531 QUfiCTt
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1 I I « A
A '1 I 1 I
iiem cua nan quoc va
rut ra cho doanh nohiep i p Viet Nai
• ThS. PHAM THf BUI T^N
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ganh thep Vi$t Nam noi chung va cac DN sdn xuAt. kinh doanh EDNSX.KD) thep noi rieng dang nd IvTc tim ra nhiing chi^n lu^c phat trl^n phu hpp vdi didu kien. hoan cSnh cua Vi^t Nam trong b5i ednh ma qua trinh toan cdu hoa nen kinh tS dang di6n ra hit site manh m6. Tnidc tinh hinh do. vl§c nghifin cifu va hoc t4p kinh nghidm cda qudc t^trong vl^c nOng cao ndng life sdn xuat. kinh doanh (NLSX. KD) thep cfla cac nifdc trong khu v\fc la rSt cdn thi^t vd hijfu ich ddl vdi cac DN thep Vi§t Nam.
D^ giup cac DN th6p Vl?t Nam ndng cao difpc NLSX. KD.
dudi day xin trinh bdy kinh nghidm cfla cac DN th6p Hdn Qu5c trong vl^c ndng cao NLSX.
KD thep. TiJf do rut ra cdc bat hQC kinh nghidm cho cdc DN thep Vi^t Nam.
1. Klnh nghidm cda H&n Qadc vd nftng cao NLSX, KD
Han Qudc mdi chl bdt ddu
phdt tridn ngdnh cdng nghidp thep vdo cutfi nhiing ndm 1960.
Vao ndm 1965. sSn lUpng thep cfla Han Qudc ch! vdo khodng 227.000 tan dUpc SX & mpt stf 16 di^n ca nhd. Tlnh hinh ndy keo dai dfin tdn nhffng ndm cutfi cfla thap k^ 60. Mpt si^ ki^n dang ghi nhd trong thdi ky nay la si; ra ddl nha SX thep POSCO do nha nUdc thanh ldp vdo ndm 1968, da dat ndn mong cho si;
bung nd cfla ngdnh th6p Hdn Qutfc sau nay.
BUdc sang thap ^ 70, Chinh phfl Hdn Qutfc dd cd sif thay ddi trong chitfn Iifpc cdng nghidp hda cfla minh, IS'y trgng tdm Id phdt trifin ngdnh ctfng nghl$p nang. Theo dd, th^p difpc eoi Id mpt trong nhiing nganh chlfin lupc Uu tifin cdn phat trifin. Ndm 1970. Cty POSCO quyfit djnh xay di^ng mpt nhd mdy lifin hpp iiQTfin cdn thfip Pohang vdi cdng su^t 9.4 trifiu tain. Cdng vific xdy dtfng nhd mdy Pohang difpc tifin hanh theo 5 giai doan. Giai do^n 1 vdi cdng s u i t thitft kfi 1,03 trifiu tiCn thfip thd/ndm dUpc cWnh thCfc khdi cdng xdy di^ng
vao thdng 4/1970. Dfin thang 7/1973 giai doan 1 dilUc hoan thdnh. Cac thifit b{ cua giai doan 1 nay bao gdm: 1 Id cao, 1 Id thoi dxy. I Id luyfin coc. 1 nha mdy thifiu kfit. 1 may can d^t 1 may cdn tibn. 1 may can phdl va 1 may can bdng ndng. Sau khl nha may Pohang di vao hoat dpng. sdn lifpng thep thd cAa Han Qutfc tdng vpt len den 1.240 trifiu t i n vdo ndm 1973, tang gdp 2 Idn so vdi ndm 1972.
Dfin thang 5/1983 vi^c xSy dvfng nhd mdy Pohang da diJ^c hoan thdnh. Vdt vific hoan tit xdy di^ng nha mdy Pohang. cong suit thfip thd cfla POSCO da d?t tdi 9.1 trifiu t i n / n d m sau 10 ndm xdy d\fng vd phat trien. M^t si; phdt trifin nhanh chia tiJtng cd trong Ijch suT phat trien nganh luyfin kim trfin thtf gidi.
