^Qlj&d. diam-fJiAp. biM S6 7 (268) - 2014
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I Nguyen tac suy doan v6 toi
' VA MOT stf KifN NGH! SdfA fldl, Bd SUNG : B O L U A T Ttf TUNG HiNH Sir VitT NAM
Hi
• PHAM NGOC HOA *
• iin phdp nam 2013 la mgt van Mfn phap ciia c i nhan, loai trir vifc budc tgi v i ket dn chinh tri - phdp ly ca bin cua nudc ta thiiu can cu. Viec suy dodn vd tgi chi hi bac bd - frong thdi ky dii mdi. Mgt trong bang vigc tuyen ban an buge tdi d i cd hieu lyc I nhung nOi dung c a b i n cua Hien phap n ^ 2013 la ph£^ Iuat fren co sd nhung chimg cur da dugc thu
^ khang djnh cdc quyen ciia con ngudi, trong dd cd thdp, tham van v i xic minh mgt cich diy dii, : nguySn tic suy dodn vd tgi. Tin t^i vdi tinh chit l i khach quan, toin dien tai phien tda xet xii chiing mdt nguyen tie cua luat to tyng hinh sy, suy doin minh ldi cua bj cao theo trinh ty ludt djnh. Trich vd t | i da cd qua frinh hinh thinh v i phat trien tir nhifm chiing mmh tgi pham thugc ve cac ca quan lau frong ljch sii nhan l o ^ v i dugc the hifn d tien hanh td tyng. Bi can, bj cao cd quyen nhung nhirng hinh thiic, miic dg khde nhau, tir nhung tu khdng buge phii chiing minh minh vd tgi. Dieu 9 tudng tien bg, dan dan phit trien thinh mgt nguyen
' tic vdi n0i dung phong phu, mang tinh nhan dao sau sdc. Suy doin vd tgi d i dugc luit hinh su cua nhieu nhi nudc coi Ii nguySn tdc cua td tyng hinh sy, dugc dinh gid Id thinh h^i vT dai ciia van minh
Eg luat Td tyng hmh sy nim 2003 (BLTTHS ndm 2003) quy djnh: "Khdng ai bj coi Id cd tdi v i phai chju hinh phat, khi chua cd ban dn ket tgi ciia Tda dn da cd hieu luc".
Nguyen tic suy doan vd tgi da dugc the hifn p h ^ Iy frong vifc bdo vg quyin con ngudi frong t l ttong Hiin p h ^ nam 1992 vd Diiu 9 ciia BLTTHS tyng hinh sy. nam 2003. Tuy nhien, cd nhieu ngi dung vdn cdn Theo Tii dien Luit hgc thi: "Nguyen tic suy ttung lap, nhu ngi dung quy dinh tai Dieu 9 dodn vd tgi Ii nguyen tic m i theo dd bi can, bj cdo BLTTHS nam 2003 lap lai quy dinh tai doan 2 dugc coi la vd tdi, khdng phdi chju ttdch nhigm Dilu 72 Hiin phap nam 1992, siia dii, b l sung hinh sy, khi loi ciia ngudi dd khdng dugc chiing nam 2001 v i nhic lai ten ciia chinh dieu luat. Dieu minh theo ttinh ty, thu tyc lu^t quy dinh v i chua cd nay rd rdng l i chua hgp ly vd do do ciing chua the bdn in ket tgi cua Tda an da cd hifu lyc phap hign chinh xdc ndi dung ciia nguyen tac suy dodn lu|it"^ vd tgi. Chi din khi Hiin phap nam 1992 dugc siia Nguyen tic suy dodn vd lgi ttong ludt t l tyng doi, bd sung nam 2013 thi ngi dung ciia nguyen tdc hinh sy Id mdt trong nhiing nguyen tac try cgt ciia suy dodn vd tgi mdi dugc quy djnh rd ring hon:
id h ^ g hinh sy nhim bdo vg quyen va Igi ich hgp "Ngudi bi huge tgi dugc coi Ii khdng cd tgi cho
* Hgc vien Hdnh chinh khu vtfc IV
oan chCI & Phdp mt I
%ag dung, ph&p^ biM 86 7(268)• 2a
den khi dugc chiing minh theo trinh ty luit dinh v i cd bdn an ket tgi cua Tda an da cd hifu lyc phdp [uat"2.
