Do thi Idn Viet Nam trong thdi ky qua do Vietnamese large cities in transitional period
Ngay nhan bai: 22/02/2017 Ngay sij^ bai: 9/3/2017 Ngay chap nhan cJang: 5/4/2017
Nguyen Qudc Thong
T O M
TAT:
Phit trien dd thi, dac bigt II cac do thi Idn d nfldc ta trong giai dogn chuyen tiep nen kmh te tfl 30 nam nay, dien ra v6i tdc do nhanh, co the noi chfla tiing cd trong lich sijf. Phat tnen nhanh trong xu the toan cau hoa, dang dat ra nhi^u vSn d6 vi do thi can nghien cflu. Nhflng ddy la nhilng vSn de khd, trong khi chiing ta chiia c6 nhieu kinh nghiem ve phat trien do thi. Vi the, bai viet chi tg.p trung vao mot sd v3n de chinh ma cac do thi Idn cua nfldc ta dang ph^i doi dien trong giai doan qua do hien nay. Dd II nhi2ng thach thflc va li^a chon mo hinh phat trien do thi hop ly.
Tfl khoa: Toan cau hoa, Dd thi toan cau, Mo hinh do thi.
ABSTRACT:
Urban development, particularly in large scale cities in our country m the period of transition economies over the past 30 years, occurs at qidck speed, can be said that it has never happened similarly in the history. The rapid development in the global trend is posing many urban issues need to be studied. However, those are difScult matters while we have not much experience about urban development. Thus, the writing is to concentrate on main features that the large urban areas in Vietnam are feeing in current transition period. Those are challenges and appropnate choices of urban developing models.
Keywords: Globalisation, Global city, Urban developing models.
Nguyin Qudc Thong
I.DOTHITOANCAU
Dd thi, nhSt la cac dd thj Idn cd vi thi d | c biet quan trong, la ddng lUc thuc day nhanh nhat mflc do tang trudng kmh te ciia dat nfldc. Ngay nay, toan cau hda lam xuat hien md hinh do thi tieu bleu vdi hinh thai dd thi mang tinh qudc t^. Dd \i md hinh D d thi toan du vdi hat nhan ii Trung tam djch vu tai chfnh va thUdng mai qudc te (CBD-Central Business District- hinh thanh 6 (Wy nhflng nam 1950 the k;? XX). IV16 hinh nay 3nh hfldng rdng khap tren the gidi, nhat ih ddi vdi cae dd thj Idn va viing sieu dd thi (Hinh 1). Day la mdt trong nhflng yeu td ISm thay ddi e^u true khdng gian dd thj hi^n dai: t f l c^u true khep kin mang tfnh dia phuong, truyen thdng chuyen sang cau true md, hien dai mang tfnh toan cau. (Hinh 2).
Khong the phCi nhan nhflng mat tfch eUc cCia Toan cau hda vdi vai trd ciia dd thi toan eau va cae vdng si§u dd thi trong vi&c nSng cao chat lUdng ngudn nhan lUc, chuyen giao cdng nghe, thu hut ngudn lUc tai chinh va cung cap cac djch v u h d tro can thiet,...tao dieu kien thuan Iqi giOp tang trUdng kmh te eiia qudc gia.Dd thi, dd thi Idn vli vdng si§u dd thi da va chSe chSn trong tuong lai se v l n Id noi cu tri^ chu yeu cua con ngudi [2]
Tren thUc te, md hinh do thi toan cau ludn di ciing vdi nhiing dU an phSt tnen do thi vh bat ddng s3n Idn t f l ben ngodi vao duoi 2 cfang phd bi^n IS CBD va khu dd thi mdi rdng hang trSm hec ta, t h | m chi tren mdt ngan hec ta nhU mdt dd tlij mdi NhUng, han che Idn nhat cua toan cau hda vdi sU h'inh thanh mang lUdi cac do thi todn eau chiu sfl chi phdi, rang bude Ian nhau ve kinh te, tai ehinh vi d ehinh tri trong chflng muc nhat dinh IS nguy eO lam suy giam vai trd cfla cac qudc gia, lam tang khoang each gihu ngheo trong xa hdi, gifla dd thi va nong thdn cung nhu lam mat dSn di bcin s^e vin hda dia phudng. Mat trSo Iflu b^o ve va phat huy gi^ tri van hda dja phUOng trong toan cau hda da dfloc hinh thanh (GloCal) hay gan day xufit hien hien tuong ly khai toan cau hda, di cao quyin loi qudc gia, dSn tdc.