Bifdc sang th^p k? 90. nhd co vific hoan t i t cd 4 giai d o ^ xay difng cfla nha may Kwangyang vao thang 10 ndm 1992. sia lifOng thfip thfi cfla Hdn Qudc da tdng Itfn nhanh chdng. Nhd may POSCO hodn thdnh vao thing 10/1992 da dua sdn IiiOng th^p 321 5517/2012
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thd nam 1993 dat mdc ky luc 33.026 trieu tan.
Co dif0c nhffng thdnh tUu tren, Chinh phu va cac DN thep Han Qutfc da dffa ra mdt stf gi^i phap nham nang cao NLSX, KD thep nhif sau:
I.I. Ve phia DiT
Mot IA. chu trong phdt trien ngudn nhdn life.
Cac DNSX thep dau tff mgnh d^ phat trien nguon nhan Iffc.
Dien hinh cho viec ddu tff phat trien ngudn nhan life la Cty POSCO. Triet ly qudn ly cua POSCO cho rang con ngffdi mdi la yeu to chinh de xay dffng mdt nganh cdng nghiiep cd khd nang canh tranh. POSCO da ddu tff nhieu cho chinh sach dao tao can bo bang viec xdy dffng cac chffOng trinh dao tao d trong va ngoai nifdc. Nam 1995, POSCO da dffa khoing 3 ngan nhan vien sang cac nffdc nhff Nhat Bdn, Tnmg Qutfc tham quan, tim hi^u va' hpc tap kinh nghiem.
Nam 1994, POSCO da dat ra chl tieu la khoang 30% ky sff cua
^fy phdi cd bang thac sy. Do
vdy, hdng ndm POSCO cfl khodng 100 ky sff ra nffdc ngoai hpc chffcfng trinh cao hpc.
Hai Id, tan dung lpi the cda ngiidi di sau.
Nganh SX thep Han Qudc hinh thanh vd phat trien sau so vdl cac nffdc lang gieng nhff Nhat Bdn va Trung Qutfc, di sau qua lau so vdi cac nffdc chau Au.
Nganh nay bdt ddu dffpc hinh thanh tff nam 1968. Do tham gia chdm, nfin cdc DNSX thep Hdn Quoc hpc dffpc rat nhieu kinh nghiem phat triin tff Nhat Bdn, Trung Quoc va cac nffdc chdu Au. Ngoai viec chu trpng phat trifin ngudn nhan Iffc, biet tan dung ldi the cua ngffdi di sau, cac nhd SX thep Han Qudc da cd bffdc tien vffpt bdc trong viec dp dung cdc tifin bd khoa hgc ky thuat vao SX nham ndng cao NLSX, KD. Han Qudc cd ddy dfl cac day chuyfin SX cac chung loai sdn pham ma cac nganh kinh ttf xa hdi cdn nhff: thep dai (thep thanh, thep hmh, thep cudn). thep det (thep tam, thep la, bang can ndng vd can ngudi,
thdp ky thudt dien Si,...) thep ma, thep dng,...
Ba Id, Ap dang cdc cdng nghe hi&n dai vao SX.
Cdc DNSX thep Han Quoc rat chu trgng tdi viec dp dung cac cfing nghe hidn dai vao SX.
Trong cdng nghe luyen thep, hp chu yfiu dung cdng nghe 'd thoi dxy va Id didn. Ddy Id hai cdng nghe difin hinh trfin thtf gidi hidn nay. Trong cdng nghe due thep, cac nhd mdy ddu dp dyng nhffng tien bd mdi nhat nhff phffdng phap due lidn tyc.
Phffdng phap nay cd nhffng ffu diem tuyet vdi ma phffdng phap due thdi khdng thfi ndo canh tranh difdc.
