SIJ THAIVI GIA CUA IVGUOI DAM TROIMG COIVG TAC OUAIV LY VA BAO TOIV OA OAIVIG SIMM HOC, TRUCmiG
HOP IMGHIEM Ctru O VUOIV q u O C GIA BU GIA IVIAP
Dinh Thanh Sang', Pham Thj Van^'
T O M T A T
Su dung phuong phap danh gia nong thon co su tham gia (PRA) va phong van nong ho, nghien cuu da danh gia thirc trang tham gia ciia cu dan vung dem trong cong tac quan ly va bao t6n tai nguyen da dang sinh hoc a Vurni Qu6c gia (VQG) Bii Gia Map. Ket qua nghien ciki cho thay da co su tham gia ciia nguoi dan vao cac hoat dgng nhan khoan bao ve rung (41,1%), trong va cham soc rtmg trong (41.7%), trao doi thong Un bao t6n (18,9%), thanh vien Iuc lugng bao ve ning (72,2%), tham gia lap k^ hoach (5,6%), tham gia cac lap tap huan (38,9%), hop phan smh ke b^n vung (50,0%) va phong chay, chCra chay rimg (69,4%). Tuy nhien, sir tham gia cua ngiTffi dan con mang tinh thu dong va chua hieu qua. Hon niia, phuong thiic U6p can quan ly bao ton con nang v^ hanh chinh va muc chi tra thap nen chua thu hut duac su Iham gia ciia cu dan. Vi vay, nghien cuu da dua ra nam nhom giai phap nham nang cao hieu qua tham gia quan ly va bao ton b^n viing tai nguyen da dgng smh hoc b VQG Bii Gia Map, bao g6m; giai phap thu hut su tham gia ciia nguoi dan, giai phap kinh t^, quy hoach su dung dat, quy hoach phat trien du lich sinh thai, va dao tao nguon nhan lire.
Tir kh6a: Ba dang smh hpc, guan ly co su tham gia, ngudi din dia phuong, viing dim, Vudn Qudc ga Bu Gia Map.
I.DATVANDE
Su tham gia cua ngircri clan trong quan ly tai nguyen rimg bat dau duac quan tam d^n trong thap nien nhung nam 1970 trong cac chuong trinh lam nghiep xa hoi. khuyen khich cac nong ho tham gia vao quan ly, san xuat va bao ve rimg [16]. Tir do, cac hoat dong quan ly c6 su tham gia dirpc nhi&u hpc gia nghien cihi va lien tuc phat trien cho toi ngay nay [13, 10, 14, 3, 12, 4, 5, 11]. Ngum dan la mot trong nhiing ben lien quan co loi ich hay chiu anh huong tir cac chinh sach lien quan den nhieu loai tai nguyen nhu dat, nuoc, da dang sinh hoc (DDSH) va tai nguyen du lich nhan van. Theo do, vai tro cua cu dan trong quan ly, bao ve va phat tnen tai nguyen thien nhien va bao ton DDSH ngay cang dugc coi trong [1, 6, 7. 8, 15]. Hoat dong quan ly tai nguyen co su tham gia gop phan giao due bao ve moi trudng, giam thieu ap lire tac dong xsiu den tai nguyen, dap ung nhu can bao t6n DDSH. sii dung b^n vmig tai nguyen va mang lai nhieu loi ich cho cu dan dia phuong [16, 5, 7,11).
Vucm Quoc gia (VQG) Bu Gia Map co toa dp dia ly 12''8'30" den 12'7'3" vi do Bac va tir 107"3'30" den ' Tnrcmg Dai hgc Thu Dau Mm
•^ Truang Tning cap Nons: L.nii nghiep Binh Duong Email: dinh[hiinhsLmgvnt<''gmail.com
107''4'30" kinh do Dong, la khu viic chuydn tiep giiia viing doi mii va viing nui thjip. Khu rimg dac dung nay co tinh DDSH cao va ti4m nang to Ion ve du lich sinh thai 19]. Vung loi VQG Bii Gia Map co dien tich tu nhien la 25.926 ha, thupc xa Dak O, xa Bii Gia Map tinh Binh Phuoc. Vimg dem co dien tich 18.038 ha, nam tren dia ban hanh chinh 2 xa ciia huyen Bii Gia Map va xa Quang True ctia huyen Tuy Due, dnh Ddk Nong. Co 17 d6ng bao dan tpc voi nhiimg net van hoa khac nhau cung sinh s6ng aviing dem. Cupc sdng ciia ngum dan dia phuong vSn con \t thupc nhi^u vao khai thac lam san tir rimg, Tuy nhien, hoat dpng quan ly va bao t6n DDSH co su tham gia cua nguoi dan a VQG Bii Gia Map van chira dupc nghien cuu va hieu biet day du. Nghien cihi danh gia thuc trang tham gia cua cu dan vung dem trong cong tac quan ly va bao ton tat nguyen DDSH tai VQG Bii Gia Map, tir do dk xuat cac giai phap phat trien b6n viing cho khu rimg dac dung nay.
