liiNB QUAN NHONG N G H I C N C O U VA XU HUONG PHAT T R I ^ N COA
I f CONG S U A T
R U Y i N DONG DIEN
TA CAO MINH*, NGUYEN B A O HUY"" VA NGUYEN DUY KH|£M««
* Trung tdm Nghiin cUu Cfng dung vd Sdng tqo Cdng ng/if DH Bdch Khoa Hd Ndi
* * Dai hoc Ky thudt Dan Mgch
III. cAc H£ TRUYEN DONG OI£N HI£N DAI
• • • • • Cac he truyen dpng dien ddng mpt vai trd die biet quan trpng trong t i i ddng hda va cd dien td. Sii phat trien va c i i tien cac he truyen dpng dien thadng theo hai xu hadng: (i) he truyen dpng cho cac loai ddng cd mdi va (ii) cai tien cac he truyen dpng vdi cac dpng cd truyen thong. Trong phan nay, cac t i c g i i gidi thieu c i hai xu hadng tren vdl nhflng doi tfldng dien hinh. Trfldc tien, ta cd mpt cai nhin tdng quan theo sd do ciy ve cac loai dpng cd dien trong Hinh 7. Viec phin loai chi tiet dpng CO mpt chieu va dpng cd khdng dong bp cung nhfl ddng cd dong bp kfch tfl day quan la nhflng van de cd dien va quen thupc, do dd cac t i c g i i khdng dfla v i o Hinh 7 cung nhfl de cap den trong muc nay. Nhflng dpng cd ve net dflt se dflpc t h i o luan dfldi diy.
OONO ca
DI$N
I
\ (DC motor) •
( ' \
• B ^ ca khdng tf6ngi
• bO (ImhJdlon Hotor) •
' *
OOngofftfAngb^
(Synch ronou*
Motor)
I
D ^ Off Ifr M* Ihay d ^ (SurtldMd Raluctww*
^
O^ngcadfng sdng hinh dn (PMSH motor)
1
D^ng ca dflng b^ nam A
chim irtnh c ^ gin M n b i m|l rotor (SPM motor)
1
Dpng 00* tfong
1
Dfng ev dAng b^ 4
nan cMm i4nh cOii cMm (IPH motor)
O^ngcvdfng i
•6ng hinh thang (BLOC motor)
\
D ^ O f f l f r M M n g b f (SynRM)
Hinh 7. Sa do cdy cdc logi ddng ca diin.
r nip theo vd hit (phdn 1, TDH s6 thdng 11/2011))
A. OONG Cd MOT CHI^U KH6NG CH6I THAN (BRUSHLESS DC - BLDC MOTOR)
BLOC khdng phii la mdt loai dong cd mdi, nd da ra ddi v i dfldc biet den tfl l i u . t u y vay, nhflng phifdng phap dieu khien mdi cho he truyen dpng BLDC van lien tuc dflpc nghien cflu.
Opng CO BLDC tren thflc te la mpt loai dpng cd dong bp nam chim vTnh cOfu. O i l m khic biet cd bin so viJi nhflng dpng cd ddng bd khac la sflc phin dien ddng (back-EMF) cua ddng cd cd dang hinh thang do ciu talc d i y quan tap trung (cic loai khic cd dang hinh sin do cau true d i y quan p h i n tin). Dang sdng sflc phin di§n dpng hinh thang khien cho ddng co BLDC cd die tinh cO gidng ddng co mpt chilu, m i t dd cong suit, khi nang sinh mdmen cao, hl^u suat cao. Dong co dfldc S\k khiln dfla v i o tin h i l u tfl cic c i m bien Hall xic djnhvi tri cua rotor nhfl Hinh 8. NhflOc diem co b i n cfla dpng ccf BLDC la cd n h i p nhd mdmen Idn, xuat hien 6 xung mdmen trong mdt chu ky.
Phflong p h i p d i l u khien truyin thong (Hinh 9) co hai nhflpc diem chinh la gay nhap nho mdmen trong q u i trinh chuyen pha dan va kho dieu khiln md rpng vung d i l u chinh toe do len tren tdc do co bin. Cac nghien cflu v l ddng co BLDC trong mdt thdi gian dai cho tdi nay p h i n Idn tap trung vao viec giii quylt hai v i n de niy. M6t trong nhflng phflong phap hilu qu^
nhat la t h u i t t o i n dieu khien g i i vector (Pseudo-vector Control - PVC, Hinh 10) dflgrc de xuat bdi t i c gii [171;
[18] va hien nay d i di vao flng dung cho thiet bj trd lai vo ling cCia cong ty NSK tai Nhat Bin. Tfl tfldng cd bJ"
cfla phflong p h i p nam dvi§c tinh toan lai dong dien dat b i n g phep chuyin he tpa dp d-q. Trong phflong
Stator
Pemunent Magnots
bonded to Rotor
Rotor
(a) (b)
Hinh 8. Cdu true ddng caBLDC (a) vd cdc cdm biin Hall (b).