Nhu vay, so vdi quy dinh cita Dieu 72 Hien phdp nim 1992 thi quy dinh tai Dieu 31 Hien phap 5iia doi nim 2013 da cd nhiing ngi dung rd ring don:
M^t Id, xdc dinh rd hon d i i tugng ciia nguyen
;ac suy doan vd tgi l i "ngudi bi budc tdi" m i theo quy dinh cua BLTTHS nam 2003, dd Ii nhiing Igudi bi bat, ngudi bj tam giu, bi can, bi cao thay
;ho vifc quy djnh mgt cich chimg chung "khong li" nhu quy djnh tai Dilu 72 Hiln phap nam 1992.
Hai Id, khing djnh rd ring "ngudi bj budc tOi luge coi l i ngudi khdng cd tgi" de ca quan tien idnh td tyng, ngudi tien hinh td tyng v i c i x i hgi ihii nhan thiic ro nhung ngudi bj dp dyng cac bifn ship to tyng hinh su de tmy ciiu trach nhigm hinh iy phii Ii ngudi khdng cd tgi v i hg dugc dam bio
;ic quyen Igi ciia ngudi khong cd tgi trong sudt qua trinh dieu fra, tmy td, x6t xii. Van di ndy cd y ighia rat quan trgng frong thuc tien cua cac ca quan Ur phap cung nhu the che hda cac quy djnh
;iia BLTTHS nim 2003 va cac van bin cd liSn luan.
Ba Id, Diiu 31 Hiin phap nam 2013 da xdc dinh )ham vi dp dung nguyen tac suy doin vd tgi bat tiu tir khi co quan cd t h ^ quyen tien hdnh cdc )if n phdp theo luat dinh di budc tgi mgt ngudi v i tit thiic khi cd ban i n kit tpi cd hieu luc phap luat.
Dong thdi cung xac djnh mdt ngudi vd tdi phdi cd
! di6u Men can v i dii, cy the:
Diiu kien cdn l i ngudi do phii dugc chiing ninh (buge tgi) bing quy frinh theo ludt dinh, diiu liy cd nghTa cdc bign phap v i trinh ty chiing minh ngt ngudi cd tgi phdi Ii hgp phap, neu khong hgp )hap hoac cd vi pham quy trinh td tung thi khdng tii ca sd kit tgi ngudi do. Diiu Mfn nay dat ra yeu
ciu rit quan frgng ddi vdi Vien Mim sit thyc bi chdc nang thuc hinh quyin cdng to v i Mem i vifc tuan theo p h ^ luit trong hoat dgng Ur ph^
Diiu kien du l i phii cd mgt bin an k6l tgi c Tda an d i cd higu luc phip luat, dieu niy cungi nghia chi cd Tda an mdi cd thim quyen xdc ^ ngudi cd tdi, cac quylt djnh cua co quan tien hai td tyng tmdc dd nhu cic quyet dinh ciia ccr qui dieu tra, \^en Mem sat khong cd y nghTa xdc dii m0t ngudi cd tgi.
Bdn la, n§i dung Dilu 31 Hiln phap nam 201 cimg xac dinh t r ^ h nhigm chiing minh mgt ngnj cd tgi thugc ve ca quan tien hinh td tung. Nhim quan ttgng han ndi dung cua dieu Iuat cung ft hign ro cimg vdi trich nhiem huge tgi thi co qua tien hinh t l hing v i ngudi tien hanh td tyng plii cd trich nhigm chiing minh ngudi do khdng phiii tOi, ding thdi ddm bio cic quySn d l ngudi do lii vf minh khdng cd tdi (nhu quydn dugc bdo chS hoac nhd ngudi khac bao chiia) v i ngudi bj bufi tgi khong cd nghia vy chiing minh minh vo tpi.