Z. NOI DUNG VA PHUONG PHAP N G W V CUU 2.1. NOi dung
Nghien cuu thuc trang tham gia ciia cu dan vung dem b-ong cong tac quan ly va bao ton tai nguyen DDSH b VQG Bu Gia Map lYen ca so do.
phan tich cac dilm manh, diem yeu. ca hoi va thach thiic ddi vdi sir tham gia vao cong tac quan ly va bao tdn DDSH tai khu rimg dac dung nay. Tu <]<,. de xuat 106 NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY 1 - THANG 7/2020
KHOA HOC CONG NGHE cac giai phap nham nang cao hieu qua tham gia cua
cu dan va quan ly bdn viing tai nguyen DDSH a VQG Bii Gia Map.
2.2. Phuong phdp
Phuang phap kd thira: cac thdng tm thir cap dupc thu thap, tdng hpp tir cac tai lieu da dirpc cong bd; cac bao cao cua dia phuong ve dan cu, dan tgc, hi<;n trang su dung dat nong nghiep va lam nghiep, tinh hinh san xuat nong lam nghiep, tinh hinh ngheo ddi, hien trang su dung tai nguyen va nhirng kho khan, thuan lpi trong phat trien kinh te va cong tac bao tdn a cac xa viing d&m; cac van ban luat va chinh sach lien quan den vung dem.
Phuong phap thu thap sd li6u so cap: ap dung phuong phap danh gia nhanh nong thon co sir tham gia (RRA), phdng van ca nhan dai dien cho nong hp;
nghien ciiu da tien hanh phong van 180 ho dan d 9 thon vimg dem cua VQG Bii Gia Map. Cac thon nghien cuu thupc xa Bii Gia Map va xa Dak O thupc linh Binh Phud-c, xa Quang True thupc tinh Dak Nong. Ba thon nay cd vj tri giap ranh lidn ke vdi Vudn Qudc gia, cac hoat ddng sinh ke cua ngucri dan chiu nhidu anh huong bdi tai nguyen DDSH ciia VQG Bii Gia Map. Tieu chi quan trong chpn thon nghien cuu la phai d* trong xa vung dem, cd kha nang tiep can, dia hinh thuan lgi va kinh te cac ho gia dinh trong thon phu thuoc vao rimg nhieu nhat.
Ngoai ra, cdng cu SWOT dugc ap dung d^ phan tich, xac dinh cac diem manh, diem yeu, ca hoi va thach thuc trong timg hoat dong bao tdn cd su iham gia d VQG Bii Gia Map.
Noi dung phdng van ca ban cd sau phan, bao gdm: thong tin co ban ciia hp dugc phong van, tinh hinh kinh te nong hp, miic do tham gia cac hoat dpng cd sir tham gia cua cgng ddng, danh gia cac boat dgng tham gia quan ly, nhom cau hdi lien quan ddn thai dd cua cu dan ve cac hoat dpng bao ton DDSH, ky vgng va mong mudn ctia nguoi dan ddi vdi hoat ddng bao tdn DDSH.
Phuong phap xii Iy sd lieu: sii dung phuong phap thdng ke mo ta trong Excel nham tdng hgp.
tinh toan cac so lieu ve ndng hg, cac hoat dgng va miic dp tham gia cua cu dan vimg dem trong cong tac quan ly va bao ton tai nguyen DDSH.
3. KFT QUA NGHBI CUU
3.1. Thuc trang tham gia cua ngudi dan vung d^m trong quan ly vd bao ton DDSH
3.1.1. Dac diem ciia cu din vung dim
cac nong hd trong mSu nghien cuu d viing dem VQG Bii Gia Map cd cugc sdng chii yeu dua vap canh tac nong nghiep va tai nguyen DDSH. Dieu, ca phe la nhiing loai cay trdng chu Iuc, mang tinh hang hda; cac cay luang thirc khac nhu lua rdy, lua nude, bap ... de gia dinh sii dung. Nhung ho ddng bao S'tieng va M'nong la nhirng cgng ddng ngheo nhat trong sd 17 cpng ddng dan tpc, hg thudng phai chiu canh thieu ddi tir thang 4 tdi thang 11 hang nam.
Trong khoang thdi gian nay, nhidu cu dan vung dem thudng xuyen vao rimg tu nhien d^ thu hai cac lam san ngoai gd lam thirc an va cui ddt. Hon 60% sd hp trong mau nghien ciiu la hp ngheo va gan 31% sd ngudi dup'c phong van la mil chii, phan ldn cu dan cd trinh do bac tieu hpc (46,1%).
3.1.2. Hoat ddng tham gia quin ly va bio tdn da dang sinh hoc
Cac hoat dgng tham gia cua ngudi dan chii yeu tir cac chuong trinh cua VQG Bu Gia Map, chua cd cac hoat dgng tu cac chuang trinh du an ben ngoai dau tu vao. Cac hoat dgng nay bao gdm: hpp ve quan ly bao ve rimg, nhan khoan bao ve rung, ti'dng va cham sdc rimg trong, tham gia phdng chay, chira chay rimg (PCCCR), trao ddi thong tin bao tdn DDSH, tham gia bao ve rimg (BVR), tham gia lap ke hoach, tham gia cac Idp tap huan va dich vu du lich smh thai (DLSll. Tuy nhien, ngudi dan tham gia chua dugc tap huan va chua bidt su dijng cac thidt bi tuan tra (ban do, dia ban, may dinh vi GPS).
