Tgp chi Khoa hgc Trudng Dgi hgc Cdn Tho Phdn C: Khoa hgc Xa hpi, Nhdn vdn va Gido due: 34 (2014): 74-79
< ^ H B ^ . Tap chi Khoa hoc Trt/cfng Bai hpc Can Thcf
^ ^ j ^ F ^ website: sj.ctu.edu.vn
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rau BpcLirOC KHAO TAI LlEU KHAO SAT TU* GOC DO KHOA HOC LUAN VA PHU'ONG PHAP LUAN NGHIEN ClTU KHOA HQC
Tran Thanh Ai'
' Khoa Supham, Trirdng Dgi hgc Cdn Tho Thong tin chung:
Ngdy nhgn: 29/05/2014 Ngay chdp nhgn: 31/10/2014 Title:
Literature review from the epistemological and methodological points of view
Td khda:
Luge khdo tdi lieu, kien thuc khoa hpc, khoa hgc lugn, vdn de nghien cuu, nghien cini khoa hpc Keywords:
Literature review, scientific knowledge, epistemology, research problems, scientific research
ABSTRACT
Literature review is an important work in scientific research but has not been fully arui systematically introduced in the textbooks;
which causes difficulties for students lo lead a research. In this article, we will present the mechanism of production of new knowledge, epistemological significance of literature review and applications on finding and reading materials, as well as the elaboration of literature review.
TOM TAT
Luoc khdo fai lieu la mpt cong viec quan trgng trong nghien cuu khoa hpc nhtmg chua dugc gioi thiiu day dii vd co hi thong trong cdc gido trinh, khiin sinh vien gap nhiiu kho khan khi nghien cdu.
Trong bdi viet nay, chung toi se trinh bay cdc co chi sdn sinh ra kien thiic mdi, y nghia khoa hgc lugn cua luge khdo tdi lieu vd cdc ung dung vdo viic tim kiem vd dgc tdi li$u, cUng nhu bien sogn phdn lupc khdo cua mgt cong trinh.
."T:Lttg(Udiigtar lilu,-'roi mpt sd ngudi cdn ggi la Lich sii van de, Hiln trai^ van di, Tdng quan tai lieu, Nghiin ciiu ly thuyit, Co sd ly thuyit, Ca sd ly luan(l)... l i m^t phin quan trpng va khdng tiii thiiu ttong mpt cdng ttinh nghiin ciiu. Dac bilt li trong cac nganh khoa hpc xa hOi - nhin van va khoa hgc giio dye, luge khao tii lieu ddng vai trd vd ciing quan ttgng, vi ddi tugng n ^ i l n cihi cua nd la nhimg khai nilm ttihi tugng vi phiic tap, cin phii cd su diu tu tri tue thda ding di liiih hoi. Neu dugc thyc hi?n diing phuang phap va diy dii, luge khio tai lieu ed thi dugc xem la mdt ddng gdp khoa hge, vi dd la kit qua ciia mgt qui ttinh phin tich v i tdng hgp cac kien thiic da dugc sin sinh ra ttong cdng d6ng khoa hpc. Thi ma npi dung nay chira duge gidi thilu diy dii va cd he thing ttong cic giao ttinh phttong p h ^ nghiin ciiu khoa hpc, khiin sinh vien va cae hgc vien sau dai hgc khdng
hiiu rd myc dich va y nghia ciia phin niy. H^ qua li nhiiu cdng ttinh khdng dua ra duge cai mdi thyc sy mang tinli khai quat, ma chi diing lai d cii mdi chii quan (mdi ddi vdi minh nhimg lai la cii doi vdi gidi khoa hgc), hoac chi li cai mdi ve sy vile (khdng cd tinh khii quit), thim chi trung lip vdi cac nghiin eiiu khac. Trong bai vilt nay, chiing tdi se cd glng ttinh bay cac nguyin ly ca bin nhat v l luge khio tii lieu de dgc gii cd mdt cai nhin ro rang hon, di cd thi thyc hi|n tdt cdng do^n nay ttong nghiin ciiu xa h^i nhin vin v i khoa hpc giao dye.