Do cdc DNSX thep chu trpng vao phat trien ngudn nhdn Iffc va ap dyng cac cdng nghe SX tidn titfn nen nganh thep Han Qutfc da phdt trien nhanh va manh. Hdn Qudc mdi chi bat ddu phdt trien nganh cdng nghiep thep vdo cudi nhffng nam 1960. Vao nam 1965. sdn Iffdng thep cua Han Qudc chi vao khodng 227.000 tan, dffdc SX bang nhffng Id nhd, lac hau.
Cho den ndm 1997, Han Qudc da trd thanh ntfdc SX thep Idn thff sdu tren thtf gidi, vdi san Iffdng thep len tdi 42 trieu tan.
Trong vdng hdn 30 ndm, sdn Iffdng thep thd cua Han Qudc ludn ludn tang va tang vdi ttfc do cao, khodng 200 Idn.
1.2. Ve phia Chinh Phu Tha nhdt, xdc dinh rd vi tri chien li&fc cda cdng nghi$p thep trong qud trinh cdng nghiep hda.
Trong ke hoach phdt trifin kinh te Idn'thff ba (1972 - 1976).
Chinh phu Hdn Qudc bat ^ ^ ddu chuyfin sang thffc
THU0NGIKIISo17/a012 1 3 3
p QUiiCTr
c y hifin chitfn IffOc c d n g n g h i e p h d a n g a n h c d n g nghidp n ^ n g vd h d a c h i t , d\f d l n h chuyfin XK tff c d c s d n p h ^ m ddt m a y v a t ^ p h d a s a n g cdc s d n p h a m cdng n g h i e p n d n g va h d a c h a t . T h e o kfi h o g c h nay. cdng n g h i e p thfip dffOc x d c djnh Id mfit trong c a c ngdnh chitfn IffOc cung vdl c a c n g a n h ddng tau, d tfi va difin m a y .
Nhff vay. ngay tff nhffng n a m 1 9 7 0 , khl m a mdi bdt ddu x a y dffng n g a n h cdng nghifip thfip.
H a n Qutfc da x d c djnh cdng n g h i e p t h e p la mfit n g d n h dff^c ffu Ufin chlfin \iipc, Dfing thdi.
C h i n h phfl c d n cd c h i n h s a c h p h a t trifin cd cac n g a n h cd lifin quan hd trO d e n n g d n h t h e p nhff ddng tau. d td. thitft b] difin.
Thd hai, hd tr^ tdt chinh cho cdc DN sdn xudt. kinh doanh thep.
V d o nhffng n d m 6 0 7 0 , C h i n h phu H a n Qutfc dd d d u tff v a o x d y dffng vd p h d t trifin Cty POSCO. C h i n h phfl cung c i p tai c h i n h c h o x d y dffng n h d m d y hfin h o p thfip Idn d d u tifin d P o h a n g .
C h i n h phfl dd thvfc hifin n h i e u bifin p h d p hfi trd va khitytfn k h i c h tdi c h i n h c h o n h d m a y lifin hOp ndy nhff: T i t cd nhffng v d n dfi vfi cd s d h g tdng cdn thifit nhff dja difim n h d mdy.
cdng bifin, ngudn cung c i p nffdc.
dffdng sd, dffdng sdt. t h d n g thi lifin lac._. dfiu dffOc x d y di;ng bdi n g d n s d c h cfla Chinh phfl; C h o vay v d n trong nffdc vdi thdi h a n ddi vd ldi s u i t t h i p ; Mlfin g i d m thue NK dtfi vdi t o a n bd thifit b(, m a y mdc. v a t Iifiu x a y dffng va nguyfin lieu thd d u n g c h o s d n x u i t ; Gidm tifin sff dung c a c dich vu. c d n g c d n g (30 - 5 0 % tifin 3 4 1 TIHMHflSe! 17/2012
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Iiirl; KJionij ItlHiy-'ii khi. h difrifi iilia m a y lien Imp lliif Li Lif n h a n sd Inru r h n t\>-u POSCO ilal (tu-dr linh i . i n l i u . m a u l l l u r .