Hinh 1 cho thay hoat dgng dupc sir tham gia nhidu nhat ciia cong ddng la hop ve quan ly BVR va tham gia Iuc lupng BVR, tuan tra, phat hien va td giac tgi pham. Ke den la hoat dong tham gia PCCCR, trdng va cham sdc rimg, nhan khoan bao ve rimg.
cac hoat dong mang tinh Ihda thuan ciia cac hg gia dinh gdm: hgp tac vd trao ddi thong tm bao tdn, tham gia lap ke hoach va cac lop tap hudn chi tir 5,6% den 38,9% sd nong hg dupc khao sat. Hoat dong trdng va cham sdc liing trdng chiem 43,75%. Cac ho it tham gia vao hoat dpng cham sdc, trdng rimg vi nhidu ly do nhung ly do chinh la trung vdi nong vu. Chua cd ngudi dan tham gia vao boat dpng DLST ciia VQG Bii Gia Map.
Ngudi dan tham gia vdi y thuc tu nguyen kha cao, dieu do chung td ve nhan thuc ctia ho cung da cd cai thien. Tuy nhien, giua tu nguyen va loi ich vat chat cd the cd mdi quan he dd la vi loi ich nhan duoc nen ho tu nguyen tham gia. Vai tro tham gia tu van,
NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY 1 - THANG 7/2020
hpp tac ciia nguoi dan khong ro. Co le la do each tiep can cua cac chuong trinh, dti an chira tao ra co hpi.
Ngoai ra, cung co ngudi dan co su tu ti vd kien thiic cua minh. Dac biet, hp chua cung hanh dong d- miic cao trong su tham gia.
y / ^ / . /
Hinh 1. Bilu dd cac hoat dpng co sy tham gia 3.1.3. Dong ea tham gia quan ly va bao ton DDSH
Cac dgng ca chinh de nguoi dan thani gia nhu sau: tham gia d^ co thu nhap, giai quyet ddi song hang ngay; tham gia vi nhiem vu, tracli nlupm (dugc phan c6ng hoac huy dpng cua chinh quydn); tham gia tu nguyen nhung cung kem theo loi ich vat chat, mpt sd hoat dpng tham gia tu nguyen vdi y thuc BVR, tiic la bao ve quyen Im cho chinh minh (nhu PCCCR) hoac lien quan den phat tnen kinh te gia dinh nhu nhan trdng rimg; cac cap dp khac nhin hop tac, thao luan, cung ra quyet dinh, tu van hSu nhu khong cd. Dieu nay cd the do nhidu Iy do. Vd khach quan, cac nha quan ly chua tao ra dugc nhung hoat dgng can thidt, hap dan, cd loi cho ngudi tham gia, chinh sach hd trg' cho viec tham gia chua hpp ly. Ly do chu quan, ban than nguoi dan thieu nhtrng didu ki^n can thiet nhu vdn dau tu, dat dai, kien thirc, cong nghe mdi; va nhan thiic cua ho chua day dii, chi chii trgng vao Ipi ich trudc mat va loi ich vat chat, chua thay dupc gia tri lau dai va toan dien ctia rimg, dac bi&t la gia tri phi vat chat.
Ly do tham gia 1. Thu dong 2. Vi vat chat S.Tuvan 4. Vi nhiem vu 5. Hop tac 6. Tuong tac 7. Loi cuon 8. Tu nguyen 9. Cung hanh dong
Bang 1. Ly do {%) tham gia cAc hoat ddng ciia ngir6i dan Hop ve
QLBVR 100
2 0 22 0 0 0 36 0
Nhan khoan BVR 0 100
0 3 0 0 0 10 0
Trong va cham soc rimg
0 78 0 0 0 0 0 3 0
Tham gia PCCCR
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 150
0
Trao doi thong tin bao t6n
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 0
Tham gia Iuc
luong BVR 0 0 0 97 0 0 0 0 7
Tham gia lap ke hoach
0 0 0 0 0 0 15 0
Tham gia cac lop tap huan
9 10 0 56 0 0 0 3 C
Dichvu DLST 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
•Ilinli tag
•liiiioiig nijea
H i n h 2. B i ^ u d 6 m t i c dO tiiam gia c u a cOng d o n g Khi d u a c hdi ve s u cd m a t t h u d n g x u y e n t r o n g t h o i g i a n didn ra m p t h o a t d d n g cd ddi t u p n g k h a o
s a t t r a ldi cd m a t d a y d u (16,6%) va t h u d n g xuydn (55,6%), 27,8% c o n lai c h i t h a m g i a t h i n h t h o a n g . Cac ly d o c h o viec t h a m gia dtrgc t h e h i e n tai h i n h 2.
3.1.4. Mue do tham gia cua ngudi din Hinh 3 cho thay cd 60% nguoi thinh thoang tham gia vi ban viec, cho thay thdi gian didn ra hoat ddng la mdt yeu td tac dpng den ca hpi mdt ca nhan tham gia vao hoat dpng, 40% khong hiing thii vdi hoat dong vi cac budi tap huan dupc td chuc tap tmng lien tuc hong 2 den 3 ngay nen khong tao duoc hiing thii cho nhiing nguoi tham gia; cdn lai 5,4% y i idn khac, cu the la vi da cd dai dien tiianh vien cua ma dinh tham gia. Trao ddi vdi can bo VQG, cho biei i,au hdt 108 NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY 1 - THANG 2020
KHOA HOC CONG NGHE
n g u d i d a n s i n h s d n g b a n g t r d n g ca p h e , b e u , d i e u v a t r d n g Ilia, d o dd h o ddu di lam ca n g a y . D d n g b a o d a n t g c d a p h d n t h e o d a o T m L a n h , T h i e n ChUa Giao n e n t h u d n g di Id vao cudi t u a n . D o dd n h i r n g h o a t d d n g td c h i i c v a o t h d i gian n a y h g s e k h o n g t h a m gia duoc.