1 QUAN DIEM KHOA HOC LU^N VE KIEN T H C C KHOA HQC
1.1 v i Cff che tao ra kien thiic mdi Khoa hpc hiln dai dugc xiy dyng trin quan rulm eho ring kiln thiic khoa hpc chi la lara thdi.
T(^ chi Khoa tige Trudng Dgi hge Can Tho Phdn C: Khoa hgc Xahgi. Nhdn van vd Gido due: 34 (2014): 74-79 va no khdng ngimg phit ttien, tir chua biet din
biet, tir biit it din biit nhiiu, tii biet chua chinh xac den biit chinh xic hon, tii don gian din phiic t^...
Sy phat triln dd chii ylu la tfadr^ qua con duong nghiin ciiu khoa hgc, vi muc tiiu ciia n ^ e n ciiu khoa hpc la sin sinh ra kiln thuc mdi vl the gidi khach quan dc md rcing kiln thiic va dilu chinh kiln thiic cu cho phii hgp hon, nhu K. Popper da ndi:
"Muc dich cua khoa hpc l i khim pha ra nhiing Idi giai thich thda ding vl tit c i nhiiiig gi giy kinh ngac cho chiing ta vi can mdt Idi giii thich"
(Popper, 1998).
Kien thiic mdi dugc hinh thanh nhu thi nao ? Ngoii nhung phit hiln tinh cd hilm hoi, khien thiic khoa hpc li thinh qui ciia nhihig no lyc khdng met mdi ciia cae nha khoa hpc. Ngay nhung phit hien ndi tiing thudng dugc xem li tinh cd nhu phat hiln ra siic diy ciia nude ciia Archimede hay siie hut eiia trdi dit ciia Newton, dd khdng phai chi li kit qui thuin tiiy ciia sy may man, mi la kit qui cua ea mdt qui ttinh n ^ e n ngim, thai nghen, ttan ttd dl tim ra Idi giai dip cho nhiing thac mac ciia nha khoa hpc. Ndi nhu L. Pasteur, nhi bic hpc ngucn Phap: ttong nghien cuu, sy tinh cd chi ttg gitip cho nhittig diu dc dugc chuan bj tdt (Pasteur, 1854).
Vay CO che san sinh ra kien thiic mdi nhu the nio? Cac nhi khoa hpc iuin cd nhieu each ly giai khac nhau. G. Bachelard cho ring kiln thiic nio cung diu la ciu tri Idi cho mdt cau hdi, vl thi, khdng cd cau hdi thi khdng cd kiln thiic khoa hgc (Bachelard, 1970). L. Wit^enstein cho ringvi kiln thiic dugc xay dung ttin nen ting ngdn ngir, nen ta khdng thi thoat ra khdi ngdn ngii dl vuon len cao va phdng tim mit vl phia chan ttdi de xac dinh viing dat mdi ma ta mudn khim phi nhu cich bay lln cao vdi mgt khmh khi cau. Vl ±1, ta phii kham phi gidi ban ciia kiln thiic tii ben ttong kiin thiic:
ta chl tim ra dugc gidi han khi diu ta bi "va" vao gidi han do. Chinh nhiing "cue u" ttin tran cho ta biit ring ta di cham vio gidi ban. Cdn ddi vdi K.
Popper, luc xuat hiln xung dot giiia cai da biit va cii chua bilt li liic manh nha mdt vin de khoa hgc cd thi dan den mpt kiin tfaiic mdi. Ndi each khac, van de nghien ciru nam d viing ranh gidi giua cii da biet va cai chua biet, va cae nd luc nhim md rdng vimg da biet (tiic la hoat dgng nghiin ciiu) tao nen xung dgt: kiln thiic mdi hinh thanh tir sy xung d$t do.
"Kien thirc bit dau bdi sy xung dot gi&a cai da biet va cai chua biet: khdng cd vin dl nao ma
khdng cd c ^ da biet — cung khdng cd van di nio mi khdng cd cii chua biit" (Popper, 1979).
Ndi cu till hon, kiln tiitic mdi ra ddi tii qua ttinh di tim Idi giai thich mdi ve hi&i tugng hay sy vat mi nha khoa hgc ludn tran trd, thic mac. Chi khi nao loi g ^ thich dd dugc chiing minh mdt cich khoa hgc va nhan dugc sy d i ^ nhan ciia cpng ddng khoa hoc tfal nd moi trd tiianh kiln thuc khoa bpc.