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Tluf f;a, Chmh ,JIIU (rnri/i cnn llurj) litic luj) \'uo (jiHtn h) (Urn Imiih iifiunli ihi-p.
l.jcli sir ])lial Irir'n ii^aiiii ciiuii iiiitii(;[) i l i c p Man Q u o c c h o tliTiy (.'lliiill plui cutifi c a p t a i ( i l i n h I Ilo iij^anli t l i r p p h a t I r i e n . Si)nti C l i i n h phii khdnf<
Irifc lit-'p q u a n ly n g a n h t l i e p . C h i n l i phii giao q u y e n tff c h u (oi tia c h o DN.
POSCO dffpc C h i n h phii d a u tu, la m p t DNNN nhffng lai dffpc p h e p b o a t d p n g nhff m g t Cty tff n h a n . K e t q u d . POSCO d a t r d
I h.iiih m o I n h a s a n xuat thep co hi' 11 i|ii,t. Iifii thff hai tren the ui''i imiiL; viini; klioiing 20 nam, Thil III. i-hicn hide hddng XK.
< I' i h c noi, H a n Qudc co difdc mill i i u a n h < i m g n g h i e p thep Ifin 111,mil la d o n ^ a y tff d^u Chinh phll (la lifa clinn c h i e n IffOc phat iri.'ii lufdni; .\K.
i h r i ) c h i n h s a c h ciia nha nififc, c a c DN s a n x u a t thep XK (lif((c r h i n h phii h 6 trd vdn lifu dpnti, m i e n g i a m t h u e va mot so lui Ird tai c h i n h k h a c . Nhd vay,
\ K t h e p ciia H a n Qudc tang rat n l i a n l i t R i n ^ nhffng n a m qua.
N a m 1 9 7 4 , XK t h e p cua Han Q u d c la 1.2 t r i e u t a n trong tong s o 1,9 t r i e u t a n t h e p s a n xuat dffpc. Mpt ty le XK r a t cao. Vao nhffng n a m 9 0 , XK t h e p cua H a n Q u o c t a n g n h a n h . nam 1 9 9 7 XK d a t k h o a n g 10 trieu t a n t i n h t h e o s d n p h a m ttiep c a n n d n g .
* . B a i h p c riit ra cho DN thfip V i e t N a m t r o n g v i e c nang c a o NLSX, KD
QUffCTf I
Qua phan tich, danh gia nhiing dac diem ci3a nganh thep Han Qutfc, qua trinh hinh thanh va phat tri^n ciia nganh thep nifdc ta co the tnjt ra mpt so k€t luan va bai h<?c kinh nghidm sau:
Thd nhdt cdc DN thdp ddu ttt nhiiu hdn cfw phdt trtSn ngudn nh&nbfc.
Mot trong nhang bai hpc nit ra A\i(}c tS klnh nghidm ciia Han Quoc la ai DNSX, KD thep phat tilln cin phdi ddu txi phat tri^n nguon nhdn hfc.
Dien hinh cho vl$c ddu tit phat trien nguon nhSn life trong nganh cdng nghi§p thep Han Quoc la Cty POSCO. Trlet ly cua POSCO cho ring con ngiTdl mdi la^u td chinh de x&y di^ng m^t nganh cdng nghiep thep co khd
^n g c^inh tranh. POSCO da ddu ttf nhieu cho chlnh sach dao tao can bp bang viec xay diAig cac chiftJng trinh dgio tao d trong va ngoai mfdc.
Qua phan tich tren cho thSy, cac DN thep Han Qudc rSt chu trpng dg'n chinh sach phat tri^n E^n'nhan hfc va col dd la chia khfla ddn den thanh cdng trong tdraig lai.
^ ^ hai, cdc DN thdp cdn tdng
<^^ng dp dung cdng ngh$ tien
^ hien dq.i trong SX thep.
.Cac DNSX thep Hdn Qudc la 'ngtj.dien hinh trong vi^c ap iJung cdng nghe tien tien. hien 3?i^vao SX thep. Trong cdng
^ ^ n thep, cac DNSX thep
=h^ y^u,sijf dt^ng cdng nghp Id
^.Osy.va 16 dien. Ddy la hai -ong.inghe dien hinh trfin the f ^ ^ e n nay. Trong cdng ngh§
^ f i e p , cdc DNSX thep d^u dp ig iig iig ig tig'n ba mdi nhSt
nhif phifdng phap dijc lifin tuc.