•Ban viec iKhone hiing M
H i n h 3 . B i ^ d6 ly d o it t h a m g i a 3.1.5. Lpi ieh tu hoat ddng tiiam gia
Hinh 4 cho thay, 86,7% nong hg duac khao sat cho rang hg cd nhan dugc lpi ich tir viec tham gia cac hoat ddng. Ve Ipi ich vat chat, thong qua cac hoat ddng trdng ning, nhan khoan BVR, hd tro cay gidng da tao cong an viec lam, tir dd lam tang thu nhap cho ngudi dan, cd 61% sd hp tham gia da cai thien dugc ddi sdng vat chat; dupc vay vdn vdi chinh sach tm dai de dau tu cho san xuat ndng lam nghiep, cd 38% sd ho vay vdn san xuat cd hieu qua. Hon nua, ngudi tham gia duac hoc hdi, nang cao nhan thiic. Dd la, dupc hgc hdi cac tien bp ky thuat thdng qua cac lop tap huan hoac cac cuoc hgp va da cd 41% sd hp ap dung nhihig tien bg ky thuat nang hieu qua san xuat;
tidp can dugc cac thong tin ve chinh sach, cac van ban qui dinh cua Nha nude trong QLBVR. Tuy nhiSn, chua cd CO che chia se lgi ich tii cac lam san ngoai gd tren dien tich dugc giao khoan.
Nhin chung, nhirng lgi ich ma ngudi dan nhan duoc tir qua trinh tham gia cac hoat dpng bao ve va phat trien rimg la chua thoa dang vi mpt sd ly do nhu: san xuat va kinh doanh lam nghiep mang tinh lau dai, hieu qua cham, cac bien phap ky thuat khd ap dting, nhu cau "cung va cdu" khdng tuong img vdi loai san pham. Nhu clu xa hpi can Ioai san pham la gd ttr rimg tir nhien, trong Iuc san pham lam nghiep vdi ddi tugng la san pham tir rimg trdng hoac cac lam san ngoai gd tir rimg tu nhien. Nhung loai san pham nay chi dugc su dung trong mot gidi han nhat dinh cho nen da han che dgng Iuc tham gia ctia ngudi dan trong cac hoat dpng nay. 13,3% sd hg cho rang hp khong nhan dugc Ipi ich bdi vi ho chua nhan dugc thii lao nhu mong doi. Nhu vay, cac ho gia dinh budc dau nhan dugc cac loi ich tir qua trinh tham gia hoat ddng. Mac dii chua ro net ve mat vat chat nhung day la dau hieu tich cue vi cang nhan ro duoc lpi ich cd the nhan duoc tir hoat dpng se giup tang cudng su gan bo va tham gia ciia nguoi dan vao cac hoat dong chung.
3.1.6. Dinh gia cua ngudi din ve cic boat ddng
Hinh 4. Bi^u do lpi ich iham gia hoat dOng quan Iy va bao tdn DDSH
Hinh 5. Bieu do danh gia cua ngudi dan ve cac hoat dgng CO su tham gia
Nhan xet cua cac hp tham gia tren ba mat noi dung hoat dpng, each td chiic hoat dgng, each hoiyen dat cua tap huan vien cho thay ti le ngudi tra Idi danh gia binh thudng cao nhat d cac khia canh. Nhin chung, nguoi dan cd phan hdi tdt ve cac hoat ddng, cdn Iai mpt bo phan nhd (9,4%) chua hai Idng ve each td chiic, cu the la thdi gian keo dai, dung cu thuc hanh chua day dii.
Nguyen nhan lam cho chuong trinh khoan quan Iy tai nguyen rimg chua hieu qua, khdng chi cd vice thidu thdng tin ma cdn do ddi sdng ngudi dan con khd khan. Tai day van dd giai quyet kinh td khd khan NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY 1 - THANG 7/2020 109
Iai dupc dat ra nhu mot "dieu kien du" de thuc hien thanh cong chuang trinh quan Iy va bao tdn DDSH.
Ben canh dd, diem yeu ciia nhan khoan la: loai cac ho gia dinh cd didu kien kinh te kha ra khdi tidn trinh quan ly cd su tham gia, nguoi dan chua thuc su dugc tham gia day dii vao cac cong doan quan ly.
Cach to chiic QLBVR tiieo nhdm ho la kha i?ho bien.
Tuy nhien, dieu nay cung the hien sir thieu chu dong, khdng nam ro dupc quydn han va trach nhi6m cua timg hp dan va thuc chat la se khd quy trach nhiem cho ttmg ca nhan trong tnrdng hop xay ra vi pham lam luat
Bang 2. Nhung nguyto nhan lam cho chuong trinh khoan quan lv va ban tAn f)r>s;H rhua hifiu qua Nguyen nhan cap 1
Ngudi nhan chua y thuc het duoc nhung yeu cau va nhiem vu duoc giao.
