This is sometimes called the "network connection point (GCP)." The PCC is usually the connection point at the high voltage terminals of the generator step-up transformer; it is usually located on the grid side of the isolating switch between the solar plant and the grid. The band structure of a semiconductor gives the vitality of the electrons on the y-axis and is known as a "band graph." The lower life force dimension of a semiconductor is known as the.
APPENDIX
Introduction
These definitions often evoke different concepts such as "energy saving", "rational use of energy", "efficient use of resources", "reduction of consumption", etc., in an amalgam shaded by unclear interpretations. In practice, the two are difficult to disentangle, and—as in this communication—the terms are often used interchangeably. According to the IEA [6], "energy efficiency" is a concept that can be difficult to define as it can mean different things to different people.
These definitions often evoke different concepts such as "energy saving", "rational use of energy", "efficient use of resources", "reduction of consumption", etc., in an amalgam shaded by ambiguous interpretations.
The classification issue
The lack of strict definitions in the field of rational use of energy is, on the one hand, a source of uncertainty in the identification of goals, in their level of achievement and the choice of the most suitable political tools, and on the other hand, a reason for involuntary political bias in relation to a certain option and result [7, 8]. The main weaknesses of the energy policies developed in these conditions are the lack of performance monitoring criteria, the lack of adequate financial assistance and inadequate communication in terms of message and target. The DG did not require that the funded efficiency measures should achieve given levels of energy savings, nor did it provide performance monitoring criteria, thus introducing uncertainties as to the level of achievement of targets and corrective measures to be implemented (energy savings must be measurable).
The government team that introduced the DG was made up of general officials with no experience in the field of energy efficiency, and especially without experts in the social-psychological, marketing and communication fields (a given goal should require dedicated expertise).
Limiting energy consumptions
A major example that confirms our position relates to the effects of the Green Deal (GD) [9], a major scheme to promote energy savings in homes launched in the UK in 2013 and showing signs of suffering since its first year of implementation (so compared to a target of 2 million homes to be upgraded each year, there were only 6,000 per year at the end of 2016). Over time, such legislative instruments limited the temperature in homes to 20°C, provided tax deductions for energy saving interventions in buildings, granted energy efficiency certificates for measures in the industrial sector, introduced labeling and energy performance certification, stimulated the market for the ESCOs, announced the appointment of an energy manager, supported the practice of energy audits and energy performance contracts, etc., creating fertile ground for identifying additional areas - in productive activities and in social life - for improvement. All types of measures that can save energy, for example those mentioned in the previous chapter, can be divided into two classes: technical and non-technical measures.
However, the criteria partially exposed above, in the absence of a connecting element, seem to tend towards a simple cataloguing, able to bring order to the large family of "measures to reduce energy consumption", but unable to provide added value for the decision-maker/legislator in designing an integrated policy.
Energy saving
Another criterion may be related to the type of end-use, for example buildings (walls or HVAC devices), industry (utilities or process), tertiary sector and transport and, again according to production chains (paper, glass, textiles, etc.), according to the types of services they provide (schools, offices, retail, etc.) or the type of means of transport (land, air, sea).
The measures to limit energy consumptions
- Improvement of energy efficiency
- Waste energy reduction
- Behavioral change
- Energy rationing
Let's start with the concept of "energy saving" with a clear and precise definition that interprets the expectations of a certain policy, namely an available and effective tool to reduce energy consumption in the context of increased competitiveness, sustainability and mitigation of the foreign trade balance. Fourth, the reduction in energy consumption achieved after the energy saving operation should remain stable over time. If the process efficiency improves from ε1 to ε2 (ε2 > ε1), the achievable energy savings, R, will be given by.
Given the definition of "efficiency" as a ratio ε = P/E, it follows that the inverse of efficiency is specific consumption cs = E/P.