1.2 Hai loai khoang trong tri thurc Cd hai loai "chua bilt": cai chua bilt chii quan v i cai chtra bilt khach quan. C ^ chua biit chii quan la cai chua bilt ciia mdi ca nfain, cdn cai chua biit khach quan la cai chua biet cua nhan loai. Cai chua biet chii quan khdng nhit thiet la cai chua biit khach quan: nfaung gi mdi ca nhan biet dugc du la mpt phan rit nhd ciia nhiing cii d i biet cua cdng ddng khoa hpc. Viec xic dinh cii chua bilt chu quan la tien de cho vi|c ty hpc de md mang kiln thiic khoa hgc ciia moi ca nhin. Vi the, trudc kfai bat tay vio nghiin cuu, nfaa kfaoa hpc can phai 1%
diy khoang tring giiia cai chua biet chii quan cua nha khoa hpc va cai da biet ciia cdng ddng ve van de ed liln quan. Nhu the, luge khio tai lieu trudc tiin ^lip nhi nghiin cihi md rdng va dio siu kien thiic.
Cai chua biit khich quan li nhung hi^n tugng, sy viec ma tri tue nfain loai chua ^ i i thich dugc.
Nlu vile xic dinfa cai chua biet chu quan ta tien de cho viec tu hpc, thi vile xac dinh cai chua bilt kfaaefa quan lai la tiin dl cho mgi ngliien curu khoa hpc. Dd chinh la ncri ma khoa hoc se tham do, khao sit, md ta, giii tfaich va tim hiiu: khoa hgc co tifai^m vy tim kilm led giai thich thda ding vl nhfhig bi^n tupng va sy vat nim ttong viing chua biet khich quan do. Vi kiln thiic cua mdi ca nhin thi vd ciing nhd so vdi kiln tfauc cua cgng dong, nin cai cfaua bilt cfau quan thi vd ciing Idn so vdi cii chua biet khacfa quan. Do do, nlu ddng boa cai chua bilt chii quan ciia minh vdi cai chua bilt khach quan, gin nhu cfaic cfain la nha nghien cim si lip l£u nfaung nghien ciiu di dugc thyc hien: do la trucmg hgp ta xay dung van de n^iiln ciiu bin ttong vting cai d i biet khach quan, va nghien cAu se chi la cdng cdc. Ngugc lai, neu xac dinh via di nghien ciiu qua xa vdi, nha nghien ciiu se rai vao cdi vd vgng.
Mgt kfad kfaan kfaac trong viec xac dinh ranh gidi giua cai da bilt va cai chua biit, dd la cd nhilu thu chiing ta cu nghi la minh d i biit nfaung kfaoa hpc ludn ngfai vin ve chiing, xet lai chung, de nhan
T^ chi Khoa hgc Truong Dgi hgc Cdn Tho Phdn C: Khoa hge Xd hgi. Nhdn vdn vd Gido due: 34 (2014): 74-79 thttc eho diy dii han, cfainh xic han. Ndi each
khic, khd khan dd xuit phat tir vile nhan thiic ciia con ngudi vi tiii gidi li raOt qua tiinh tilm cin vdi chin \-y, chii khdng bao gid ^ t dugc cfain Iy tuyet ddi: kiln tiiiic khoa hpc chi la tam thdi, v i ludn ludn cln dugc bd sung, diiu chinh.
2 VAI TRO CUA LlTOC KHAO TAI LIEU TRONG NGHlfeN CUtJ
Khai nilm luge khao tii lieu dugc dung de chi hai loai hinh hoat dgng khac nhau nhung lien quan chat chl voi nhau vi bo sung cho nhau:
- Luge khio tai liiu nhu li m^t thao tac tu duy dugc thyc hiln trude khi di din quyit dinh tiin hinh nghien ciiu mdt di tai.
- Lupc khio tai lieu nhu li m^t chuong / phin ciia cdng ttinh nghien ciiu cae loai (Iuin van, luin an...) hoac bii viit khoa hgc.
