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Introduction
Viscosity
The following table gives the results of a calculation for each of the compounds to determine the factor by which in the exponential heat of vaporization the heat of vaporization must be multiplied in order to match the viscosities in the table and the calculated one. There is good agreement with the general rule [2] that the heat of vaporization in the exponential region is multiplied by a factor of 0.3 to 0.4.
Acoustic impedance
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- Thermal conductivities
- Electrical properties
- Optical properties
- Concluding remarks
- References
- Classifications of crude oil by density
- Densities and viscosities of crudes from different sources
- Coefficient of thermal expansion
- Acoustic impedance
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Thermal conductivity
Even if the conditions in the heat exchanger are such that heat is transferred to the oil mainly by convection, thermal conductivity is important because heat transfer by conduction across the thermal boundary layer has a significant effect on the convection coefficient. The changes with temperature are such that in heat transfer calculations where temperature differences are up to 100 oC, a single thermal conductivity value can be used without major error.
Electrical conductivities
The answer is that crude oil often exchanges heat on its way to the refinery column. The thermal conductivity of crude oils varies with temperature, although not as much as their viscosity.
Refractive index
Recent work [24] of this type provided a value of 1.4785 for the refractive index of Russian crude oil with an API gravity of 30o. Such a correlation holds well up to about 880 kg m-3, with the refractive index increasing steadily from 1.45 to 1.50 in this density interval.
Concluding remarks
If this is done for different proportions of toluene and oil and the refractive index plotted as a function of the composition of the mixture, it can be extrapolated to obtain a value for the oil alone in the absence of toluene. A monotonically decreasing refractive index, from 1.50 to just below 1.45, appears across the API index range.
Introduction
Densities and viscosities
The variation of viscosities between petrols is a negligible factor in the performance of such a pump and therefore, as previously noted, viscosity is not the most important factor in the quality control of petrols. If the calculation is repeated for the process of transferring gasoline from refinery exit to terminal at a rate of 1 m3 per minute with the same pump head pressure, the power required is 10 kW.
Coefficient of thermal expansion
Acoustic impedance, thermal and electrical conductivities
Refractive index
This investigator also presented the Beer-Lambert absorption for gasoline-kerosene mixtures over the same concentration range with light at the single wavelength of 630 nm. The pure gasoline was completely transparent to this, while there was considerable absorption at 5% kerosene which rose approximately linearly over the concentration range, so here again is a powerful tool for inspecting gasoline for the presence of heavier hydrocarbons.
Vapour pressure
It has already been explained that such a vapor pressure does not exist for a distillate due to the dependence of the vapor pressure on the space occupied by the vapor. Click on the ad to read more Click on the ad to read more Click on the ad to read more Click on the ad to read more Click on the ad to read more Click on the ad to read more Click the ad to read more Click on the ad to read more Click on the ad to read more Click on the ad to read more Click on the ad to read more Click on the ad to read more Click on the ad to read more.
Thermal conductivity
Concluding remarks
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Introduction
Density
Solid deposition
Additives are available by which the pour point of jet fuel can be lowered, known as "pour point depressants".
Viscosity
The suitability of a lubricating oil for a particular purpose depends strongly on the viscosity, and a lubricating oil can be diluted with kerosene to a required viscosity. Click on the ad to read more Click on the ad to read more Click on the ad to read more Click on the ad to read more Click on the ad to read more Click on the ad to read more Click on the ad to read more Click on the ad to read more Click on the ad to read more Click on the ad to read more Click on the ad to read more Click on the ad to read more Click on the ad to read more Click on the ad to read more Click on the ad to read more Click on the ad to read more Get help now.
Acoustic impedance
In the table below, the kinematic viscosities for the diluted oil from the ASTM document and that of the above treatment are compared. In its estimate of the percentage drop from kerosene blending, the simplified Grunberg-Nissan equation does seem to deliver the goods.
Capacitance
Diluted oil viscosity values vary by up to a factor of two for larger values of υ1.
Electrical conductivities
Refractive index
Vapour pressure
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Thermal conductivity
In the example of equations given above, the constant in the exponential varies by a factor of two. That the one with the highest value of B is the one with the lowest RVP is significant.