Ngudi dan khdng nhiet tinh nhan khoan quan Iy bao ve rimg.
Chira that su cd su tham gia ciia ngudi dan dia phuang.
Nguyen nhan cap 2 Trinh dp hgc van thap
Kmh te cdn gap nhidu khd khan
Thieu thdng tin ve cac hpp ddng giao khoan, kien thuc khd tiep can
Kinh phi khoan cdn han chd
Khdng khuydn khich su tham gia ciia cac hg cd didu kien kinh td kha Vai trd cua ho la tuang ddi thu dpng
Nguyfen nhan cap 3 Ngudi dan chua cd y thiic nang cao hpc van Dieu kidn co sd ha ting yeu kem Thidu viec lam, thieu vdn san xuat Thieu ky thuat san xuat Thieu phuong tien truydn thong Cdng tac tuyen tmyen cdn chua thudng xuyen
Tiiy thugc vao chi tra cua timg chuang trinh giao khoan khac nhau
Cham chi tra tidn nhan khoan quan Iy bao ve rimg
Hg khdng quan tam den viec quan ly bao ve rimg hoac sd tien nhan khoan vdi hg cting khdng ddng vat trd quan trpng
Hp chua dupc ban bac, tham gia thao luan de xac dinh chiic nang, nhiem vu va quyen Ipi cua minh va chi lam theo cac hudng dan ciia ngudi khac
TT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Nguyen nhan Tap quan canh tac lac lau
Thidu dat san xuat Thieu phuong hen san xuat
Thieu vdn san xuat Nhan thiic han che Bidn ddng dan sd Mat thu nhap tir rimg
Hau qua cap 1 Khd chuyen ddi cay trdng vat nuoi Nang suat canh tac thap Pha rimg
Thieu viec lam Dicu Trd thdi vu Hieu qua thap Ban dat
Nang suat thu hoach thap Khd ap dung khoa hoc ky thuat Dd bl tac dong tieu cue Tang dan sd tu nhien Tang dan sd co hoc Chuydn nghe Lam thue
Hau qua cap 2 Thu nhap thap Phat sinh te nan xa hpi
Phu thupc rimg nhieu hon
Khd quan ly paid phat trien du lich
smh thai
110 NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY 1 - THANG 7 2020
KHOA HOC CONG NGHE Hoat ddng quan ly va bao tdn DDSH cd su tham
gia tai VQG Bii Gia Map cdn tdn dgng nhirng bat cap, chua mang Iai hieu qua thiet thuc nhu muc tieu de ra. Nguyen nhan chu yeu xuat phat tir each tiep can mang tinh ap dgt, khdng coi trpng vai trd tham gia cua cu dan. Ngudi dan dia phuong van chua cam thay cong bang trong hoat dpng khoan BVR va mudn
dupc tham gia vao toan bd tien trinh quan tri rimg, bao gom ca viec chu dpng lira chgn cac hp gia dinh dupc tham gia nhan khoan chu khdng chi thu dpng nhu hien nay.
3.2. Danh gia chung
Bang Hoat dgng
Hpp ve QLBVR
Tham gia nhan khoan QLBVR Trdng va cham sdc rimg trdng
Tham gia PCCCR
Hgp tac vd trao ddi thdng tin Tham gia Iuc Iuong BVR, phat hifin va td'giac tgi pham
Tham gia lap ke hoach
Tham gia cac Idp t a p h u ^
Dich vu DLST
4. Phan tich SWOT su tham gia ciia ngudi dan trong quan ly va bao tdn DDSH Ma h-an SWOT
Diem manh (S) Ngudi dan cd the dua ra y kien phan hoi
Mong mudn duac nhan khoan QLBVR Tang thu nhap
Giam thieu viec chay rimg
Thong hieu vd rimg Luc Iuong hiing hau, thdng thao vd rimg
Ngudi dan cd the dua ra y kien phan hdi
Trang bi cac ky nang Nang cao co hpi giao tiep, thu nhap
Diem yeu (W) c a c ngudn thdng tm khong dupc day dii Ngudi nhan chua y thiic hdt dugc nhiimg yeu cau va nhiem vu duoc giao TrUng vdi lich thdi vu ndng nghiep Ngudi dan ban cham sdc, thu hoach ndng san nen khdng tham gia hoat ddng phdng chay rimg dugc.
Thieu thdng tin khoa hgc Mdt sd ngudi dan vi loi ich rimg cdn bao che cho lam tac, it td giac tdi pham, tam ly sp'bi tra thii Ngudi dan it cd ca hpi tham gia lap ke hoach
Khdng tao dupc hiing thli Ngudn vdn ciia ngudi dan khong dii de dau tu
Co hpi (0) Cd dugc suthda thuan ctia cu dan Su dung lao ddng dia phuong BVR Phat trien rimg Ngan chan viec chay rimg thdng qua viec dao tao cho dpi PCCCR dua vao cdng ddng.