Nhu tin ggi cua nd, luge khio tii lieu la khio sat nfaQng tai lieu khoa fagc lien quan din vin dl nghiin ciiu de diem lai nhiing kien thiic ma khoa hgc da sin sinh ra, de xac dinh nhiing dieu da biit khach quan. Nhung vl kien thiic khoa hpc mang ti'nh tam thdi, nen luge khao tai lieu cin phai xac dinh kien thiic nao la vihig chac vio thdi diim dd, va dau la nhffng diem ylu can khac phyc, ciing cd.
Ndi theo cich cua H. Dumez,
"Luge khao tai Heu li mgt n5 lyc nhim xic dinh ranh gidi giira cii da biet vi cii chua biet, theo each eiia eac nhi thim hilm nhu George Vancouver, la tiin budc vao phan chira biet cua ttii dit ma khdng he cd bin do va tim cich vl nin ban dddd" (Dumez H., 2011).
Di thyc hiln mgt nghiin ciiu, nha khoa hpc phii luge khao tai Ii$u, nghia la phii nhim din eac myc tiiu cu thi sau diy:
2.1 Xac djnh "cii da biet" khich quan Nhu ta da biit, sii menh ciia nghien cuu khoa fapc li sin sinh ra kiln thiic moi, la md rdng kiln tiiiic khoa hpc da cd, ho^c diiu ehinh va bd sung cho kiin tinic dd ngiy cing phu hgp hon vdi thyc ti. Y)h sin sinh ra kiin thiic mdi, Sing tao cai mdi, nha nghiin ciiu pfaii cip nhit diy dii cac thdng tm khoa hgc cd Hen quan den mang van dl minh quan tim, phai biet cOng ding khoa hgc di nghien ciiu dugc gl (cii da biet), dang lam gi (cai mudn biit) va cdn vudng mle nhttng ^ . Ndi cich khac, nha nghiin ciiu phai xac dinh cho bing dugc linh ttang kiin thiic hiln tai ve vin de mi minh quan tam, vi niu khdng biit dugc "cai di biit" till si khdng the nio xic djnh ehinh xac dugc cai nio la cai chua
biet chii quan, cai nao la cai chua biet khich quan, va he qui ducmg nhien la khdng thi xac dinh mdt each diii^ din van de nghiin cuu mi minh dang theo duoi. Nha nghien ciiu se cd nguy ca lap Iai nhiing gi ma cac itiia nghiin ciiu khac da lam, hoac se xac dinh vin dl nghien ciiu qua xa rdi thyc tl, vugt qua ning lyc eiia con ngudi. Trudng hgp thii itiiit dugc vi nhu la dim vio canh ciia da md (phi cdng vd ich), trudng hgp thii hai la hoang ttrdng khoa hgc, nghiin ciiu se ttd nen phi thyc tl, khdng CO tinh kha thi. Vi thi ein phai tiin hanh VS cang.
di khdng bd sdt mdt kit qui nghien ciiu nao, nhat Ii nhung nghien ciiu ciia cic "cay dai thu"..
Xet tir gdc dp ciia d^c gii, luge khio tai lieu giiip ngudi dpe de ding tilp caji vdi cic cdng ttinh nghiin ciiu bang each chpn Igc nhfing tai lieu khoa hpc liln quan va tdm lupc Igi vdi nhan quan phi phan. Lupc khio tai li|u tit la mpt lupc khio mi khi dpe, ngudi dgc cd the nam bit ngay y dd nghien cihi cua nha nghien ciiu.
2.2 D I hinh dung "cii chtra biit" khich quan Tu nhiing dilu da biit, nhi ngltiln ciiu tim each phat hga ra nfaung dilu ma nhan loal chua bilt.
Day chinh li diim miu chdt khiin hoat ddng nghiin curu khoa hgc cd ve nhu ma hd va nghjch ly: nghiin cuu la di tim kiem nhCng gl mi khoa hpc chua biit, chii khdng phii la nhit nhgnh nliung gi loai ngudi da bilt. Trong nghien ciiu md ti, nghiin cuu la tim kiem, phit hiln nhihig dac diem, thudc tinh moi me ciia ddi tugng nghien ciiu.
Trong nghiin ciiu giai thich, nghiin ciru la tim nhiing cich giai thich mdi me vi nguyen nhan, ngudn goc ctia sy vat va hien tugng.