Toique command
PWM
UL
INVERTER.h = -(i. + Q
BLDC motor
ffi
Load
Measured currents Commnladon portions
HalMgnaU decoder
circuit
'Hinh 9. Nguyin ty diiu khiin truyen thdng dpng caBLDC.
jtruyin thdng, ddng dien dat dflpc tinh vdi hai thdng tin:
gia trj cfla ddng dien tdng (ty le vdi mdmen dat) va gdc idan cua dpng co dflpc cap nhit 6 lan trong mpt chu ky jtfl cam biln Hall. Lflpng thdng tin do khien ddng dien
^dat moi pha cd dang hinh chfl nhit vdi cic chuyen pha
^flc thdi, trong khi do ddng dien thflc d i p flng khdng ly
|tfldng g i y ra nhflng nhap nhd mdmen khi chuyen jimach. Phflong phap PVC tinh toan lai ddng dien d i t p o n g he tpa dp d-q vdi cac thdng tin ve sflc dien dpng i(mang thdng tin v l thdng sd b i n chat cua dpng co), v l Joe dp (trang thai hoat dpng cua dpng co) va mdmen
^ a t (yeu cau cua he thdng).
Ta bilt rang vdi mdt ddng cd sdng hinh sin thdng thfldng (PMSM), phflong phip dilu khien vector vdi cac dai Iflpng dflpc tinh trong he tpa dp quay d-q dflpc sfl dung rpng rai va dem lai chat Iflpng cao cho he truyin dpng. Vdi dpng cd BLDC, ta khdng t h i dilu khien trflc tiep cic dai Iflpng (cu the la ddng dien) trong he tpa dp d- q, ly do vl dpng cP BLDC cd dang sdng sflc phin dien dpng (back EMF) cd dang hinh thang, khi qua phep bien ddi d-q se trd thanh dai Iflpng cd thanh phan bien thien vdi tan sd bang 6 lan tan sd co bin. Trong khi dd vdi dpng CO sdng hinh sin, cac dai lapng qua bien ddi d-q se thanh dai lapng mpt chilu, cd the dapc dilu khiln de dang. Vi
Toique Refemce
cnrrents generatioii
"^sH^^
nnh 10. SadShi truyin dpng ILDC vdi thudt todn PVC.
PoiitlOD
4^—gg}^
P * PWM
ne
INVERTER
MMJuredcnrreBb
a-b-c
to
«-+•
Look-up Table
FaiWone.
Speed (
Automation Today / 1 2 , 2011
21
ly do do, phflong phap PVC chi sfl dung p h i p biln ddi nay d l tinh toan, sau dd cic ddng dien dat se dflpic chuyen ngflpc trd lai h§ ba pha v i dilu khiln rilng re nhfl cau true kinh diln. Dd l i ly do phflong phip cd t i n gpi l i dilu khien "gii vector" (Pseudo-vector Control).
Mpt flu viet vflpt trdi khic cfla phflor^ phip PVC l i khi nang dieu khiln giim tfl thdng, md rdng dii dilu chinh tdc dp cua he truyin ddng BLDC. Vdi phflong phip truyin thdng, vile dilu khiln ddng co BLDC trin vflng tdc dp CO bin la rat khd khan, Phflong phip md rdng vflng dilu ehinh tdc dd thfldng dung l i dich pha ddng dien. Tuy vay, phflong phip niy giy ra nhip nhd mdmen manh nen chat Iflpng h§ truyin ddng khdng eao. Phflong phip PVC tinh toin cic Iflpng dat ddng diln trong h i tpa dp quay d-q, do viy, mdt eieh tfl nhiln, vile dfla mdt ddng dien Id ed gii tn i m vio ddng co cho phip lim giim tfl thdng nhfl ddi vdi cic he truyin ddng ddng eo ba pha sdng hinh sin khic, tfldd ning tdc 6^ lln trin ed bin.
B. O d n g car dong bo nam cham vTnh cCru chim (Interior Permanent M a g n e t - IPM motor)
Odng CO ddng bd nam ehim vinh cflu dang sdng sin (PM motor) ed die tinh dieu khien rat tot, tl-iuang dugc sfl dung trong nhflng he truyen dpng doi hoi do chinh xae va chat Iflpng dilu khien cao nhu robot, may cong cu CNC va cac he truyin dpng servo khac. Dong co IPM van gifl nguyin nhflng flu diem chung von co ke tren, ngoai ra cau true nam chim chim dac biet con lam tang kha nang sinh mdmen cua ioai dpng co nay khien no trd thanh mpt trong nhflng loai dong co co nhieu au diem nhat. Dpng co IPM kit hop daoc au diem cua hai loai d p n g CO sau [19]:
• Dpng CO PM thdng t h a d n g co cac nam cham vinh cflu dflpc gan t r i n be mat cua rotor, ta gpi la Surfaced Permanent Magnet - SPM motor. Dong co nay co khe hd khdng khi t i e dung deu, tif t r d theo cac true d \/a q bang nhau. Do viy, momen cua dpng ca chi do tC/
trfldng cua nam chim vinh cdu t a o n g tac vdi dong dien stator sinh ra (magnet torque).
• Opng CO tfl trd ddng bo (Synchronous Reluctance Motor - SynRM) ed rotor dapc thiet ke gom cac Idp vat lieu tfl tinh va phi tfl tinh dan xen lan nhau tao ra sa khac biet gifla tfl trd true d va true q, sinh ra momen t a trd (reluctance torque). Opng co nay khong he co nam
ehim vmh cflu, do viy, mdmen eua ddng co hoan toj l i mdmen tfl trd.