La nudc di sau, lai dang trong giai doan chuyen doi nen kmh te vdi nhi^u thach thflc trong qui trinh phiit t n I n , ddi hdi chiing ta phiii nhSn dien day du thUc trang phdt trien dd thj, ddng thdi tap trung nghien ciiu quy luat phdt trien do thi toan eau d l xSy dung chien luoe va gidi phap phat U\in hop ly cae do thj, dac biet la cac do thi Idn d nUdc ta.
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Hinh2 Vitn'CBO Irong ca'ulruckhong gian do thi hien dai dMyva ChauAu I I . T H A C H THCfCTRONG PHATTRIENfiO THI L O N CS VlfT NAM Tfong bdi dnh toan c3u hda, thdeh thflc dau ti§n la t i l p nhan mo hinh dd thj toan cSu ciing phUdng thflc quy hoaeh dd thi mdi nhfl the nao de cd the phat trien c3c do thj Idn d nudc ta, hien dai nhUng van phdt huy dfloc nhflng gia tn van hda dia phUOng.
Thach thflc t h f l hai la nhan thflc va quan niem ve quy hoach va qu3n l y d d thr chua theo kjp vdi sLf phat t r i l n nhanh cfla ede dd thi.
Dac diem cO b^n trong nhan thiic ve phat trien do thi 6 nudc ta la qudn tinh bao cap v l n edn, t u duy thj trudng ehua hodn chinh, trong khi nhu cau phat trien l?i rat Idn dan den phdt trien ndng, qua do bdc Id n h i l u mau thuan trong phSt tnen. Vi the can thay ddi nhan thflc.
Trudc het nhan thflc ddng v l vai tro cfla eac dd thi Idn trong xu the tohn cau hda, dac biet 1^ cdc dd thj dUOc chon la cUc tang trudng chfnh trong he thdng dd thi qudc gia de tflng bflde khang dinh vi the ciia dd thi Viet Nam trong he thdng dd thi ciia khu vuc vd the gidi. Dong thdi nhdn thflc mdt eSch cd cd sd khoa hoc v l qudn ly phat trien dd thi, trong dd phan bi^t va xde dmh rd vai trd ciia qudn ly dd thi, qudn 1;^
hanh chfnh va qudn ly kinh te va d l u t u xay dUng dd thi, cung nhuquan niSm diing v l vai trd va sfl tham gia cOa cdng ddng, ciia xd hdi ddn sfl trong phat trien vd quan tri dd thj,
V l phuong di^n ly luan, dd la sU thay ddi nhan thflc ve quy hoach xdy dung dd thi theo hfldng Id khoa hpc li&n nganh va la mdt qua trinh xa hdi, ddng thdi can thiet nghien cflu, lua chon xu hfldng quy hoaeh phii hop trong 2 xu hfldng phd b i l n hien nay tr&n t h i gidi' xu hudng kinh nghi&m chO nghia vi ky thuat va xu hudng quy hoach smh thdi vi van hda. Tren cd sd dd ddi mdi triet de ndi dung, quy trinh va phuong
phdp quy hoaeh theo hfldng linh b o a t hieu qua, dap dng nhu cau da d^ng cLia thj trudng.