Hien phdp nam 2013 da chinh thiic ghi nhanw mat phap ly nhirng ngi dung chu yeu cua nguye tic suy doan vd tgi, the hifn budc tien bg ve t thuit lap phap theo hudng k l thira nhirng gii ti tien tidn cua nhan Ioai tien bg, b i o dam quyin coi ngudi, quyen v i Igi ich hgp phip ciia ngudi bj tan giii, bj can, bj cao frong t l tyng hinh sy, dugcd luin trong v i ngoii nudc danh gii cao. Thyc tiS ap dyng nhiing quy dinh do tt£n thyc t i da miii chirng cho sy diing din cua nguyen tic suy dodnv tgi, ngudi bj tam giu, bj can, bj cao da dug^ l»
dim quyin va lgi ich hgp phap cua minh vdi t each l i ngudi chua bj coi la cd tgi, bdi le doi vi hg chua cd bin i n ciia Tda i n ket tgi d i cd hifulj phap luit.
Tuy nhien, thyc tien dieu tta, tmy to, x6t xid thiy, vigc nhan thiic v i thuc hifn "nguyen tic st
I Ddn ChO & Phdp lu^t
OHdg diing. fikdfi. iaM 86 7 (268)-2014
doan vo tgi chua thing nhit, cdn nhiiu tin tai, vin cdn khdng it ngudi tiln hinh to tyng hoac nhiing ngudi cd tham quyin khic cd each hilu sai lech, coi ngudi bj tam giii, bi can, bj cao l i ngudi cd tdi"3. Mac dii, BLTTHS nim 2003 da dh cap din n$t dung cua nguydn tic suy doan vd tdi, nhung ngi dung niy Iai dugc quy djnh tai nhiiu dieu luit.
Cy the nhu:
- Cht mdt nguyen tic suy doan vd tgi nhung Iai dugc lap lai tai hai dilu luat, frong dd nguyen tic tai Diiu 9 BLTTHS nim 2003 cd ngi dung nhic lai Dieu 72 Hiin phip nam 1992, siia dii, b l sung nam 2001 v i nhic lai ten eua chinh dilu luat.
- Mgt dilm chua hgp ly niia li, Dieu 9 BLTTHS nam 2003 quy djnh chu thi cd quyin dugc suy dodn vd tgi l i bat cii ngudi ndo (khdng ai bi coi la cd tgi), trong khi dd Dieu 10 BLTTHS nam 2003 lai h^n che doi tugng cd quyen dugc suy doin vd tdi (bj can, bj cdo cd quyin nhung khdng buge phdi chimg minh Id minh vd tgi). Dieu 9 BLTTHS nam 2003 da sit dyng chii t^ vo nhan xung "khdng ai", tiic Ii "bat ky ngudi nio" cung la chu thi ciia nguyen tdc suy dodn vd tgi. Cd thl ndi, diy Id mgt ban chi, vi cdch dien dat nhu viy chua thi hifn dugc day dii ban chat cua suy doin vd tgi, chua tri ldi rd rdng dugc ciu hdi "ai dugc suy doin vd tgi?". Ngudi dugc suy doan vd tgi duong nhien la nhirng ngudi bj huge tgi, cdng dan khdng bj huge tgi, khdng vi pham phap luat, thi hg khdng cin dugc suy dodn vd tgi.
Vi v^y, BLTTHS nim 2003 da khdng thl hifn ro rdng bin chit cita nguyen tic suy dodn vd tgi, sy thing nhit frong quy djnh cung nhu sy ring budc cua nguyen tic ndy frong hoat dgng t l tyng. Ngoai ra, do cdc vdn bin quy ph^m phip ludt td tyng hinh sy hifn hinh ma die bift Ii BLTTHS nim 2003 khdng quy djnh nguyen tic suy doin vd tgi Ii nguyen tdc cua t l tyng, nen chua khing djnh dugc
vi tri quan frgng ciing nhu chua xac djnh bet ndi dung cua nguyen tic niy ttong td tung hinh sy.