Odng CO IPM cd nam c h i m dfloc g i n chim ben troi rotor d i n tdi sfl khic bilt gifla d i l n c i m dpc true va dii c i m ngang true (Hinh 11), tfl dd tao ra kha nang sin!
mdmen tfl trd edng t h i m v i o mdmen eua nam chanj vinh cflu (Hinh 12). D i e tinh n i y khien ddng co IPMc|
khi ning sinh mdmen rit cao.
Mdmen di^n tfl trong ddng co IPM dflpc sinh ra do l j thinh phin: thinh phin do nam ehim sinh ra va thanh phin tao ra do sfl chlnh lleh diln c i m (hoac td trd) cJpctruc v i ngang true. N l u dilu khiln theo phflong phap dieu khiln vector thdng thfldng ddi vdi ddng co PMSM, thanti phin mdmen tfl trd khdng dflpc huy ddng (diem co goc din bing khdng trin Hinh 12). Vi diln cim tmc d nhd lim diln cim true q (Hinh 11) nIn nlu ta dfla ddng diln tnjci i m vio ddng co se sinh ra mdmen tfl trd dflong lim ting mdmen tdng cfla ddng co. Nhflta thiy trin Hinh 12, dudng bilu diln mdmen tdng theo gdc d i n (dfldng net torque)a) dilm cflc dai, nhfl viy, nlu vile dilu khiln cic vector ding diln dflpc thflc hiln mdt cich hop ly, ta cd the cut dai hda mdmen ddng eo, dflpc gpi la dilu khiln cflc dai ti s6 momen tren dong dien (Maximun Torque Per Ampere- MTPA) [20].
Torque
Net Torque Magnet Torque
30' 60 Angle Advance
Hmh 12. Oac tinh sinh momen cua dong calPM[1].
Ld inductance path . Lq induclance palh
• - N « U / / •
Ld = Lq
d>axls Inductanc*. Ld q-axl« Inductance, Lq Non-sallancy charactoristic of a SPI\/I motor (Ld » Lq).
Ld, lower inductance palh Lq, higher Inductance path
L d < L q
d-axis Inductance, Ld q.axis Inductance, Lq Saliency characteristic of an IPM motor (Ld < Lq).
Hinh 11. Khac vdi logi SPM, dpng ca IPM co dien cam doc true va ngang true khac nhau [21].
•linh 13. Dpng ca tit trd thay doi-SRM (Cong ty SR Drives).
ic. Dong ctf tit trd thay do! (Switched Reluctance iMotor - SRM)
5i Odng co SRM cd cau tao cfla rotor va stator d i u ed ifelang cflc ldi, trin stator ed day quan tflong tfl nhfl diy Hjuan kich tfl cfla ddng co mdt chilu, rotor ehl la mdt khdi
«at tfl, khdng cd diy quan hay nam chim (Hinh 13). Vdi tau tao die biet nay, SRM rat b i n vflng v l co khi, cho phip lihilt k l d d i i tdc dp rat eao, len tdi hang chuc nghin jfdng/phut. Mach tfl ddng co lam viec trong ei vung tuyIn
inh va vung bao hda nen ta ed t h i sfl dung tdi da khi
nang eCia vat lieu tfl, do vay ddng cP SRM cd ti le cdng suat trin khdi Iflpng (kich thfldc) Idn.
Odng CO SRM cung cd nhflng nhflpc diem lam han ehe khi nang flng dung cfla nd. Nguyen ly van hanh don giin, nhflng lai khd dilu khiln vdi chat Iflpng cao vl cd nhap nhd mdmen Idn, die bilt la trong giai doan chuyen mach.
Mat khic, do cau tao cflc ldi, ddng eo ed tinh phi tuyIn cao, giy khd khan cho viec dilu khien va thilt k l ddng cd.
Vile phin tich cau true va die tinh tfl trfldng trong ddng eo dflpc dfla tr#n cP sd ly thuylt trfldng dien tfl vdi cie phflong trinh Maxwell. Khi flng dung cic phflong trinh nay vio bai toin cu t h i , ta se d i n d i n viec phii giii cic phflong trinh Laplace v i Poisson l i eic phflong trinh dao ham ri§ng cap hai vdi nhflng so kien (vl mat thdi gian) va bien kien (vl mat khdng gian, cdn gpi la dilu kien bd).
Trong thflc t l ky thuit, eu the nhfl ddng cP dien, miln xac djnh vdi bien la nhflng khdi hinh hpc phflc tap trong khdng gian, tinh phi tuyIn eua v i t lieu dien tfl dan d i n viec giii nhflng phflpng trinh do ehinh xac bang phfldng phap giii tich la dilu khdng the thflc hien dflpc. Oe lam dilu niy, ta can giii g i n dung bing phflong phip sd vdi sfl ho trp cua miy tinh. Phflong phip manh nhat, dflpc sfl dung phd biln nhat hien nay la phflong phip phan tfl hflu han (Finite Element Methods - FEM).