Thach thflc t h f l ba la cSn nhan dien diing va dSy dii ve thuc tr^ng phat t r i l n dd thi Idn d nfldc ta trong giai doan qud dd vdn phflc tap vdi nhieu mau thuan;
Mau thuan gifla mong muon va thUe lUe, gifla luong vd ehit, gifla quy tac luat phdp t i l n bd va thdi quen tri tre. D i l u dd t h i hien trong viec nang cap dd thi va m d rdng d d t h i hay nhUchiing ta thudng danh gid, quy hoaeh chUa theo kip nhu cau phdt trien ciia xa hdi. K i t q u i la chat lUdng dd thi khdng tflong xung vdi quy md dd thi hay so lugng do thj nhieu nhung chat luqng mdi trudng va tien nghi cuoc sdng do thi chUa tuong xflng.
Mdu t h u i n gifla tri thflc khoa hgc va quyen luc hanh chinh the hien trong edeh thflc phat t n I n dd thi. D d la edeh lam khac nhau gifla mdt b^n chii the la Nhd nudc vdi each Idm bdi bdn, chfnh thdng hiin dai co p h I n ly tudng hda. Ap dat va duy y chf thdng qua he thong quy dinh ve quy hoach vd qudn i^ dd thi va b&n kia la ngfldi dan vdi each lam ddn gian, ehu y l u dua vao kinh n g h i f m , mang tinh cd nhan, thflc dung va linh ho^t. Ket qud thUc te cho thay khdng gian dd thi idn phat t r i l n dan treii, trong dd khu vUc dan tU xay vd lang x6m do thi hda chiem ty le cao.
Dd thj phdt t n I n Idn v l quy m d nhung bd mat canh quan kien triic do thj t h i l u tinh thdng nhat vd ehua ed dac trung
Mau thuan gifla phat trien do thi va bdo tdn di san vdn hda do tiij, mdu thuan gifla nhu cau trUde mit va tUcmg lai. Khdng chu y bao ton di sdn d d t h i diing mflc, dd thi t u ddnh mat cae gia tn lam nen bdn sac van hda cfla minh. Dd thj mSt mat trf nhd M | t khac, qua Uu tien thda man cac nhu cau trUdc mat nen cac chuong trinh phat trien dd thi dai han it hieu qua, do thi phdi tra gia ngay cang dat trong tflong lai.
T h d c h t h f l e t h f l t u l a v l phflong phdp luan quy hoaeh vd qudn l^dd thi. Day chfnh la each nghi va each lam do thi, la van de then ehdt dam bdo chat luqng cCia cac do an quy hoach va hieu qud eiia qudn ly do thi.
Do do can ed nhflng nghi&n cflu lUa ehon cdc phflong phdp, cdng nghe quy hoach dd thj tien tien tren the gidi cdi tien cho phii hop vdi d i l u kien cCia Viet Nam de ap dung. Van de nay d nfldc ta rat can mdt sU ttiay ddi tnet d l . Bdi muc dfeh eudi ciing la tao ra dd thj cd khd nang phat t r i l n b i n vdng, nghTa Id phat t r i l n trong sU can bSng, hai hda vdi moi trudng tU nhien va nhan van ciia dia phuong. Dd thi rd rdng phdi la mot mdi trfldng sdng tdt. Nhu vay, can nhanh chdng hoc tap kinh nghiSm qudc te nhu Chiln luge phat trien d d thj, phUcmg thflc quy hoach chien luoc,,., d l thay ddi quy trinh quy hoaeh dd thi d nude ta. Ching han, can thay doi ngay each trien khai vdi phflong phdp khoa hoc cac bude dieu tra, phan tfch hien trang va dU bao, vdn ehua dugc coi trong trong quy trinh quy hoaeh. Bdi vi ddy Id nhflng bude quan trgng ma k i t qua dnh hudng trUc tiep den giSi phap quy hoaeh do thi
III. LL;A CIHON M O H I N H PHATTRlfiN DO THI HOP Lf La nudc phdt trien sau, chflng ta cd d i l u kien riit kmh nghiem that bai, lUa ehon de dp dung nhflng bai hgc thanh cdng cua cac nude di trUdc trong phat tnen dd thi phii hgp vdi dac d i l m kinh t l - xa hdi cua nudc ta.