Di thuc hiln dugc vi|c dd, nha nghiin ciiu cin phaii^'cd^ ttiSu^^^tttCJng^Chinh vi the ma A.
Einstein da ndi: "Tri tudng tugng quan ttgng hon kiin thiic. Kiin tiiiic ehi gidi hgn trong nhflng gi chung ta biit va hiiu hi|n nay, cdn tti tudng ftigng bao gdm ca thi gidi, vi tat c i nhung gi cd the biet va hiiu". Ciing cln phai phin biet sy khac nhau giiia tti tudng tugng ciia nha khoa hgc vi tri tudng tugng ciia gidi vin ngh? sT. Nhi khoa hgc dya tten nhiing kiin thiic khoa hpc di dugc chiing minh vi kiim nghiim, di tir dd phdng tim mit din tuong lai va fainh dung ra cii chua biit. Trong khi dd, nha hoat ddng sang tao ngh? thuat xay dyng tri tudng tugng ciia minh dya trin sy cam thu ciia c i nhan, each nhin thiic chu quan vi thi gidi khich quan.
Su ddc dao cua tri tudng tupng chinh ti nin ting ciia sy ddc dao ciia cdng ttinh khoa hpc hoac nghe thuat ciia hg.
Tgp chi Khoa hge Trudng Dgi tigc Cdn Tho 2.3 Be dinh vj "cai niu6n biit"
Khi xac dinh dugc cai da biet vi hinh dung cai chua biet, nhi nghien eiiu da tao ra nhung dieu kiln khach quan de dinh vi "cai mudn bilt" - tiic van di nghiin ciiu - ttin ban do tti thiic khoa hgc.
Nha khoa hgc se ddi chilu nhirng kien tinic cd dugc tii ngfaien eiiu trudc day vdi van de nghien ciiu, vi chi ra diem cfaua ai nghiin ciiu. Dd chmh la kfadi diim cua cm mdi ttong khoa hgc. Dinh vi cai mudn biet khdng efai la van de khoa fapc, ma cdn la mdt nghe thuat: xay dyng de tai sao cho khdng lap lai nghiin ciru cua nhCmg ngudi di trudc.
Phon C: Khoa bgc Xd hgt. Nhdn van vd Giao dye: 34 (2014): 7<
ddng thdi cung khdng qua xa vdi, di cd thi dip ling cae tiiu chi kha thi, die biet la kfai thi vl m§t khoa hgc.
Dl dinh vi cii muon biit, nha nghiin cuu phai xac dinh cic biln (variables) quan ttgng lien quan den dl tii. NghTa la phii phat hga vin de nghiin ciiu, de hudng din vile x ^ dinh cac muc tiiu nghiin ctiu (doi vdi each tiep can md ta) hoic xiy dung gia thuyet nghien ciiu (ddi vdi cich tiip c|n giii tfaiefa). Md hinh sau day cd tfal minfa hga mpt sd tinh huong xac dinh cai mudn bilt:
X3 X2
X^c dinh van de nghidn cdu cdn Id tndt ngh$ thuat Hinh 1: Cac tinh huong xac dinh vin di nghien cuu Ghi chu:
- O, a: dieu da biii chii quan (ciia mdi ed nhdn)
- XI: vdn di nghien cuu dugc xdc djnh sai. vi no ndm irong viing da biit - X2. X3...: vdn di nghien cicu qudxa voi, ngodi khd ndng cda ihai dgi - Xn: vdn de khd thi nhdl vi gdn vdi nhirng dieu da biit
2.4 PeJteJhiia.cac.kiiD thiJC d i cd Theo each ndi eua H. Dumez (2009), luge khao tai lieu la cdng viec ciia ngudi lim phai tteo qua nui kiin thiic ma rtiiihig ngucri khdng Id da tich luy tii nhiiu thi h | nay. Ngudi lim phii leo lln din ngang dau ciia ngudi khing Id, rdi nhdn chan len, dh cd dugc tini nhin xa hon, vi di diy biln gidi cua nhOng diiu da biet lui ra xa ban. E)d chinh la phin ddng gdp ciia ngudi liin - nhi nghiin ciiu.