K«J
inh 14. Mat dp tif thdng tren cUc tif cua dpng cadvi tri ding true (trdi) vd vi tri cdc afc tCfgol nhau (phdi).
j Kit q u i phin tich mat dp tfl thdng t r i n cflc tfl eua dng CO d cac vj tri dflpc t h i hien tren Hinh 14 cho mdt 'dng CP loai 8/6 cflc, cdng suit 1.1 kW. Kit q u i quan 'png hPn cua viec phan tich phan tfl hflu han la cac Ifldng die tinh cua ddng eo. O l cd dflpc cac dfldng die nh do, ddng co dflpc phin tich vdi eic tham sd ddng
static Torque profile
dien kich tfl va vj tri cua cflc rotor so vdi stator. Hinh 15 la die tinh mdmen tmh eua ddng cP vdi ddng dien tfl 0 d i n 12A (ddng Idn nhat) va gdc rotor tfl 0 (leeh true) qua 30 (ddng true) rdi d i n 60 dp (lech true). Hinh 16 la die tinh tfl hda cfla ddng cP. Cic k i t q u i nay dflpc lay tfl edng bd cfla cac t i c g i i tai [23].
Magnetizing characteristic
nh 15. Dae tinh momen tinh dpng caSRM logi 8-6.
Current [A]
Hinh 16. Dac tinh tif hda dpng caSRM.
Automation Today / 1 2 , 2011
31
Torque
command TORQUE
CONTROLLER
+
-to-i^
h+.
Hinh 17. Cdu trdc hi truyin dpng SRM.
Hf
Current Controller
Current Controller
Current Controller
Current Controller
W^
PWM
SRM AND INTEGRATED CONVERTER
T, Ui, n ix
Rotor poiiltlon
So vdi nhflng h i t r u y i n ddng thdng thfldng, viec d i l u k h i l n ddng cO SRM cd nhflng sfl khic bidt mang tinh d i e thfl. Trfldc t i l n , ddng co SRM c i n cd mdt bd b i l n ddi d i l n t f l cdng s u i t ed e i u hinh d i e b i l t vdi moi pha dflpc ndi vdi mdt bd van cdng s u i t rieng va cie pha ddc lap vdi nhau v l d i l n . Cau hinh ma ta thay t r i n Hinh 17 la dien hinh nhat, n g o i i ra cdn ed n h i l u loai cau hinh khac cd the tham k h i o tai [22]. Tiep do, he t r u y i n ddng SRM nhin chung can mdt bd d i l u khien mdmen rieng, khdng gidng nhfl cac he t r u y i n dpng khac thfldng ed vdng d i l u khien mdmen va ddng d i l n ddng nhat vdi nhau. Ly do la trong ddng eo thdng thfldng, mdmen va ddng dien thfldng cd quan he t l le tuyen tinh vdi hang sd mdmen Km, trong khi dd, quan he d ddng CO SRM la quan he ba c h i l u T-e-i phi t u y I n , nen can cd vdng d i l u k h i l n mdmen ddc lap ([22] - [24]).
IV. THI^T Bl Dir TRUr
NANGLl/ONG
Trong edng nghiep, diln nang eung cap eho cic he truyin ddng va bd biln ddi thfldng dflpc liy tfl Ifldi dien, ma mdt each tflOng ddi cd the coi la eung c i p mdt
m<t»ninriihiiiaD«wi«M
" • " Parnt Dtntlty (Wftg)'^
Hinh 18. TUOng quan so sdnh mpt s6 logi ngudn dUUO ndng lugng cho d td diin (ngudn: U.S. Defense Logistics Agency).
ngudn nang IflOng Idn vd han. Tuy viy, trong rit nhieu flng dung nhfld td d i l n hay h§ thdng nang Iflong tai tao ed l i p (khdng ndi Ifldi), ngfldi ta c i n den cic 'kho cW dfl trfl ning Iflpng, ching han nhfl i c quy. Trong bii bao niy, cic t i c g i i trinh bay ba loai ngudn dfl trfl nh§n dflpc nhilu sfl quan t i m cua cic nha khoa hpc v i cdng nghiep la i c quy Lithium-ion, pin nhi^n lieu v i sieu tu d i l n . Tilp dd, cdng nghe nap dien khdng diy se di/dc t h i o luan.
A. Ac quy Lithium-ion
Ac quy Lithium - Ion l i ddng i c quy cd mat dp nang Iflpng eao, khi n i n g nap nhanh tdt, tudi thp cao. Cho d i n nay, d i y la loai i c quy dflOc sfl dung phd biln nhat eho cic t h i l t bj dien tfl c i m tay nhfl dien thoai di dpng, m i y tinh xich tay (laptop) cung nhfl cho d td diln trong nghien cflu va trong cdng nghiep. Nhflng nghiln cufuv^
cdng nghe v i t lieu dang khiln loai i c quy niy ngiy cang trd n I n hap d i n vdi mat dp cdng suit ngay cang Idn.
Mdt trong nhflng cdng trinh g i y t i i n g vang Idn gin day la nghiln cflu cua cac n h i khoa hoc tai Vien Cdng nghe Massachusetts (MIT) sfl dung cdng nghe nano de cai t i l n vat lieu e h l tao i c quy Lithium. Cdng trinh niy, theo cic t i c g i i , da n i n g m i t dd cdng suit (ndi cich khacia k h i nang phdng - nap) cfla i c quy Lithium lln ngang b i n g vdi silu tu d i l n [25]. Tuy nhiln, g i i thinh cao la mdt trong nhflng van 64 khdng nhd cfla i c quy Lithium.
