The education system of the ancient period focused on subjects such as warfare, military, politics, religion. The education of that time mainly focused on practical knowledge of the subjects taught in class.
Disadvantages
Conclusion
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Introduction
- Conceptualizing globalization
- Defining libraries, technology and its role in the globalized era
Libraries (especially in most academic institutions) have become a pavilion for the storage and distribution of vital information. Technology-driven services in libraries have made effective learning possible according to [9];.
Technology, globalization and improved library services
- Institutional repositories
- Library solution/RFID technology
- Library management system
Two such devices modified by technology-driven globalization are digitization and storage of library resources, which have defined a futuristic function of the library. Books in the library receive an NFC tag that is programmed with each search item in the book.
The traditional library and its technology supported innovations Okiy [18] mentioned that globalization has been beneficial to libraries in count-
Using an application that can be compressed with the library management system (LMS), NFC can be used in the library to scan, search, borrow, return and track information resource usage history for both the library and the student. The traditional library and its technology-enabled innovations. Okay [18] mentioned that globalization has been beneficial to libraries in numbers.
Technology transformed services and products in libraries
- Acquisition of library materials
- Cataloging and classification
- Reprographic technology
- Internet and web technologies
- Information retrieval system
- e-Library
- Digital/virtual libraries
- Digitization of print media
- Library guide mobile apps
The advent of reprographic technology has helped preserve and duplicate limited resources of information for students and staff. Libraries collect digitized information and can be made available to users anywhere in the world.
Extended library services powered by technology
- Coding clubs
- Digital storytelling
- Digital maker laboratories
- Virtual reality (VR)
- Artificial intelligence (AI) in libraries
- Telephony in libraries
- Social media in libraries
- Libraries-ready-to-code initiative
- Support for entrepreneurial activities
California State Library and the Wonder Laboratory at the Fergusson Library of Stamford, Connecticut teach students to code their own virtual reality games from scratch. Lee Libraries at Brigham Young University in Idaho, United States, with data showing an overwhelmingly positive picture of the importance of virtual reality for library learning.
Challenges with the use of trending technology in libraries
Conclusion and recommendation
Libraries for the future: the role of IT utilities in the transformation of academic libraries. Apparently, developing countries in the Pacific Islands were also affected by the GERM influence [ 7 , 8 ], and, Papua New Guinea (PNG), a Melanesian island country had no immunity to that influence [ 1 , 9 , 10].
Literature review
Thus, there is an urgent need to document relationships of the GERM to local contexts as Fullan [11] calls for more situated studies of global educational change. An Implementation process of a reform curriculum' in Papua New Guinea (PNG) [2], to illustrate the relationship of global education policy with a local context.
Diffusion of innovation theory
- The initiation phase
- The implementation phase
- The continuation phase
Interestingly, rejection or acceptance of reform agendas is possible in the implementation phase; both can affect the continuation of reform [20]. Outcomes may depend on the initiation and implementation phases affecting the sustainability of reform agendas.
Global educational policies driving changes
Seemingly, initiation phases have numerous tasks, and it can be overwhelming when you move into the implementation phases. The continuation phase is just as challenging as; and interactive with the Initiation and Implementation stages of the diffusion of innovation theory.
Policy and implementation
Educational changes can be initiated from both outside influence as from a global perspective or within local contexts [2, 15]. Interestingly, other reports on education reforms indicate that global education policies such as UBE and EFA had significant influence on education reforms in local contexts [ 3 , 5 , 17 ].
Curriculum as a policy instrument
Papua New Guinea context
- Pre-Independence tensions
- Post-Independence reform
PNG's reform from the beginning was aligned with the global education agenda of the 1990s, as a member of the UN [5, 14]. The discussions here showed the spread of the OBE model as a global mandate in local contexts.
Methodology
- Research design
- Data collection and analysis procedures
- Participants and ethical issues
Secondary data included: Analysis of PNG National Department of Education (NDoE) policy documents, teacher prepared worksheets and literature reviews. Ethical clearance was sought from both the Victoria University of Wellington Faculty of Education Ethics Committee (March 2009) and the NDoE in PNG (July 2009).
Findings and discussions
The data collection had two parts: the first part consisted of a review of online and offline literature about global educational changes, the outcome-based educational model, and curriculum reform policies. The second phases consisted of data drawn from my PhD thesis which consisted of multiple data collection methods.
Impacts of global agenda locally
Classroom practices
Evidence showed that teachers' theoretical preferences and worldviews were still embedded in TCLs apparently acquired from teacher training [2, 10]. Apparently, teachers claimed that the reform curriculum was insufficient as seen here: "But where are the materials to help us disseminate that information?" (FGT1-S2).