Didu tra Ioai ddng, thuc vat Sii dung Iuc lugng tai chd BVR
Cd duoc SIT thda thuan ciia cdng ddng Sir dung lao ddng dia phuong Su dung lao dgng dia phuong
Thach tiiuc CT) Ddi khi hi ap dat bdi mdt sd can bg va ca mgt sd ngirdi chii chdt trong thon
Dien tich nhan khoan chua dap ting dugc nguyen vgng ciia nguin dan
Ngudi dan thudng it tham gia
Thieu su tham gia that su cita ngudi dan, thieu ky nang phdng chdng liia rimg, ngudi dan khong nhiet tinh
Thieu sy tham gia that su Thieu mdt mang ludi xa hdi trong quan Iy, bao tdn DDSH - mdt hem nang quan trpng hd trg quan ly bdn virng cac VQG Chua thuc su cd duoc thda thuan ciia ca cpng ddng, chii yeu phu thudc vao cac nhdm trudng Ngudi dan khdng cd thdi gian tham gia Tang them cac nguyen nhan lam mat DDSH
NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY 1 - THANG 7/2020
Hoat ddng Tham gia vao hpp phan sinh ke than thien mdi trudng
Ma tran SWOT Diem manh (S)
Cung cap kien thiic canh tac, dao tao ky thuat, hd trp- khuydn ndng
Diem yeu (W) Kien thuc ky thuat nong nghiep khong nhat quan
Co hdi (0) Nang cao hieu qua san xuat, cai thien chat luong vudn
Thach thuc CO C o s d h a tang kem, tiidi tiet khdng on dinh Cdng tac quan Iy va bao tdn DDSH cd su tham
gia d VQG Bu Gia Map cd nhtmg thuan loi va khd khan nhat dinh. Cac dieu kien thuan Ipi bao gdm: cd su ddi mdi trong phuong phap tiep can quan ly tai nguyen ciia cac co quan chuyen mdn va cac cap chinh quydn, nen vai trd cua ngudi dan da dugc coi trpng diing miic. Tu do, da cd nhieu co hpi cho cdng ddng dan cu tham gia vao cdng tac QLBVR va phat trien rimg, Han nua, chidn luoc phat tnen lam nghiep ciia Nha nude cd su chuyen hudng: tir lam nghiep truyen thdng, lam nghiep Nha nude sang lam nghiep xa hdi thdng qua mdt loat cac chinh sach hen quan da tao dieu kien cho su tham gia tich cue ciia ngudi dan. Dugc su quan tam va hd trg cua chinh quyen dia phuong va cac co quan tren dia ban. Do nhting dac thu ve dieu kien tu nhien khac nghiet, kinh te phat trien cham nen cting diroc cac co quan, td chuc trong va ngoai nude chu y gitip dd thong qua cac chuong trinh, dy an dau tu tryc tiep cho dan, lam cho ngudi dan cd them ngudn Iuc de tich cue tham gia vao cac hoat dpng bao ve va phat trien rimg.
Ben canh dd, nhieu khd khan anh hudng den cdng tac quan Iy va bao tdn DDSH cd su tham gia d VQG Bu Gia Map. Dd la, chua cd cac chinh sach cu thd, ddng bg nham thiic day sy tham gia tich cue vao quan ly rimg, dac biet la chinh sach hirong lgi. Sd hd tham gia nhan khoan dang tang len nen sd tidn cac hp nhan dupc hi boat dong bao ve rimg dang giam dl. Hon mdt mia (58%) sd ngudi dupc hdi cho rang miic chi tra cho hoat ddng khoan QLBV rimg nhu hien nay la cdn qua thap. Dinh miic cho trdng rimg, cham sdc rimg cung cdn rat thap. Didu do han che su tham gia ciia ngudi dan trong cac hoat ddng nay.
Ngudi dan chira thyc sy quan tam den viec tham gia vao qua trinh bao ve rimg. Ho chi lam cac cdng viec dugc giao. dugc phan cong tir VQG la chinh. 100% hp tham gia xem vai trd cua minh la ngudi lam cdng va nhan tien cdng thay vi lam chii that sy viec quan ly bao ve rimg. Ngudi dan dia phuong van chua thd hien duoc vai trd va su tham gia ctia minh trong moi linh virc cua hoat dpng quan tn rimg nhu: quy hoach
quan Iy phat trien tai nguyen rimg, tham gia tien trinh dam phan ve quydn va nghia vu ciia hd gia dinh nhan khoan quan ly bao ve rimg ve each thiic tham gia, quydn Ipi va nhirng nghia vu cu the, minh bach trong hoat dpng quan tri rimg ciing nhu each thiic td chiic va trien khai hoat ddng quan ly bao ve rimg tren dien tich rimg nhan khoan.
Nghien ctiu cho thay nhidu han chd tir phia ngudi dan tham gia. Mudn cho ngudi dan tham gia vao cac hoat ddng lam nghiep thi hp phai cd nhiing didu kien can thiet co ban, dd la ngudn lire, kien thiic va the che. Trong dd, ngudn Iuc va kien thiic la didu kien ngi tai. Nhung ngudi dan d nhung viing nay cudc sdng dang cdn gap nhidu khd khan nen ngudn lyc dau tu cho phat trien lam nghiep rat it di. Mac dii, cac dan vi quan ly da cd md mgt sd lop tap huan cho dan de nang cao kien thiic, song ngay cac don vi nay cung han che ve kmh phi dao tao.