"Nhin nhin uu diem cua tien nhin, hiiu ro nhihig ^ cic thi he tiirdc di viit, dd la mpt diiu kiln tlln quyit cin thiit eho sy phat triin ciia thi h | di sau, dil eho rihiing ngudi nay cd xuit sic din dau di chang nifa. Diiu dd doi hdi nhiiu nd lyc: ngudi ta khdng thi nhdn chin mgt each dl dang tten vai ngudi khdng Id" (Dumez, 2009)
Thiit vay, khdng cd mdt nghien ciiu nio mi khdng ki thtta kien tiuirc cu: mgi kiin thiic mdi diu dugc xay dyng tten mdt sd kiin thiic cu nao do.
Kiln thiic cQ chinh la cii be do cho nghiin cihi khoa hpc. Vi thi, gidi thilu kiin tiiiic cii chinh li each gidi thieu dilu kien ra ddi eua kiin tfaiic mdi.
Luge khio tii Heu tit ia luge khio ed the thdng bio cho ngudi dpe nhOng thdng tin ea ban cua de tii bang cich diem lai nhimg nghien ciiu trudc diy.
Theo each ndi in du ciia Wit^enstein, cfaiing ta chi biit la viec nghien ciiu tu lieu khoa hgc d | ^ dugc miic chuyen sau quan ttpng khi chiing ta cam thay nhu bi m§t vd cgp vao diu: luc iy, chiing ta cam thiy khong cdn ^ di ta nghien ciiu niJa. Dd la liic chiing ta cham pfaii ranh gidi ciia cii da biit, vi chi cin tiilm mpt chiit nd lyc nua la chiing ta si xiy dung duge dk tai nghiin cutt.
Tgp chi Khoa hgc Trudng Dgi hgc Cdn Tha 2.5 Dl chimg to nang lire cua nhi nghien cnii Luge khao tai Heu hiiu theo nghTa thir hai (mdt chuang / pfaln eiia cdng trinh nghiin ciiu) la san pfaim ciia vile khao sat tii Heu tiarde khi n ^ l n ciiu (luge khao tai lieu theo nghTa thii ohit), cdn la noi tiie hiln nang lyc cua nha ngfaien ciiu, dgc biet la ddi vdi cac hgc viin sau dgi hpc. Ching nhiing hp phai chiing td r i i ^ minh di nim vung cac kien tinic khoa hpc liln quan den de tii, ma hp cdn phii cho thay ning lyc tu duy cao cip ciia hp ttong viec phan ti'ch v i danh gia tai lieu, tdng hpp nhflng dac diem cua cac khuynh hudng nghiin ciiru khac nhau, phat hi^n nhihig di biet, mau thuin, gidi hgn ciia cac kien tfaiic... de xay dung muc tiiu nghiin ciiu.
Tuy nhiin, theo ghi nhan qua nhiiu luan van / lu|n in, cic nhi nghien ciru tti thudng sii dung khdng xac dang cac kien tinic li? thuylt, do khdng hiiu dugc vai ttd cua luge khio tii Heu ttong cdng ttinh nghiin cihi ciia minh. Ngoai ra, ciing con cd khuynh hudn^ nhoi nhet qua nhilu kiin thiic Iy thuyit vio phin lupc khio nay, nhu thi la di khoe vdi hOi ddng dinh gia nhiing kien thiic ma minh da tich liiy dugc.
3 NOl DUNG LirOfC KHAO
Nhu vira ttinli biy, luge khao tii lieu la mgt cQng vi|c vd cimg quan trpng trong mpi nghiin ciiu khoa hpc. Vi the, neu phin vile nay dugc tien hinh khong tdt, nghien ciiu se kem gii ttj, thgm chi cd thi khdng dugc cdng nhan. De thyc hiln tdt phin Lupc khdo tdi lieu, cin phii bilt loai tai lieu can dpe va loai thdng tin can chii y.