Concluding remarks
Flammability of kerosene in civil and military aviation' Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries. Click on the ad to read more. Click on the ad to read more. Click on the ad to read more. Click on the ad to read more. Click on the ad to read more. Click on the ad to read more. Click on the ad to read more. per ad to read more. Click on the ad to read more. Click on the ad to read more. Click on the ad to read more. Click on the ad to read more. Click on the ad to read more. Click on the ad to read more. Click on the ad to read more Click on the ad for more Click on the ad for more Click on the ad for more.
Introduction
Solid deposition
The possibility of interference with the operation of a diesel engine by solids in the fuel is clear from these figures. The view that the effect of the additive is colligative is broadly supported by the result.
Viscosities
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- Refractive index
- Electrical conductivity
- Lubricity
- Vapour pressure
Additional information on the refractive indices of diesel engines is given in the form of a calculation in the box below. The "scar diameter" on a fixed steel plate after such a test, units of microns, is called lubricity.
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Thermal conductivity
This is because in convective heat transfer there is conduction across the thermal boundary layer. Therefore, the thermal conductivity of the fluid appears in the denominator of the Nusselt number, the dimensionless form of the heat transfer coefficient which in forced convection depends on the degree of turbulence which can be expressed as the Reynolds number.
Concluding remarks
Thermal conductivity is, of course, important even when heat transfer is by convection, as is likely to be the case at aircraft speeds.
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Heavy fuel oils
This is the least viscous of the oils on the chart and has a much lower pour point than the others. All the oils in the table in section 6.2 all have a flash point of 60oC, which implies a vapor pressure at that temperature that is not negligible.
Motor oil
Shell specifications [4] give a vapor density at 15oC not exceeding 5, where air at the same degree is unity. There is also a blog about eicosane as a lubricant [9], in which it is suggested that its viscosity is on the low side.
Petroleum jelly
The Shell oils studied in [11] have kinematic viscosities at 21oC in the range from 60 to 600 cSt, and the two examples of Exxon Turbo 2380 oil examined have values of 35 and 40 cSt at the same temperature. Therefore, the effect of esters has been to increase the electrical conductivity by about three orders of magnitude, and this is due to the polar nature of the esters that are included in it.
Concluding remarks
Introduction
The tar product of coal carbonization became the raw material for the earliest organic chemical industry. The most important determinant of the 'nature' of a coal is its degree of maturity along the coal seam.
Distillate products from coal tars
Coal tar pitch
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Fine chemicals from coal tar
Of the six isomers of xylenol (dimethylphenol), 2,6 xylenol is commercially the most important, used to make resins for applications including printed circuits. Most of the liquids in the table above have kinematic viscosities of the same order of magnitude as water.
Concluding remarks
Introduction
Methanol
Ethanol
Comparisons of methanol and ethanol with gasolines
Methanol-gasoline blends
Ethanol-gasoline blends
To the information given in the first row of the table, taken from reference [10], can be added the observation also recorded in [10] that the higher the proportion of unsaturated hydrocarbons in the petrol the smaller the effect of the 5% ethanol on the RVP. The conductivity of E85 is in the order of µS m-1 the exact value depending on the amount of gasoline since, as we have seen, it can be as low as 70%.
Concluding remarks
E85 is probably the most widespread of the ethanol-gasoline blends at present. We saw in Chapter 3 that a value of 25 pS m-1 would be typical for gasoline's electrical conductivity.
This is not an important factor: it was argued in section 3.2.3 that changes in the kinematic viscosity of the fuel, whether gasoline or blend, do not measurably affect the performance of the fuel pump. Measurement and Prediction of Reid Vapor Pressure of Gasoline in the Presence of Additives Journal of Chemical Engineering Data.
Introduction
Viscosity
Thermal conductivity
Refractive index
Particle deposition
Highest value of +17oC for methyl oleate 0.79, methyl stearate 0.21, no methyl linoleate or methyl palmitate. The limited data in the penultimate row of the table indicate that biodiesel blends with conventional jet fuel with appropriate development can have sufficiently low cloud points.
Vapour pressures
Concluding remarks
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Introduction
Vapour pressures
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Ethylene
If, as sometimes happens, a stationary or marine tank for LPG is to be used for ethylene, the vapor pressure of the ethylene can be reduced by cooling to the value for which the ship is designed. Some of the properties for methane and propane given in the previous table are given in the table below for ethylene and ethane.
Simple hydrocarbons used as refrigerants
The Tc/Th ratio will never vary much from unity, and ∆hvap(Th) is a reasonable indicator of a cooler's efficiency, a point that is perhaps given less emphasis in topic coverage than it might have been.
Concluding remarks
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