Normalization and additionality
The rational use of energy
Savings caused by energy rationalization policies are not achieved under the same conditions as before, as the end user is encouraged to accept reductions in energy efficiency, for example energy consumption only during certain periods of time, reduced available heat output, tolerating lower temperatures in winter compared to average comfort conditions, higher temperatures - and higher humidity - in summer, etc. Let us now jump to the next level and ask ourselves the best definition of "rational energy use". For example, the Italian Law 10/91 reported the following definition: "a set of organic measures aimed at promoting energy saving, appropriate use of energy resources (i.e. avoiding waste), improving technological processes that use or convert energy (i.e. increasing energy efficiency), developing renewable energy sources, replacing imported energy sources (i.e. developing domestic energy sources)." In practice, the rational use of energy is part of the strategy adopted by the country to face the energy challenge, the motivation and urgency of which comes from the need for a reliable energy supply and the gradual rise in energy prices due to the depletion of fossil fuels.
We can then reframe the concept of "rational energy use" as "the set of organic actions aimed at reducing consumption through (1) promotion of energy conservation, reduction of energy waste, and behavior change; (2) development and use of renewable energy sources; and (3) development and use of domestic energy sources," in such a way as to explicitly identify as many areas of action that are conceptually non-interfering with each other, each deserving of a specific promotional policy-making use of the diked tools; indeed, it seems logical that a strategy.
The fields of interest
- Behavioral change policies
The diagram shows that energy efficiency is a subgroup of the higher-level "energy saving" family, an instrument of the "consumption limitation" class. The implementation of this measure requires technicians and analysts to recognize the efficiency breakdown diagrams in time. Probability of luminous flux decay over time: LED lamps (grey area), ETAP resource, LED folder October 2014.
Awareness of the problem of energy waste is also catalyzed by the increase in energy prices.
Conclusions
Graph of the active power of the elements in the proposed system for case 1 (wind speed 10 m/s, solar radiation 1000 W/m2, temperature 25°C). Graph of the active power of the elements in the proposed system for case 2 (wind speed is 10 m/s). Graph of the active power of the elements in the proposed system for case 2 (wind speed is 10 m/s).
The graph of the active power of the elements of the proposed system for case 3 (wind speed is 10 m/s).
Modern marine power systems: state of the art
From AC generators to the drives, today's loads exist primarily within the DC section of the system. The unidirectional power flow in the radial distribution systems facilitates the coordination of the protective devices used at the distribution system level. By distribution system reconfiguration, we denote the process of changing the topology of the distribution.
A problem commonly found in AC distribution systems is the power loss that is almost inevitable due to the nature of the load and therefore the power factor.
Future marine power systems
Electric propulsion can improve the fuel consumption as well as the dynamic performance of the ship [14]. Such devices would be replaced by DC/DC power converters for marine DC distribution systems in the future, which would allow the voltage to be stepped down (such as step-down converters) or stepped up (such as boost converters) to required levels. For example, as shown in Figure 2, one of the main noticeable differences is that in future marine power systems, both the main and auxiliary or emergency switchboards receive and distribute DC power as opposed to AC power used in the example of a modern marine power system shown in Figure 1.
Although only a few ships currently use electric propulsion, the ships of the future should be exclusively electric for greater efficiency.
Maritime microgrids
2 Proper control of drive systems over a wide speed range thanks to advances in power electronic devices. 6 Virtual inertia of power electronic devices can be leveraged to improve overall system stability 7 Replacement of large distribution transformers with small power electronic converters Table 1. As shown in Figure 3, most marine microgrids consist of conventional generators, various power electronic circuits, and numerous AC and DC loads such as the propellers and propulsion system as a whole.
In Figure 3, the marine microgrid system under study consists of two synchronous generators operating in parallel and connected via a sectionalizing switch.
Review of marine power system components
- Load model
- Cogeneration model
- Static VAR model
- Transformer model
Future studies
Conclusion
EV battery chargers: an analysis of operating principle and power stages. In the perspective of EV integration into smart grids, two-way communication between EV units and the road (V2I) is also essential. Despite the use of converters on the ac side, the power transfer is carried out in dc.
In turn, the energy management of the smart home communicates with the energy management of the smart grid. This mode is performed for the convenience of smart grid or smart home energy management, as well as the convenience of the EV user. The importance of V2L mode is related to the option to use EVs in places isolated from the power grid (for example, in extreme circumstances of catastrophic events when the power grid is unavailable or in campsites).