d quy m d mdt do thi, trUdng hgp quy hoach chung thCi dd Hd Ndi m d rdng duoc Chfnh phii phe duyet nam 2011 la mdt vi du tich cue. Dd Id viec ap dung md hinh mang dd thi tfch hop cho phep gidi quyet hop ly mdi quan h§ dd thi - ndng thdn ddi vdi Ha Ndi mo rdng .[1 ] (Kmh 3)
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Hinh 3 Sadocu cau quy hoach Ha NOI mtfrongvfii mo hinh mang tich hop flo thi-[long thon. De D d t h i toan cau vdi cac sieu d u an khu do thi mdi hien dai duoc h i l u nhu nhflng nudedl trudcrat la mdt bieu tugng eiia sfl thanh edng ve kinh t l . Vi the anh hudng cua
nd ddi vdi sU phdt t r i l n dd thi ciia nUdc ta la rat Idn tren ca 2 phUOng dien tfch cUc va tieu cflc, Anh hudng tfch cfle Id hien nhien, anh hUdng tieu cUc ve hinh thai khdng gian do thi va dac biet v l van hda dd thi mdi Id d i l u khiln chiing ta phdi ehu ;?. Bdi vl kmh te len nhanh cdn vdn hda djnh hinh cham nhung dnh hudng lai sau va lau. dJ day bdi hoc cCia
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cho chiing ta tham khdo de ed nhflng giai phap thich hcJp trUdc khi qua mudn.
Trong nhflng nam gan day, tai nhieu dd thi idn d nude ta, eac khu dd thj mdi da tao duge hinh dnh k i l n trUc dd thi mdi, hien dai vd khac biet hap d i n mdt bd phdn dan eu mdi gidu len nhu mdt bSng chiing cCia sU thanh dat, Tuy nhien, phan Idn cdc khu do thi mdi la nhflng khu d dde lap, khep kin, dUoc xay dflng rdi rdc, dang da bao trong dd thj, khdng tao nen hinh dnh dd thi ed tinh thdng nhat. (Hinh 4,5,6,7,8)
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luu y tfnh thdng nhat va ed dac t r u n g ^ K n ^ n h t d n g . hong gian fld thi hien dai eung nhu van hda va K S j ^ F t n f c j i d i J chinh Id nfii ham cua van de Hien dai va Bdn s k ^ U / ^ B ^ ^ ^ ° ^^^- "^^^ '^ ^ ^ do thi Ion 6 nudc ta trong giai doan ehuyin t l l p nen kinh te t f l ke hoach hda tap trung sang nen kmh te thi t
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Hinh 8. Khu dS thimdi Thu fhiem o If Ho Chi Mmh
De khcic phue, ve phUdng di^n tdng the can ehu trong to chflc cac khdng gian lien ket, khdng gian ndi cac khu do thj mdi rdi rac lai vdi nhau. Day cung Id noi eho phep bd sung eae edng trinh ha tSng xa hgi cdn t h i l u hay nhflng chflc nang mdi de nang cao c h i t lugng mdi trudng sdng dd thj, ddm bdo eho dd thi phat t n I n ben vting.
M^t khde, ve ban chat, do thi Id mgt tap hgp da vdn hda, cd dde trUng, dUOc hinh thdnh theo thdi gian do sfl da dang ve cdng ddng dan cfl CLing nhflng thUe hanh van hda ciia ho. Chfnh nhflng thflc hanh van hda gdp phan lam nen bdn sSc vdn hda dd t h i . Do dd khdng t h i khdng chii y den nhflng dde trUng van hda cfla edng dong dan cU dia phflong trong nghien edu thiet ke cdc khu dd thj mdi. (Hinh 9,10)
Nhu vay, cd the thay viee t i l p nhan md hinh vd phuong phdp quy hoaeh khu dd thi mdi t f l ben ngodi vdo Id can thiet, nhflng c i n nghien edu vdn dung sao cho phii hop vdi dac diem van hda, dieu k i 6 n t u n h i § n vd trinh dd phat trien kinh t e - x a hdi cua dia phudng.Trong dd dac biet
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