Nguyen nhin cua g i i thanh eao la do cdng nghe chi tao phflc tap v i sfl khan h i l m nguyen lieu. Ta biet ring Lithium l i mdt kim loai hiem, va nd la ngudn tai nguyen ed han. Do vay, ve lau dai, Sc quy Lithium cung khf g phii la ngudn n i n g Iflong tdi flu. Trfldc mat nd van la ngudn nang Iflong chinh, nhifng trong tfldng lai xa sebj thay t h i .
B. Pin nhien li§u (Fuel Cell)
Pin nhien lieu (Fuel Cell) la loai ngudn cd kha nang dfl trfl nang Iflpng (mit dd nang laong) Idn nhat trong tflong quan so sinh tren Hinh 18. Tren phflong diln hoa hpc, Fuel Cell dflOc c i u tao dfla nguyen ly: oxy va hydf
PILING ON THE FARADS
Excess Hydrogen
(lor reuse) /, Electric i.
' Power '
Hinh 19. Nguyin lyhda hgc cda Fuel Cell (nguSn: Wlklpedia).
p h i n flng tao ra nfldc v i giii phdng d i l n ning. Hinh 19 jninh hpa q u i trinh hda hpc niy.
M Vdi nhilu flu d i l m v l mat dd ning IflOng v i sfl dung
^iguyln lieu la ngudn khi tfl nhien vd t i n (oxy v i hydro), '^uel Cell r i t dflpc quan t i m nghien cflu tfl nhilu n i m
• "lay. Tuy viy, cdng nghe nay d i n gid van chfla thflc sfl :hin mudi 6e dfla vao cic sin pham thflong mai. Mdt
^:rong nhflng van 6e quan trpng la tinh an toan, die biet ' a trong nhflng flng dung ddi hdi sfl tdi giin v l khdng
gian bd tri t h i l t bj nhfl trong d td dien. Rd rang la can Dhai d i t eiu hdi v l tinh an toan cho viec chd tren xe mdt alnh khi hydro Idn, phin flng vdi oxy tao ra dien. Nlu xay ra sfl ed, chflng se nd khdng khic gl mdt q u i bom.
I
C. Sieu t u dien
' Trong ITnh vflc dien v i dien tfl, ta thfldng quen thudc TOI nhflng tu diln cd don vj pico (mdt phan mdt nghin
*y), nano (mdt phan ty) va micro (mdt phan trilu) Fara,
^hdi gian g i n d i y ta dflpc b i l t den nhflng tu dien cd l^iln dung l l n tdi hang nghin Fara. Od la nhflng tu diln i^flpe e h l tao theo cdng nghe Idp kep (Double Layer), Siflpc gpi la Silu tu dien (Ultra-Capacitor hay Super- Capacitor).
n/i 20. Cau tgo siiu tu diin [26].
r
Ncgalivc plale
Scp.ir.ilor (dielectric)
Positive plate
(I
0
(
0
t
( ( I (
( ( (
* I ( I 1 ( (
^
In a typical capacitor, electrons arc removed from one plate and deposited on ttic other Polarized molecules in ttic dielectric concentrate the electric field.
One major factor determining capacitance is the surface area of ttie plates.
Separator ** t.
c Qectrolyte
Activated carbon
b
An ultracapacitor can store more charge than a capacitor can. because the activated carbon has a pocked interior, much like a sponge. This means that Ions in the electrolyte can ding to more surface area.
Carbon nano tube
With finer dimensions and more unHorm distribution, carbon nanotubes enable greater energy storage in ultracapacitora than activated carbon does.
Hinh 21. SUkhdc biit viciu tgo giufa siiu tu diin vd tu diin thdng thudng [27].
Automation Toilay / 1 2 , 2 0 1 1
33
Tu dien tich trfl diln nang khdng phii bing phin flng hda hoc nhfl i c quy m i bing cie tflong tic v i t ly gifla cic dien cflc v i dien tich. Bdi viy, tu diln cd khi ning phdng va nap dien rat nhanh so vdi i c quy. Silu tu, b i n chit l i ty dien, van gifl dflpc die tinh niy, do dd silu tu cd m i t dd cdng suit rat Idn. Bin canh dd, diln dung Idn tdi hing nghin Fara eho phip silu tu tich trfl mdt Iflgfng di$n ning Idn, dilu niy eho phip silu tu cd t h i ho^t ddng nhfl mdt ngudn chfla ning Iflpng trong khi cic tu diln thdng thfldng ehl ed vai trd la phin tfl phdng - nap trong q u i trinh trao ddi ning Iflpng. Ciu tao cfla silu tu vdi ciu true Idp k i p v i so sanh vdi ciu tao tu thfldng dflpic minh hpa tflong flng t r i n cic Hinh 20 v i 21. M i t 6^ cdng suit va mat dd ning Iflpng cua silu tu d i l n trong tflong quan so sinh vdi cic loai ngudn dfl trfl khic dflpc minh hpa t r i n Hinh 18.
Tuy nhiln, eic silu tu cd d i i n dung hing nghin Fara t r i n thj trfldng hiln nay ehl ed mflc diln i p khoing v i i volt, ly do l i eic Idp eieh diln trong silu tu khdng chju dflpc d i l n i p eao. Khi mudn sfl dung vdi d i l n i p cao, ching han nhfl vai t r i m volt nhfl trong d td d i i n , thi silu tu phii dflpc mie ndi t i l p thinh cic module. Ta b i l t ring khi mie ndi t i l p , dien dung tdng cua silu tu nhd di.