Suggestion for sustaining global agenda locally
Observations showed direct transfer teaching; this implies worldviews of teachers as a source of knowledge, while students were passive participants in their learning. Second, TCL ideas were also found in the triangulation process (field notes, speech samples, interviews, post-observation interviews and focus group discussions).
Kibung framework
For example: "This is the policy that will be here, so we have to implement it whether we like it or not" (P1-S1). In conclusion, teachers should see PD as something that will not only change their educational practices, but also give them insight into being reflective learners and help contribute to sustainable education.
Conclusion
- Defining internationalization
- Integration process through internationalization
- Measuring internationalization
- Design of impacting internationalization
Connecting global and local relationships with the 'Kibung Framework' The International Education Journal: Comparative Perspectives, . Commercialize - The ideas through research and education are a way as technology transfer to have potential value in the society.
Internationalization at international program for Islamic economics and finance
- Brief history
- Vision, and mission
- According to above vision and mission
- Programs for internationalization
- Steps forward
Collaborate – Collaboration involves long-term partnerships accompanied by joint work between universities and external partners. According to the previous discussions, IPIEF has tried to establish itself as an international program of repute by referring to the roadmap set by the university.
Conclusion and Recommendation
The scope of the study included higher and secondary education, which were selected as the focus groups of the study to encourage the assimilation and implementation of curricula and development of entrepreneurship education. Higher and secondary education have been selected as the focus groups of the study to encourage the assimilation and implementation of curricula and development of entrepreneurship education.
Introduction: the concept of entrepreneurship
The end result of this process is the creation of a new enterprise, formed under conditions of risk and considerable uncertainty [5]. The execution of new combinations can take the various forms: the introduction of a new good or its quality;.
Types of entrepreneurs
In other words, an entrepreneur is seen as a person who discovers a previously untapped opportunity to make substantial profits (either by lowering the cost of production of existing goods/services or by creating brand new products) [6]. In summary, an entrepreneur is an innovator who implements change within the market by executing new combinations.
Profiles of an entrepreneur
Their main concern is in production, sales, marketing and financial control of industrial environments. They are skilled in managing human and material resources, gain high social status due to successful business management and are therefore highly paid.
Relevance of entrepreneurship to technical education students i. Creating necessary awareness and motivation to excel in students so as to
Challenges in the implementation process of entrepreneurship education in technical education
The multidimensional approach to the subject (in content) which resulted in the appointment of teachers from the faculties of law, business education, psychology and technology to teach the subject.
Methodology
Result and discussion
Serious Entrepreneurship Games (eSGs) provide the conceptual basis for expanding entrepreneurship education at the elementary school level using experiential SG curricula. A qualitative research looking for practical means of transmission and exchange of entrepreneurship education in higher education.
Conclusion
Second, the introduction of entrepreneurship education through academic programs, the introduction of apprenticeship programs and assessment respectively. Second, the implementation of entrepreneurship education through internship programs, the implementation of internship programs and assessment.
Educational standard in Indonesia
- Primary education
- Secondary education
- Higher education
The overall purpose of youth education is to improve understanding, knowledge, personality, moral strength and the ability to live independently and engage in further education. While the general goal of vocational high school education is to improve intellect, knowledge, personality, moral strength and ability to live independently and pursue further education in accordance with their vocational training.
Vocational school in Indonesia 1 About entrepreneurship
- The purpose of vocational school
- Evolution of vocational high school
The aim of the introduction of secondary school is to ensure the academic competence of students to continue their higher education, while at the same time professional schools emphasize the preparation of students so that they will be ready to work in certain fields. The structuring of a framework approach to vocational education would eventually lead to the introduction of CBT (Curriculum Based Training) which is in line with the concepts of Competency Oriented Curriculum, which is now evolving into Unit Level Curriculum (KTSP).
Implementation of entrepreneurship education 1 Entrepreneurship as a compulsory subject
- Introducing the business world through apprenticeship education
- Apprenticeship implementation
Based on the outline of the vocational school's teaching program (1993: 11A), priority is given to its adoption. In total, the number of computers with an Internet connection in the youth education system covers 6.8% of the student population.
Theoretical framework
Older teachers must learn how to adapt to new technological changes, both inside and outside the classroom. Within the classroom, teachers must learn how to integrate technology into everyday learning, such as using computer programs, iPads, and smart boards.
Methodology
The second component corresponds to the assessment of the user who has the virtual environment for learning and students. In contrast, the third one corresponds to the economic aspect of the virtual learning environment (VLE).
Results and discussion
A statistically significant correlation was found between particles related to a previous experience in the virtual learning environment. That is certainly a limiting factor and does not contribute to the fact that student interaction is perceived as positive and desirable in the learning process.
