Dflc (5%). Khi sinh hpc dung d l s i n xuat dien nang cung dang la m o t trong nhflng xu hfldng p h i t triln d nhieu nfldc.
D i e n mat trdi: Nganh cdng nghiep dien mat trdi da flng phd vdi sfl tut gia va dieu k i l n thay doi cua thj trfldng bang each cflng cd, m d rdng qui md v i chuyen hfldng sang viec p h i t t r i l n cac dy an. Trong nhflng nam g i n day, cac tam pin mang m d n g da tang nhanh v l thi phaU; dat khoang 25%. Sd Ifldng cic nha m i y pin mat trdi; cdn gpi la cic nha m i y
"van nang" cd cdng s u i t 200kW va Idn hdn, hien c h i l m tdi V4 tdng cdng s u i t dien mat trdL
56 68+69(11+12/2010)
NANGLUONG VIET NAM [25]
THE GIOI VA VAN DE NANG LiraNG
N a n g Ividng dia nhiet: C i c n h i m i y nhiet dien sfl dung n i n g Iu:dng dia nhiet da xuat hien tai 19 qudc gia, va nhieu nha m i y mdi v i n t i l p tuc dfldc dfla v i o hoat d d n g hang nam, chang ban nhfl m p t sd n h i may da dfldc van hanh tai Inddnexia, Italia, Thd N h i Ky v i Mi trong n a m 2009.
Cong nghe tap trung nhiet nang mat trdi (CSP):
CSP dang ndi Iln nhfl m d t ngudn nang Ifldng mdi quan trpng trong sudt giai doan tfl 2006 d i n 2010 sau qua trinh p h i t t r i l n tri tre tfl hai thap ki trflde. Dau nam 2010, 0.7 G W cua CSP da di vac boat ddng, t i t ca deu dfldc thflc hien tai Tay N a m Hoa Ki va Tay Ban Nha, cflng vdi cic boat ddng xay dflng v i qui hoach dang diSn ra tai n h i l u qudc gia k h i c .
May nfldc n o n g nang Ifldng mat trdi: Trung CJudc t i l p tuc c h i l m hnh thj trfldng m i y nfldc ndng nang Ifldng mat trdi, vdi 70% tdng thi phan t o i n cau, cdn chau Au dflng thfl hai vdi khoang c i c h k h i xa - 12%. Tuy nhien, trong khi hau h i t c i c t h i l t bi cua Trung C ^ d c chi chu y tdi dac tinh "Iam n d n g nfldc" thi cdc n h i c h i tao chau Au cdn k i t h d p dfldc c i kha nang sfldi am khdng gian, hien he t h d n g nay dang c h i l m m d t nfla thj trfldng h i n g nam.
Nang liidng sinh khoi va nang liidng dia nhiet: Thi trfldng nhiet sinh khdi cung dfldc m d rdng nhanh chdng, dac biet la tai chdu Au. Xu hfldng n i y bao gdm viec t i n g cfldng sfl dung nang Ifldng sinh khdi dang ran, sfl dyng sinh khdi trong qui md xay dflng boac qui md mdt cdng ddng va dung trong he t h d n g cap nhiet t i p trung d c i p q u a n / huyen. Viec cic nha m i y sfl dung trfle t i l p nang Ifldng dja nhiet va cdng nghe b d m nhiet dat cung ngay mdt tang.
N h i e n h e u sinh h o c : Ethanol tfl ngu cdC; tfl mia v i diesel sinh hpc dang la thi trfldng nhien lieu sinh hpc chinh hien nay, mac dfl cac ngudn nhien lieu nhfl khi sinh hpc dflng cho van t i i v i c i c dang k h i c cua nhien Ueu etha- nol cung ri't d i n g chfl y. Lfldng ngu cdc hien chilm hdn m d t nfla ngudn nguyen lieu de s i n xuat ethanpl tren t o i n cau, trong khi mia dfldng c h i l m hdn 1/3. Hien hai nfldc Hoa Ki va Brazin dang nam gifl g i n 90% san Ifldng ethanol toan cau.
Ngoai nhflng t h i n h tflu v i xu hfldng neu tren. Bio c i o cung chi rd mdi Iflu tam cua rat nhieu qudc gia d i n van d l nang Ifldng tai tao tai cac vung n d n g thdn. Theo thdng kl, hien v i n cdn g i n 1,5 ti ngfldi tren the gidi ehfla dfldc tilp can vdi ngudn dien, g i n 2,6 ti ngfldi v i n phu thudc vac cic nguyen lieu nhfl gd, rdm ra, than cui... d l dun n i u h i n g ngay. Sd ho d ndng thdn dang sfl dung n i n g Ifldng tdi tao chi chilm vai chuc trieu hp. Trong khi dd, ngudn nguyin lieu de s i n xuat nang Ifldng t i i tao d khu vfle nay lai kha ddi dio. Cd hpi phat hien, khai t h i c va sfl dung ngudn nang Ifldng tii tao, vi the cang cd dieu kien p h i t triln.
H A I YEN (theo REN21)
Hethdng phat dien
nang lUofng
x>
mat trdi noi
M
dt cdng ty H i n (^udc dang nghiin cflu va phit triln hi thdng p h i t dien nang lflg*ng mat trdi ndi dau tiln t r i n t h i gidi. He thdng n i y cd nhflng tam pin nhiln heu ndi t r i n mat nfldc di chuyin theo c h u y i n ddng cua i n h sang mat trdi de s i n xuat dien.He thdng phat dien nang Ifldng mat trdi ndi ban c h i tdi thilu viec phd rflng hay dat ndng nghilp, ddng thdi ndng cao d i n g ke hieu q u i sin xuat dien nang b i n g viec hfldng pin mat trdi ve phia mat trdi.
Phat dien nang luTtfng mat trdi
K h i i niem n i y dfldc dflng de chi viec s i n xui't dien bang cich sfl dyng i n h sing mat trdi. K h i i niem n i y khic vdi khai niem dung sflc ndng mat trdi hay nfldc ndng d chd nd sfl dung i n h sing cfla mat trdi chfl khdng phii Ii sflc ndng d l sin xuat nang Ifldng. Anh sing mat trdi co t h i cung c i p cho con ngfldi ngudn nang Ifldng vd tan song song vdi sfl tdn tai cua mat trdi v i ky vpng la ngudn nang Iy<?ng tai sinh khdng p h i buy hay gay d nhiim mdi trfldng. Mac du he thdng nay khd kinh te vi khi di vdo boat ddng; chi phi s i n xuat d mfle tdi t h i l u nhflng chi phi l i p dat ban dau v i n cao vi cac tam gfldng dnh sang mat trdi van cdn khd dat.