Do dd, tren thi trfldng hiln nay, module cd d i l n i p Idn nhat (125 V) ehl ed d i l n dung 63 F theo danh muc sin pham cfla edng ty Maxwell Technology, mdt trong nhflng nha sin xuat silu tu hang dau t h i gidi hien nay [28]. Vdi cdng nghe tai thdi d i l m hien tai, sieu tu d i l n chfla dfl khi nang cung cap ning Iflpng trong mdt thdi gian dai nhfl ac quy hay fuel cell. Nd chi dflpc dung nhfl mdt ngudn phu, die biet hflu dung trong qua trinh h i m tai sinh ning Iflong do cd khi nang nap rat nhanh.
D. Nap dien khdng day
Nap d i l n khdng d i y (Wireless Power Transfer), edn dflpc bilt d i n vdi t i n gpi nap dien c i m flng (Inductive Charging) khdng phii la mdt cdng nghe q u i mdi m l . Cdng nghe nay da dflpc flng dung de nap d i l n cho mdt so t h i l t bj diln tfl cam tay nhfl d i l n thoai di ddng. Tuy nhien, vile flng dung cdng nghe nay de nap d i l n cho d td van edn nhilu van 6e can nghien cflu.
Big gap as above is OK. |
Demonstration of wireless power transfer at Hori Lab.
( About iOMHk. ElTiciency is over QO'o )
Hinh 22. Thi nghiem truyin diin khdng ddy tgi Hori-lab [29].
V I mat nguyin 1^ truyin t i i n i n g Iflong, nap di^n khdng d i y khdng khic gl chile b i p tfl d i trd nIn phd biln trong nhilu gia dinh. Thilt bj gdm cudn socipndi vdi ngudn v i cudn thfl c i p ndi vdi t i i . Cudn so cip daoc c i p di^n xoay chilu t i n sd cao, t i n sd niy cing cao thi hi^u suit truyin t i i cing Idn. Ddng d i l n xoay chilu sinh ra tfl trfldng b i l n thiln, c i m flng qua cudn thfl cip va sinh ra ddng di^n chay trong cudn thfl cip.
Vin 64 an toin, nhilu d i l n tfl, khoing cich v i hi^u suit cfla nap khdng d i y dflpc d i t ra khi sfl dung d cdng suit Idn cho d td di^n. Nhflng thi nghilm ban dau tai Trung t i m nghiln cflu cua giio sfl Hori tai Oai hpc Tokyo, Nhit Bin (Hori-lab) cho thiy tai khoing cich Idn, vdi tin sd cao, nap khdng d i y v i n cd hi^u suit tdt (Hinh 22) [29], Nhflng v i n 64 v l an t o i n v i nhilu v i n dang dfltJc nghien
cflu. I
V. MdT sd OTNG DUNG
O I I N H I N HA.6tddi§n
0 td di^n khdng phii l i mdt khii niem mdi m i trinthiic t l d i ed lich sfl liu ddi. Tfl d i u t h i ky 19, xe chay bSng ngudn ning Iflong diln da cd vi t h i canh tranh ti/omg dflong vdi xe chay bing ddng eo hoi nfldc Oen diu tl^ky 20, d td diln trd nIn y l u the so vdi d td sfl dung ddng codot trong do nhflng nguyin nhin v l g i i thanh thap cda dau md v i nhflng t i l n bd ky thuit trong edng nghe ddng c(i#
trong.
Bit dau t f l t h i p niln 60,70 cua the ky trade, t h i gidi pMi ddi mat vdi hai van 64 Idn mang tinh toan cau la van de ning \\Jang va mdi trfldng. Cic ngudn ning Iflpng hda | thach nhfl dau md, than 6B khdng phii l i vd tin, ehung « khi ning bj can kiet va khdng the tai tao dflpc Cic phiWre tien giao thdng sfl dung tnic tiep ngudn nang lupng n^
(xing, diu) chic chin se khdng tdn tai trong tfldng lai Trong khi dd, diln ning l i loai ning Iflong rit linh hoat, no cd the dflpc chuyen hda tfl nhilu ngudn nang Iflpng khac trong dd cd eic ngudn ning Iflpng t i i tao vd t i n nha nang Iflpng gid, mat trdi, v i sdng biln. Do viy, cic phflongtien sfl dung diln l i phflong t i l n cfla tifong lai. V l vin dl m^
trfldng, khdng khd 64 nhin ra ring mdi trddng hien nay dang bj d nhilm nghilm trpng, m i mdt trong nhfing nguyin nhin chinh la khi t h i i tfl cic phflong tien giao thdng, die bilt l i d t d . C) td dien la giii phip tdt cho vinde niy do nd khdng sinh ra khi t h i i khi v i n hanh. NhUvay,ta thiy ring d td <3iln la giii phip tdi flu cho c i hai vin dilda dd l i ly do khiln nd trd thinh mdi quan t i m die bilttiiniij sau t h i ky 20 trd lai diy, va cang ngay cang trd thanh d quan t i m Idn cfla nginh cdng nghiep d td va cic nha khoa hpc t r i n t o i n t h i gidfi.