Phtfdng phap nay co UU dl^m Idn ma phifdng phap due thdi khdng the nao cqinh tranh difQfc.
TTitif ba. cdc DN th&p cdn tich tv ud tdp tnmg vdn. nd life, ndng ddng vd phidn dng linh hoat tnidc r\hang bidn ddng cua thi tnidng.
DN viJa phdi chd d^ng tich luy vdn, vifa vay vdn thdng qua cdc t6 chiJc Chinh phii va cdc td chtjfc d nu'dc ngodl. Vita chii trpng tich luy vdn vd chii trpng ti^p thu cdng ngh$ Ufin titfn cua nifdc ngoai trong linh vt^c SX thep thi mdi cd sdn Iif<?ng Idn, sdn pham lam ra cd chat lifpng va tinh canh tranh cao.
ThiZ tif, cdc DN thep nen tif.p trung vdo sdn xudt cdc sdn phdm th&p c6 the mq.nh vd co khd ndng XK.
Kinh nghiem ciia cdc DN thep Han Qudc cho thay de thanh cdng, cdc DN thep cdn t^p tnmg vao SX sdn phlm cd the manh va de phuc vu nhu cau trong nifdc va phdt trien theo htfdng XK. Viet Nam ciing nhif cdc DNSX, KD thep trong nifdc khdng nfin theo dudi chinh sach thay the NK ddl vdi nganh cdng n^ilfip thep bdng cdch cd gdng SX tat cd cdc chiing lo^l sdn pham thep, md nfin tdp trung vao SX cac sdn p h l m cd the manh vd cd khd ndng XK cd hifiu qud trong khi vdn NK cdc sdn pham khde. Ching h^n nhif tap trung vao sdn xud't cdc sdn p h l m thep ddl de phyc vt^ xdy difng vd hifdng' XK sang thi tnfdng Lao, My...; thep tdm la va DRI Id nhifng sdn phlm md Viet Nam cd th^ tham gia vao thi tnfcfng khu vUc vd thtf gidi •
Trung Qufic ting ciffing kiem dich thiFG Un
chin nufii cu ngufin gficiiiifcvSt
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al sijf qudn Vifit Nam t^i Trung Qudc vtfa cd cdng di0n gdi BO Nong nghifip vd Phdt tri^n Ndng thdn, Bfi Cdng Thifdng va Bd Khoa hpc Cdng nghfi thdng bdo vfi "Cdc bi$n phdp qudn l^ gidm sdt kiim nghiem kiim dich ddi vdi thCtc dn chdn nudi ud chdt phu gia trong thdc dn chdn nudi nhdp khdu' {Lenh sd 118) cua Tdng cyc kiem nghifim kiem d}ch va giam sdt chSt lifijng nhd nifdc Trung Qudc (AQSIQ).Theo do, cdn elf vdo Lfinh 118 da ban hanh tif thdng 7 nam 2009, phia Trung Qudc tdng cifdng thi/c hien cdc cdng tdc qudn Iy theo quy chuin vfi kiem nghiem Idem dlch ddi vdi vific kinh doanh cdc loai thijfc dn chdn nuOi cd nguon ngdc thi^c vat da qua che bifi'n nhif cdc lo^i ba, cdm liia mi w... Tdt cd cdc doanh nghi$p Vi$t Nam tdi ddy mudn xudt khdu thiic An chdn nudi vd chdt phy.
gia phdi ddng ky vdi AQSIQ thdng qua Bd Ndng nghidp v& Phdt triin Ndng thdn Vi^t Nam tnidc ngdy 01 thdng 6 ndm 2013.
Bd Cdng Thifdng thdng bdo dS doanh nghiep dang kinh doanh cdc mdt hdng trfin bitft va thtfc hifin.
r'iu.H ,>.- VCA
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