De dip ling yeu cau cii cich tu phip v i phii hgp vdi luit p h ^ qudc te, hien nay, chiing ta dang ttong qua trinh nghien ciiu, de xuat viec sua ddi, bd sung BLTTHS nam 2003. Viec the che hda cic chu fruong, dudng ldi ciia Ding ve cai each tu phip v i cu the hda cic quy djnh cua Hien phap nim 2013 (de sua ddi, bd sung BLTTHS nam 2003) Ii vifc lim bat huge. Tuy cdn cd nhung quan diem khac nhau, nhung chiing tdi ddng tmh vdi da sd y Men cho rang: Can bd sung nguyen tic suy doan vd tgi frong BLTTHS (mdi) nham Ihuc hien myc dich cua td tyng hinh su la xdc djnh sy that cua vu an mgt cdch khich quan, bio ve quyen con ngudi frong cac boat ddng td tyng hinh sy. Myc dich niy xuit phit tir nhiing ddi hdi khich quan ciia ddi song xa hgi, do Ii khong mgt ngudi vd tgi ndo phdi bi truy ciiu ttich nhifm hinh su vd phdi chiu hinh phat khi C0 quan td tung khdng chiing minh dugc mgt ngudi nao do pham tgi thi phii quyit dinh ngudi do khdng cd tgi. Thyc chit, nguyen tic suy dodn vd tgi chinh l i bao dam can thiet cho vifc bio vg quyen con ngudi. Id Id chan quan frgng de khac phuc tinh trang an oan, sai ttong td tung hinh sy.
Ben canh viec thiet lap co sd hien djnh mdi ciia viec thyc hien nguyen tic suy doan vd tgi trong to tyng hinh sy (mdi), thi cung vdi viec nghien cuu hodn thien cic quy dinh ve nguyen tac suy doan vd tgi ttong BLTTHS nam 2003 (sita ddi, bl sung) theo hudng se bd sung day du ngi dung ciia nguyen tic niy; ddng thdi, quy dinh ro ten ciia nguyen tac la suy doan vd tgi ttong mgt dieu luat.
Tii nhung vin de fren, theo chung tdi, ben canh vifc quy dinh nguyen tie suy doan vd tgi cdn sita ddi, bd sung Dilu 9 BLTTHS nam 2003 vd mgt s6 diiu luit khac cua BLTTHS nam 2003 nhim tao ca che hihi hifu d i dim bio thyc hign tdt nguyen tic
Ddn chCi & Phdp lu^t |
QHdg ilung fikdp. Ingi S6 7(2g8)-201i
niy frong thyc tiln td tyng. Cy the:
Thd- nhdt, sita ddi, bd sung quy dinh v l thu thip chiing cii tai Diiu 65 cua BLTTHS nam 2003 theo hudng bd dgc quyen chiing cii cua ca quan dieu tia, Vien Mem sit, Tda an. Thay vao do, nen quy dinh vifc thu thip chung CUT l i quyen dgc lap v i binh dang ciia ben huge tgi (ca quan cd iham quyen dieu fra, Vign Mem sat) v i bSn ga tgi (ngudi bio chiia), Tda i n vdi tu cich l i ca quan xet xu khdng thu thap chiing cu d l chiing minh tgi pham m i chi thyc hign thim quyen thdm tra, dinh gii, chap nhan, sii dyng chiing cii m i hai ben da dua ra de kgt tdi hay khdng kit tgi bj cdo tai phien tda. De Tda i n thyc hign diing chiic ning xet xii, trinh lim thay ca quan cdng td trong viec chiing minh tgi pham v i trd thdnh chii thl huge tgi. Ben canh do, can cd nhung quy djnh bio dim cho ngudi bio chiia cd thl thu thap chiing cii hgp phdp, thuin lgi v i cd hifu qui dS thyc hien tdt chiic nang bao chiia.