Bin canh nhflng van 64 truyen thdng cfla d td thuicve eo khi nhfl kit cau khung gam va hinh ding khi ddngl^
hpc cua vd xe, cic van d l cin nghien cflu trong d to # dflpc chia thinh bdn nhdm:
• Odng CO dien \
• Diln tfl cdng suit (bien t i n va bd biln ddi DC/DQ
• Ngudn ning lfl<?ng (pin nhien Iilu, i c quy, silutudiS va bd nap)
• H I thdng quin ly v i dilu khiln trung t i m
-DplScO^ m6men -
KH6I mtv KHifiN TRUNG TAM
TlnhlfuttiuUilln
L_
BQBlf:UKHl6N D 6 N G N A N G
LUpNG
irA cMiu
! D C ! S D C !
BO»l£U KHl^N BiftN T A N
DiftHutg,
X»ng\
PWMi
BO Di£:u KHiftN DONG CO
BifeN T A N
DoddngSpha
Tin hl(u AC Link I*' mgjp
^
XHKg PWM
BO BI£N D 6 I DC-DC
HAicmfcu
DC Link
ip mfl chltu
XungPmi
BO BI<:N D O I DC-DC HAI CHitU
M J
Ac QUY BON^P LuMdlfn dftndvDgI H$ th6ng cor khi ' Khoi cdng suat ' Kh6i di4u khien
Khoi do lirAmg ' Tin hif u tir ngirM l i i
Vmh 23. Cdu hinh 6 td diin vdi cdc trpng tdm nghiin ciiU vi diin tCf cdng sudt vd truyin dpng dien.
Bdn van d l k l tren la trpng t i m nghien eflu cua eie t i e gia trong nhdm thflc hien 64 tai "Nghien cflu thilt k l va ehl tao he truyin ddng va dilu khiln cho d td dien" thudc ichflong tnnh nghien cflu cap Nha nfldc trong ITnh vflc Tfl idpng hda. Cau hinh xe d td dien 64 xuat trong 64 tai dflpc 'thi hien trong Kmh 23. Cic chfl 64 nghiln cflu v l d td dien itrln t h i gidi dflpc cic tic gia gidi thieu tdng quan mdt cich CO he thdng trong tai lieu [30]. Cac van 64 v l ddng co dien, ingudn nang Iflpng va eie bd biln ddi dien tfl edng suit trong d td diln dflpc cie tie gii trinh bay lan Iflpt trong eie tai lieu [31]-'[33]. '
E
!B. Nang liTomg tai tao
' Thi gidi hien nay dang dung trfldc nhflng thach thflc v l Ivan 64 nang Iflpng. Cie ngudn nang lflt?ng hda thach nhfl Idau md, than da dang dan can kiet va chac chan se phii Idflpc thay t h i bang cac ngudn nang IflOng tai tao trong ttflpng lai khdng xa. Trong sd cie ngudn nang IflOng tai tao, Idien mat trdi va dien gid dflpc bilt d i n nhfl nhflng ngudn (ning Iflpng hfla hen nhat va dang dflOc khai thic nhilu tnhat hien nay trin t h i gidi. Khai niem dien mat trdi va dien
gid khdng cdn mdi me, tuy viy, nhdng nghien cflu v l he ithdng chfla ning Iflpng, eae bd biln ddi diln tfl edng suit lied hieu suit cao van dang la chfl 64 ndng trong gidi nghiln fcflu va cdng nghiip.
Trong he thdng nang Iflpng mat trdi, nang Iflpng tflanh sing mat trdi dflpc chuyen thanh diln mdt chilu qua cac jtam pin (photovoltaic - PVcell).Oe ehuyin ngudn dien mdt
^hilu nay thanh dien xoay chilu sfl dung trong dan dung va edng nghiep, giai phap thfldng thay trong dilu kien cdng nghe cdn han c h i d Viet Nam hiln nay la nghjch Iflu
trflc t i l p tfl dien ap thap rdi sfl dung biln ap ldi sat tfl 64 ning ap lln mflc dien ap 220 VAC. Cach lam nay giy tdn hao Idn, hieu suit thap, thilt bj edng kinh, nang n l va dat tiln. Vile sfl dung bd biln ddi DC/DC lam tang hieu suit, giam gia thanh va dam bio v l cdng nghe eho he thdng nang Iflpng mat trdi hien dai. Kmh 24 va 25 minh hpa hai cau hinh nay.
DC bus
Li-ion
Battery Inverter
Hmh 24. Cdu hinh hi thong ndng lUOng mat trdi thdng thUdng tgl nudc ta theo cdu hinh cu sddung mdy bien dp.
D C bus
Li4on Battei7
Bi-directional DC-DC Converter
X
Inverter AC LoadHmh 25. Bp bien doi DC/DC trong he thdng ndng lUOng mat trdi theo cdu hinh hiiu sudt cao.
Automation Today / 1 2 , 2 0 1 1
3S
n a
Hinh 26. Cdu trdc hi thing phdt dl^n sOC gid vdl DFIG [34],
Oe cung cap dien n.ing vrti cong suat Idn, nang iapng gio co nhieu Uu the hon so vdi dien mat trdi cho den thdi diem nay. Viec dung sjc gio de phat dien da dUPc thac hien lan dau tai Hoa Ky nam 1890 [34], cho den nay linh vuc nay van hiia hen nhieu tiem nang nghien cuu, ijng dung va phat trien.