3.1 Cic loai tai liiu can lirgc khao Vi luge khao tii lieu nhim diim lai kiin thiic khoa hpc da co vl mdt vin di h i d do, tien nhi nghien eiiu phai khio sat cae til Ii|u khoa hgc. Dd li eic bii bio khoa hpc, cic bai bao tdng quan thudng dugc dang tai tten cic tap chi khoa hoc, hay cic cdng trinh nghiin ciiu, eac sich chuyin dl, luin in tiin sT... Tren ly thuyit, nhiing tai lieu nay da qua nhilu lln kiim tta, binh duyet ciia cic nfaa khoa hpc, do dd, do tm ciy cua chiing cao han cic loai tii liiu khic. Khdng thi sii dung cac tai liiu phd tiidng di lam lupc khio tai li?u, vi cac tai lieu dd khdng cd nhiiu kiin thiic chuyen siu, ma chii yeu gdm nhiing kiin thiic phd tiidng, hoac nhihig kiin thiic chua dugc kilm chiing mdt each khoa hgc.
Di luge khao tai HIu tdt, ching nhiing cin phai dpe cae cdng trinh nghiin ciiu duang thdi di nim bit sy phit ttiin cua khoa hgc, ma ddi khi cdn cin
Phdn C: Khoa hoe Xd hgi, Nhdn vdn vd Gido dye: 34 (2014): 74-79 phai dgc ca nhiing tai lieu xua hem, mi ngudi ta xem la cic tii lieu kinh diin. Ching nhiing phai dgc cic tai lieu bang tieng me de, ma cdn cln phii tham khao cic tai Heu bing tiing nude ngoii nhu tiing Anh, tiing Phap di bio dim vet hit thdng tin kfaoa hpc, vi do la ngudn tu Ii|u v6 ciing phong phii lien quan din nhiiu chu di n ^ i l n cihi.
Bk tun dugc nhiing cdng ttinh quan ttgng cd HIn quan din de tai nghiin ciiu eua ta, ttong giai doan diu, tdt nhit la tham khio cae bai bao hoic eac tai HIu gidi thilu tinh hinh nghien eiiu hien tai ("state of the art", "etat de la recherche', "meta- analyse"), vi cic tai lieu do cung cip cho ngudi dgc mgt cai nhin toin canh ve he van de cd lien quan. Cung can phai dgc cic lugn an hoac cdng ttinh nghien eiiu cd liln quan xa hay gin vdi di tii eiia ta. Mdt kinh nghiem rit pho biln ttong gidi giang viin lam cong tac hudng din luan van la hgc viin, ngay ea d cac dgi hpc phuang Tay, thudng phin nin la khdng ed tai li|u vi dl tai hg dang nghiin cihi (Trochim, 2006). Sd di nhu vay la vi hgc vien thudng chi tim kiim nhiing tai lieu diing vdi de tai nghien eiiu ciia hg; hp kfadng biet md rdng vin de ra cac ITnfa vyc lan can cd Hen quan.
Hp phai tim dpe cic tii lieu vl nhilu vin de, nhilu khai niem xuat hien ttong van de nghien ciiu eua hp: do chinh la vat lieu ma hp cd the dung de xay dyng nin tang Vy thuyit cho nghiin ciiu ciia minh.
Sau dd, cin phii tim dpe cic tai HIu dugc lilt kl ttong myc Tdi lieu tham khdo, vi ttong dd thudng cd eic tac gia va eic tap chi quan ttpng nhit ttong Imh vuc nghiin cuu ma ta can phai dgc.
Kfai dgc, can phai tim cae tai lieu gdc, chii khdng dugc sir dung cac ttich din "qua tay" ciia ngudi khic.
3.2 Nhimg thdng tin cln quan tam 3.2.1 Cdc thong tin long qudt
Sau day la cac thdng tin mi dii cho ban ap dung loai hinh nghien ciiu nao cQng can phii quan tam khi dgc til Heu:
- Cach xiy dyng van de nghien ciiu ciia tac gii: Nd dupe xac dinh nhu the nao? Co tfada dang khdng? Vin dl nghiin ciiu cd thyc sy l i "van dl"
khdng? Cd cich tilp can nio hi?u qua han kfadng?
- Cach tiep can nghiin eiiu ciia tic gia: dd la nghiin ciiu md t i hay giii thich? Sy chgn lya dd ed xac ding khdng?
- Cich lupc khao tai Heu: tie gia cd danh gii cac tai lieu ed lien quan den vin de ngfaien ciru ciia minfa khdng? Tac gia cd dl cap den eac tu HIu cd
Tgp ehi Khoa hgc Trudng Dgi hgc Cdn Tho Phdn C: Khoa hgcXd hdi, Nhdn van vd Gido dye: 34 (2014): 74-79 M.
quan diim ttai ngugc vdi quan diim ciia minh khdng?