Thu hai, cic quyen dugc im ling (khdng phii tti Idi cdc ciu hdi cua co quan cd tham quyin dilu fra, Vifn kiem sit neu thay vigc do khong cd lgi cho minh), quydn dugc dua ra chiing cit, tii lieu d i chung minh vd tOi hoac lim giim nhg tgi cua ngudi hi tam giii, bj can, bj eio cin phii dugc quy djnh thinh nguyen tic rieng hoac dugc bd sung vdo cac diiu Iuat tuong iing quy dinh v l tu cdch tham gia td tyng hinh sy cua hg nham frinh tinh trang khi tiin hdnh td tyng, ngudi tiin hinh t l hing do cd dinh M6n tmdc ve viec pham tgi cua nhiing ngudi tham gia td hing nen thudng sir dung cac bifn phip frai p h ^ luat nhu: Biic cung, dung nhue hinh... de huge hg khai bio trii vdi y muln cua hg.
Ngodi ra, dk han chi tinh frang vi pham phip Iuat ttong cac hoat dgng dieu tra, ttong tit c i cdc cudc hdi cung bat huge phii cd mat ciia ngudi dai difn hgp p h ^ hoac dai difn gia dinh ciia bj can. Ngudi
bio chua phii dugc thdng b i o tmdc ve thdi giai dia diem hdi cung, liy ldi khai. Cin quy dinh, ne bin khai cung ttong cac ttudng hgp nay khdng c chii ky cua ngudi b i o chiia thi khdng dugc su dyn lim chiing cii frong vy in. Neu cd "diSu Mfn nl sii dung thiit bi ghi dm hay camera tai cac cuf cho cung khi diiu tta cic vy an de Mem soit sy tuai thu phap luat ciia ngudi dieu tra cung nhu kien soit dugc diln biin cudc hdi cung, han chS tinl trang phan cung thudng diln ra tai Tda dn hi^
nay""*.
Thu ba, dd dim bio nguyen tic tranh h^ng ta phien tda xet xii, cin dua them vio BLTTHS nam 2003 didu Iuat cin cii d i Hgi ddng xet xit ra ban an, quyet djnh khi xet xur tai phien tda hoac bo sunj vio Diiu 199 BLTTHS nam 2003 quy dinh vi vi?c ra ban in, quyet dinh cua Tda i n vdi ngi dung H^i ding xet xu chi dugc cin cir hoac chii yeu can cii vio ket qui tranh tyng cdng khai tai p h l ^ toa x£l xii de ra bin an. Quy djnh nhu vay se bdo dam quyen dOc lap xet xu v i chi tuin theo phip Iuat ciia thim phan, hgi thim, lam cho Tda an thuc sy Iro thdnh ttgng tii dieu khiSn v i chiing Min vifc tranli tung cua ben budc tdi v i ben ga tgi (bio chiia) de ra ban an khich quan, diing luit djnh, phu hgp vol chu truang cii cich tu phip.
Thu tir, siia doi, bo sung cac quy djnh cia BLTTHS nam 2003 v i thii tyc t l tung tai phien t6a so thdm, phiic thim theo hudng d i cao vd md rfng franh tung, dim bio cho ben budc tdi vd gd tfi th^t su binh dang frong vigc dua ra chiing cii ttanh tyng cdng khai tai phien tda. Hgi ddng xet xu khdng ci vai ttd hdi chinh tai phiSn toi nhu quy djnh ciii phip ludt hign hanh, m i vigc xet hdi tai phien tdi chu yeu thugc frach nhifm cua ben budc tfi (ki^
sat vien) v i ben go tOi (ngudi bao chira). Toa ii (Xem tiep trang ' (