Gio trong ta nhien co cUdng do khong deu, do vay toe do quay cua canh quat khong deu, dieu nay dan den viec dien ap va tan so dau ra khong on dinh. Vi vay, doi vdi cac he thong phat dien sac gio dung may phat dong bo nam cham vinh cCfu (PMSG), dong dien phat ra can dapc chinh lau, nap vao ac quy roi nghich lau daa len ladi. IVIpt phaong an tien tien hon dapc sd dung la dung may phat khong dong bp kich t a nguon kep (Doubly-Fed Induction Generator - DFIG) de on dinh tan so va dien ap daa trac tiep len ladi vdi cau hinh dapc minh hoa tren Hinh 26.
Trong taong lai gan, cac bo bien doi dien t d cong suat se dong vai tro lien ket cac nguon nang lapng khac nhau thanh mot he thong lien hoan. Hinh 27 [35] la mot vi du ve tram nap cho 6 to dien ta ladi trong sa lien ket vdi cac nguon nang lapng tai tao. Trong do, ban than xe 6 to dien khi khong hoat dpng cung co the daa nang lapng trd lai ladi, hinh thanh khai niem "Vehicle to Grid" (V2G), trong do
cic bd biln ddi diln tfl cdng suit, die biet la bo
" DC/DC ddng vai trd then chdt. H
VI.K^LUAN B
Chung ta vfla dilm qua mdt sd thinh tifti cila Truyin ddng di$n v i Di^n tfl cdng suit. Nhilu cong ngh$ d i trd nIn hoin thi^n nhfl phflong phip dieu khiln vector (di trd thinh mdt cdng nghf dieu khiln tilu chuin cho ddng co xoay chilu); tuy nhiln vin cdn rit nhilu vin 64 khic dang dflpc tiep tyc nghiln cflu, nhfl ciu hinh cua cic bd biln doi, vif c cii tiln chit Iflgrng v i dd tin ciy eic phaong phip dilu khiln difn tfl cdng suit.
Nlu nhfl t h i k^ 20 cd t h i coi li thdi ky hiu cong nghiep, vdi cude cich mang v l cdng nghi thing tin, thi "nang laong" va "moi trddng" la van de dapc quan tam hang dau cua the ky 21. Saquan tam nay khong gidi han 6 mot quoc gia hay mot vung lanh tho, ma la vande toan cau. Sa tien bo cua xa hoi ngay nay chi co the di/Oc d^m bao tren co sd "phat trien ben vdng" (sustainable development), trong do van de an ninh nang laong va bao ve moi traong la nhang chien laoc lau dai.
Trong boi canh nay, dien ta cong suat cung vdi saphat trien cua cong nghe vat lieu va cong nghe dieu khien dong vai tro v6 cung quan trong.
Chung ta co the cho doi trong thap ky toi nhang hoan thien cua cac bp bien doi cong suat Ion voi hieu suatao hon. Cac bo lau dien se dapc nang cao dung lapng cho cac dng dung nang lapng moi; se dapc nang cao mat dp dong va mat do cong suat va giam bat thoi gian nap cua acquy cho ling dung 6 to dien. Viec truyen dien khong day di/Oc nghien cdu tai mpt so dai hpc Idn co the se daoc dUa vao Crng dung dai tra. Ladi dien thong minh va linh hoat (smart grid) va 6 to dien se la nhang ung dung rat quan trong cua dien tir cong suat. Tuy khong daoc de cap den trong npi dung bai viet, nhang vat lieu moi giup nang cao hieu suat may dien va phan tir thu dong cung la mpt hadng nghien cau quan trpng trong thap ky toi.
To "Tlira^fhBM Gnd
L|FJ
•^ •
PHEVIEV PHEVIEV PHEVIEV P«VIEV PI«*IEV PHEVIEV
Hmh 27. Mo hinh he thong tram ngp dtd dien tif lUdi trong moi lien kit vdi ede he thdng ndng lugng tdi tgo vd khdi niem "Vehicle to Grid" [351
Tlii lieu tham khclo
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[2]. Isao Takahashi, "Toshihiko Noguchi, A New Quick- Response and High-Efficiency Control Strategy of an Induction Motor", IEEE Trans, on industry Applications, Vol. 5, Sep/Oct 1986, pp. 820-827.
[3]. M. Depenbrock, Direct Self-Control of The flux and Rotary Moment of A Rotary-Field Machine, 4,678,248 (US patent), Jul.
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[13]. A. Garcias, M. Molinas, "A Study of Efficiency in a Reduced Matrix Converter for Offshore Wind Farms", IEEE Transactions on : Industrial Electronics, Vol.59, No.1, Jan. 2012, pp.184-193.
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[15]. JiH-Sheng (Jason) Lai, Douglas J. Nelson, "Energy i Management Power Converters in Hybrid Electric and Fuel Cell 1 Vehicles", Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol. 95, No. 4, April 2007, pp. 766-
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[19]. Shigeo Morimoto, Masayuki Sanada, Yoji Takeda,
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!»
Automation Today / 1 2 , 2011