Artificial intelligence assistants
Despite the unfortunate economic situation and the low standard of population, Bosnia and Herzegovina is showing a significant upward trend in the use of ICT. The idea of adapting the curriculum to the needs of each student is not yet sustainable today, but it will be in the distant future for machines using artificial intelligence [22].
Virtual reality
Artificial intelligence in a teaching assistant could teach lessons from the curriculum or provide additional information and metrics for student learning that they need without disrupting the natural flow of time or impeding the rest of the department [21]. Some of the benefits of experiential learning with virtual reality are that repetitive learning can be dramatically enhanced by visualizing the learning material while providing a safe learning environment.
Conclusions
The American School Counselor Association (ASCA) identifies three main areas that should be included in a developmental and comprehensive school counseling program. Research has shown that career development processes are necessary and critical components of the PK-12 school counseling program [6, 7].
Career development in the digital age
Online career guidance systems: an overview
- Kuder career planning system
- Naviance college and career readiness program
- Xello
There are two separate programs; one for elementary school and another for middle and high school. Additional information about Xello for middle and high school can be found here https://xello.world/en/middle-and-high-school/ [24].
Research supporting online career guidance systems
Similar to other career guidance programs discussed in this chapter, Xello for middle and high school includes personalized student portfolios that can be updated as students grow, learn, and develop over the years. KCPS also had a relevant research study that examined the use of the KGP with fourth and fifth grade elementary school students as a career guidance intervention [11].
Conclusions
The authors of this study assert that web-based career guidance systems should be complementary or supportive in nature and should not replace the important role of the PSC's human connection in providing career guidance and counseling. The effect of computer-assisted career guidance on students' career decision-making self-efficacy levels.
The integrative literature review methodology
The new emerging topic we want to address is the greater emphasis that schools and teachers may have on the prevention, screening and intervention of vision problems. The sources have been analyzed for the themes mentioned in the introduction, namely the relationship between vision and learning, the influence of vision problems on learning, and screening and intervention.
Inquiry into the relationship between vision and learning
- Complexity of visual functioning
- Visual development and stimulation
- Vision problems and teaching
The conclusion that many visual functions such as VA, VF, accommodation, convergence and ocular motor control are important for receiving clear visual inputs in learning and communication can be derived from the above discussion. However, evidence from the literature suggests that visual function problems can be improved with intervention.
Impact of visual problems on the reading process
The measured VA only gives information about the very central field of vision where the gaze is fixed. Only an awareness of the whole picture of the text can give information about what is coming and where the gaze should continue.
Screening and intervention of vision problems in school
The gaze jump, or saccade, normally places the next fixation on the first part of the next word. Students with accommodation and convergence problems may need structured eye sight training in order to improve their reading skills.
Results and discussion of the literature review
Although the role of vision in areas such as reading difficulties and dyslexia is debated, evidence has been provided about how impaired visual functions can affect reading. However, glasses do not solve all vision problems that affect learning, such as accommodation and convergence problems.
Conclusion
- The CPD course, Vision for reading and learning
The inequality of the term globalization and the irregularity of technology seem to affect every student's continued university education during the pandemic. The purpose of this chapter is to provide an observation of the impacts and limitations of globalization and technology on university education in developing countries.
University education in a globalized world
Perhaps, if developing countries accepted that they are not globalized enough as assumed and masked by the term 'globalization'; and that the available technologies are not advanced enough, they would find ways to continue education during the times of pandemic. Instead, for developing countries to rely on globalized technology has been limited during this challenging time.
University education and technology
Education policy is therefore no longer determined by actors in the nation-state alone, but through various complex processes that take place globally [2]. Among the disadvantages of technology are; many instructional positions have become obsolete, professors and instructors' control over the curriculum has been lost, cheating on academic matters has been so much easier for students, the importance of attending lectures has been ignored, the role of some instructors/mentors has been ignored. replaced by technologies and also technology has facilitated laziness for university students [15].
Education in the middle of globalization and technology
- Education in the middle of technology and globalization within Africa In response to the coronavirus outbreak, many African governments took
- Education in the middle of technology and globalization within developing countries
Several researchers such as Kari Mugo, Naliaka Odera and Maina Wachira conducted a survey to know the impact of COVID-19 on Africa's higher education and research sectors. These survey results alert us to a broken system that has been exacerbated by a global pandemic.
Observation during pandemic – university education limited by both globalization and technology
It is clear that a country is qualified as globalized based on the quality of education and technology available in that country.
Conclusion
The authors of this chapter would like to thank their families and the Sokoine University of Agriculture for funding and moral support in writing this chapter. Challenges of Adaptive e-Learning in Higher Education Institutions: A Case Study in Tanzania International Journal of Computing and ICT Research.