Gia tri giao khoan duoc lay tir phi mdi trudng rimg. Trong dd, 10% cho bd may cua Quy chi tra dich vu mdi trudng rimg, 81% la cho ngudi dan nhan khoan nhung ho khdng that su chiu trach nhiem khi de xay ra mat rimg do chay, bi khai thac trdm, bi chuyen ddi muc dich sir dung ... chi trir khi ho chinh la ngudi gay nen cac hoat dpng dan den mat rimg.
Ngudi dan cung khdng dugc hudng cac gia tri tang them ciia viec quan ly bao ve rimg giao. Vdi muc chi tra nhu hien nay (trung binh 5 trieu ddng/hd/nam) thi chua that sy hap dan ngudi dan dia phuong tham gia. Chu rimg duac hudng 9% phi dich vu mdi tnrdng va phan gia tri tang them cua tai nguyen rimg. Cac don vi khac nhu Kiem Lam dia phuong, UBND xa khdng duoc hudng loi gi hi cac hoat ddng quan tri nay.
Su tham gia quan ly ciia ngudi dan da duoc thuc hien tuong ddi tdt va khang dinh vai trd rat quan trong cua hp. Quy dinh ve bao ve can phai kdt hpp hai hda giiia van de bao ve va phat tnen kinh te, phai chu y ddn loi ich cua nguoi dan cung nhu cua ca cpng ddng. Quy udc, huong udc phai do chinh ngudi dan xay dung, cd nhu vay mdi duta ,ip dung bdn NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY 1 - THANG 7 2020
KHOA HOC CONG NGHE viing trong cudc song. Khi tham gia vao cac du an
sinh ke, ngudi dan dia phuong cd co hdi viec lam, tang thu nhap.
3.3. Giai phip thu hiit, nang cao hi^u qua tham gia cua ngudi dan
3.3.1. GUI phip thu hut sir tham gia cua nguoi din
- Can thu hiit su tham gia ciia ngudi dan bang each tuyen truydn nhidu Ipi ich ma hoat ddng quan ly cd su tham gia mang lai. Hoat ddng nay khdng nhung tang thfim tiiu nhap ma cdn gdp phan bao tdn DDSH va gdp phSn bao vfi tai nguyen mdi trudng VQG Bii Gia Map.
- Tuyfin truyen tinh san ldng tham gia cua ngudi dan trong trong quan Iy va bao tdn DDSH khdng nhiing trfin cac phuong tifin thdng tin dai chiing ma cdn dua vao trong huong udc, trudng hpc.
- Can chii trpng tuyen truydn, giao due tam quan trong cua ngirdi dan trong viec tham gia vao cdng tac quan ly va bao tdn DDSH. Cd co chd khuyen khich cac cdng ddng - dac biet la ddng bao S'heng va M'ndng - tham gia cdng tac quan Iy va bao tdn DDSH.
- Nhiing ndng hd tham gia hoat dpng quan ly va bao tdn DDSH dugc uu tien vay vdn vdi Iai suat tir nhieu ngudn nhu ngan hang chinh sach xa hdi, quy hd tro giam ngheo, uu dai vd thud.
- Khen thudng kip thdi cac nhdm hd tich cue trong cdng tac QLBVR, tao su iing hd cua ngudi dan trong quan Iy va bao tdn DDSH.
- Vudn can tang cudng hpp tac vdi ngudi dan dia phuang va chinh quyen cac thon, xa vimg dem trong quan ly va bao tdn DDSH. Dac biet, lam rd vai trd, chtrc nang ciia cac ben lien quan, phai cd sy phdi hop ddng bd, hifiu qua; tang tinh chu ddng ciia ngudi dan trong cac hoat ddng cd su tham gia.
3.3.2. Giai phip kinh ti
- Nfin tien hanh xem xet viec giao khoan them dien tich rimg de ngudi dan quan Iy bao ve du bU vdi cdng strc ma hg bd ra. Dac bifit, cd ca chd cho cac hp dan dupc sir dung cd kiem soat, chia se Ipi ich cac lam san ngoai gd tren dien tich dugc giao khoan.
- Can cd cac chuang trinh khuydn ndng, hudng dan, chuydn giao cdng nghe, tham canh tang nang sujit tren dien tich dat ndng nghifip theo hudng ben virng, cam chidm dat rimg.
- Can long ghep cdng tac quan ly va bao tdn DDSH vdi chinh sach phat hien kinh te xa hdi ciia
dia phirong, gdn ket quydn lgi kinh td cua ngudi dan vdi tham gia BVR, phai ludn chu y ddn dac thii truyfin thdng van hoa va kinh nghiem ban dia ciia cac dan tgc trong su dung tai nguyen.
- Uu tien nhirng hd gia dinh cdng ddng dan tdc thieu sd khoan bao ve rimg theo Nghi dinh 75 tham gia hgp phan sinh ke ben viing hoac vay von uu dai phat tndn kinh te [2].
- Tranh thii cac dy an ve bao tdn DDSH, sinh kd vimg dem de tang thu nhap cho cac hd tham gia va nang cao hieu qua quan ly va bao tdn DDSH.
3.3.3. Giii phip quyhoach sudungdit - Trfin CO sd quy hoach Iai dat ndng lam nghifip, dia phuang cd the tien hanh giao nhtmg vimg dat rimg d ngoai vung ldi cua VQG Bu Gia Map cho ngudi dan dia phuong trdng, phat trien rimg.