Cich xiy dung khung Iy thuyit / khii niem ciia tai lieu: tie gia dua ttin ca sd kiln thiic nio de tien hanfa nghien eiiu?
M6i quan he giiia ly tfauyit va vin de nghien ciiu: giiia ly thuyit vi vin di nghiin ciiu co lien quan vol nhau kfadng? Mdi Hen quan dd ed phii hgp va rd ring khdng?
Cac phuang phap phan tich va cdng cu phan tieh dugc sii dyng trong tii lieu: Cach phin tfch cd thda dang khdng? Phin kit luan cd dya ttin du lieu vi phin tich khdng?
Cac lap luan ciia tic gii: cd logic va khach quan kfadng?
- Ddng gop ciia tii Heu vao kien tinic khoa hpc. Uu diim va nhugc diim.
Tai li?u niy HIn quan din vin dl nghien ciiu ciia ban d chd nao?
3.2.2 Cdc thong tin dgc thii
Luge khio tii lieu giiip ta xic dinh nhihig mau thuan, nhttng Id hdng va nfaihig ngfaich Iy ttong tii li|u kfaoa hgc ve vin de cd liln quan. Vi tfal, ndi dung luge khio tiiy thuOc cich tilp can ciia cdng ttinh nghien ciiu.
Ddi vdi cic nghiin ciiu md ta, vi muc dich ciia nd Ii md t i vi phat hiln nhihig die diim, tinh chat, thudc tinh ciia doi tugng nghiin ciiu, nen luge khao phii tip trung diim lai nhiing die diim, tinh chit, thudc tinh di biet ve ddi tugng nghiin ciiu, de tim kiem vi phit hiln ra nhiing die tinh, tinh chat mdi.
Day la each tiip can quen thudc ttong nhihig ITnh vyc chua cd nhieu ngfaien ciiu cfauyen sau, va ngfailn ciiu md ti nfalm bo sung tfalm nhilu dac diim mdi ve van de nghien ciru.
Ddi vdi nghien ciiu giil thich, luge khio nhim diim lgi nhiJng cich IJ giii khic nhau ve nguyin nhin, ngudn gdc cua cae faien tugng vi su vile ma minfa quan tam, de pfait hi?n ra nfaittig nguyin nhan mdi chua ai dl cip din vi chung minh cac nguyin nhin do mOt each kfaoa hpc. Diy la each tiip cin thudng diing ttong nhiing ITnfa vyc da cd nfaiiu nghien ciiu md ta, nhit ii ttong nhieu nginfa xa hdi va trong khoa hgc giao dye. Vi ngfailn cmi md ta va nghiin ciiu giai thich nhim xiy dyng kiin thiic tuyln bd, nin luge khao tai lieu cung tap trung vao vile diim lai cac kien tfaiic tuyln bd da cd.
Ddi vdi nghien cihi iing dyng, luge khao chii y din nhiing kiin thiic quy ttinh, nhimg tinh nang va ling dung ma cae nha ngfailn cihi da phit hiln va
dua vio thyc te, ciing vdi nhui^ bM hgc kinh nghiem da nit ra dugc, de di tim nhimg tinh ning va ling dyng mdi.
4 KETLU^N
Luge khao tai lieu la cong vile cyc ky quan trpng ciia mdt cdng trinh nghiin ciiu, nhat la ttong ITnh vyc xi hdi - nhan van v i giio due. Mdt mit no giiip nha khoa hpc, ki ca nhiing ngudi cd nhieu kinh nghiim, bo sung kien tfaire chuyin sau vl van di ma fag quan tim, mat kfaac, va day la cfaiic ning chii yiu, nd din dit nfaa kfaoa hgc xac dinh mpt each thda dang vin di nghien eiiu. Chinli vi thi, di khdng lap lai nhOng gi ngudi di trudc da lim va di tim ra cai mdi, nha nghien ciiu cin phai cd dau tu kJ cang cho khiu luge khao tii lieu. Cd nfau tfai mdi mong cd the cai thien ehit lupng nghiin ciiu ciia chiir^ ta hiln nay;__
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