- Hg tham gia phat dugc tham gia vao tifin trinh quy hoach su dung dat, giao dat va giao rimg cung nhu cac cdng doan quan trong trong QLBVR va sir dung tai nguyfin rimg.
- Quy hoach sir dung dat phai gan vdi chien lupc smh ke, bao ton DDSH va phat trien ben viing VQG Bii Gia Map.
3.3.4. Gial phap ve quy hoach phat trien DLST VQG BU Gia Map da cd boat dpng DLST tir nam 2011, nhung cbtra cd qui hoach vd dich vu nay va chua cd sy tham gia cua ngudi dan. Do vay, viec cap thiet la phai quy hoach phat trien DLST phu hop vdi chidn luoc tdng the cua tinh Binh Phudc va Dak Ndng.
- Can chti trpng thu hUt sy tham gia cua ddng bao dan tdc ban dia, chii yeu la cpng ddng S'tieng va M'nong. Uu tien cac hp da nhan khoan BVR tham gia vao hoat ddng DLST. Tao them co hdi sinh ke, bao tdn DDSH va mdi trudng rimg, ddng thdi bao tdn van hda cu dan ban dia.
3.3.5. Giai phipdio tao ngudn nhan Iue - Dao tao can bp khuyen lam ca sd cap thdn, ngudn lay tir nhimg hd tham gia quan Iy va BVR, tm tifin cu dan dia phuong, dac biet la ddng bao dan tgc ban dia.
- Tap huan bd tiic kien thiic lam nghifip xa hdi, giam sat bao tdn cho can bp cua VQG Bii Gia Map va kiem lam dia phuong.
- Nang cao nang lyc cua ngudi dan, tap husin cho cac hp tham gia biet sii dung cac tiiiet bi tuan tra nhu ban dd, dia ban. may dinh vi GPS.
NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY 1 - THANG 7/2020 113
4. KETLUAN
Nghifin cuu cho thay cu dan da tham gia vao hoat ddng nhan khoan BVR, trdng cham sdc rimg, trao doi thdng hn bao tdn, lyc lugng bao vfi rimg, lap ke hoach, cac Idp tap huan, hgp phan sinh ke bdn vting va PCCCR. Tuy vay, sy tham gia mdi chi dimg d chd thuc hifin cac cong vific da dugc vach san, tinh chil dpng chua cd nen su phdi hop do chira thyc sy hieu qua. Chua Idng ghep cd hieu qua cac chuong trinh, du an hd tro cac hoat dpng tham gia ciia ngudi dan trong bao tdn DDSH. Ben canh do, phuang thirc tiep can bao tdn cdn nang vd quan Iy hanh chinh, chua thu hut duoc sy tham gia ciia ngudi dan.
Nghien ciiu dd xuat nam nhdm giai phap nham nang cao hifiu qua tham gia quan Iy va bao tdn ben viing tai nguyen da dang sinh hoc cho VQG Bii Gia Map, bao gdm: giai phap quy hoach su dung dat, thu hilt sy tham gia cua cpng ddng, giai phap kinh te, giai phap vd DLST va giai phap dao tao ngudn nhan Iuc. Dac bifit, VQG Bu Gia Map va chinh quyen dia
|;phuong can coi trong vai trd cua cu dan vimg dem trong vific tham gia quan ly va bao tdn DDSH, can tang cudng thu hUt sy tham gia cua cgng ddng nham hudng tdi sinh kd ben viing va dap iing yeu cau bao tdn DDSH.
TAI UEU THAM KlUa
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Master thesis, Technische Universitat Dresden, Germany.
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Bandyopadhyay, J. (1981). Social, tcmomic and ecological impact of social forestry in K^ilar. Indian Instituteof Management, Bangalore, Indi,, 114 N O N G NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN N O N G THON - KY 1 - THANG 7/2020
KHOA HOC CONG NGHE
PARTICIPATION OF RESIDENTS IN MANAGEMENT AND BIODIVERSnY CONSERVATION:
A CASE STUDY IN BU GIA MAP NATIONAL PARK
Dinh Thanh SangS Pham Thi Van^
' Tbu Dau Mot University
^Binh Duong Unior College ofAgncultiire and Forestiy Summary
Based on surveys combming household interviews vnth Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA), this paper is to analyse and assess the local participation in management and biodiversity conservation in Bu Gia Map NaUona] Park. The results confirm that the households surveyed participated in activities as follows: forest protection (41.1%), forest regeneration (41.7%), exchange of conservation information (18.9%), forest patrol (72.296), planning (5.6%), environmental trainmg (38.9%), sustainable livelihood progi-ams (50.0%), and fire fighting and prevention (69.4%). Still, the local participation in management and biodiversity conservation remained inactive and uneffective. Also, the participatory conservation management in the park was heavily adrmmstrative and low payment so that the local participants were not excited about i(. Thus, five solutions which are proposed for effective management and biodiversity conservaUon in the park include promoUon of local participation, economic soluUon, land use planning, ecotounsm planmng, and human resource development.
Keywords: Biodiversity, participatory management local people, buffer zone, Bu Gia Map National Park.
Ngudi phan bifin: TS. Trdn Van Thdng Ngay nhan b^: 20/12/2019 Ngdy tiidng qua phan bi^n: 20/01/2020 Ngay duyfit dang: 31/01/2020
NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY 1 - THANG 7/2020 115
