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^IVGHIEIV C l i u TRIEIM VOIVG PHAT TRIEIV SAM X U A T LUA GAO JAPOIVICA tt IMUdr TA
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Lua Japonica chi^m Idioang 20% tong dien tich trong liia va Idioang 12% thi phan liia gao xuat khau trgn the gioi (Zeigler, 2012). Do kinh te' phat tri^n, tieu thu liia gao a nhieu nuoc chau A co xu huong giam. trong khi do, ti^u thu gao chat luong cao, trong do co gao Japonica lai tang kha nhanh, dac biet o Trung Quoc.
Viet Nam la nucrc xuat khau gao Ion thu 2 tren the gioi va Trung Qudc la nuoc nhap khau gao 16n nhat cua Viet Nam trong nhting nam gSn day. Bo Nong nghiep va FTNT chu tniong mo rong san xuat ilia chat lugmg cao nham nang cao thu nhap tir xuat khau gao cho nong dan. Qua phan tich di truyen, cac nha khoa hpc Viet Nam va qudc t^ cho rang liia Japonica cd ngudn gdc d nudc ta vdi r^t nhi^u gidng phSn bd tu cac tinh mi^n mii phia Bac den Tay Nguyen. Do vay, viec cai thien gidng va phat tnen sjkn xuat Ilia Japonica cd CO SCf lich su, thuc tiSn va khoa hoc. Tren the gidi, rat nhieu gidng lua Japonica mdi vdi nang suat va ch^t lupng cao, thich nghi rpng vdi cac vung sinh thai da dupc chon tao bang cac phuong phap Iruy^n thdng va lai vdi Up gliip cHa cdng nghe marker phan tu. Mdt sd gidng lua thich hpp vdi vimg nhiet ddi da dupc IRRI va Han Qudc phdi hop chpn tao. Vien Di truyen Ndng nghiep phdi hpp vdi cac vien thudc Vien Khoa hoc Ndng nghidp Vidt Nam (VAAS) va cac cdng ty da chpn tao va khao nghidm gidng lua Japonica d cac viing smh thai khac nhau trong ca nudc. Kdt qua da chpn tao dupc 5 gidng lua Japonica mdi cd nSng suat trung binh 60,0 - 70,0 ta/ha. Mdt sd noi nhu Thai Binh, Dong Thap, An Giang da dat nSng suat tren dudi 10,0 tan/ha vu. Lua Japonica dat chat lupng cao, dli tidu chuan xuat khau vdi gia tri dat 800 - 1500 USD/t^n d ca thj trudng trong nudc va xuat kh^u. Vdi nhung thanh tuu mdi ve chpn tao gidng va xu hirdng tigu dimg hidn nay tren thi trudng, lua Japonica cd trien vong trd thanh mdt nganh hang xu^t khau cua ndng nghidp nudc ta.
Tir khda; Liia Japonica, Japonica nliiet ddi, chon tao giong, gao chat immg, amyloza thap.
1 . TiNH HINH SAN KUAT LUA GAO JAPONICA TRHI THE Gldl Quoc va trong nhieu a cac viing cao Nam Trung San lucmg liia toan cau nam 2013 vao khoang Qudc. Trong nam 2010, dien tich lua Japonica 6 746,4 trieu tan (tuong dutmg voi 497,6 trieu tan gao Trung Qudc la 8,26 trieu ha (HUANG Dian-Cheng et sat), cao hon 1,4% hay khoang 10,2 tneu tan so vm al., 2011). Theo Zhi-Kang Li va cdng stt (2012), san nam 2012 (736,2 trieu tan). San lugng gao the gioi lugng liia Japonica g Trung Qudc vao khoang 51,8 tang trugng b mirc 1,0% mdi nam vdi 0,8% tang do cai trieu tan. Liia Japonica dugc trong tren 25,5% tdng thien nang suat va 0,2% do tang dien Uch canh tic. dien tich trong lua, nhung da tao ra 28,8% tdng san Mipc tieu thu gao toan ciu tang nhe 1,06% mdi nam, lugng gao do nang suat liia Japonica cao hon.
trong khi thi trugng thugng mai liia gao hep tuc tang Khoang 45% liia Japonica dugc san xuat g phia ddng trugng 2,54% mdi nam (FAO, 2012). bac Trung Quoc va Hdc Long Giang la tinh san xuit Ziia Japonica chiem khoang 20% tong dien tich liia gao Japonica Ign nhat vgi khoang 2,5 trieu ha.
trong ilia the gioi (tugng dugng khoang 26 Meu ha) Trong nhung nam g i n day, nhu cau doi voi gao chat (Zeigler, 2012). Vgi khuynh hudng tu do hoa thuong lugng cao Japnnica lien hic tang do thu nhap ciia mai, cac nudc chau Au, My, dac biet d' Nhat, Han ngudi tieu dimg tang truong. Trong Ilia Japonica tang Qudc va Dai Loan (Trung Qudc) co trien vpng mo' lgi nhuan va thu nhap cho nong dan. 6 Trung Qudc, ciia thi truong cho nhap khau gao Japonica. bat chap su sut giam dien tich liia ndi chung do dd Viing hong liia Japonica hao gom cac nuoc thi hoa hong 20 nam qua, dien tich trong liia Ddng Bac A nhu Trung Quoc, Han Qudc, Nhat Ban Japonica van tiep tuc mg rgng. Tai mot sd cac khu va nhimg nugc Trung A, Bac va Nam My, AustraUa, vuc can nhiet dgi ngugi ta da chuyen doi hi trong liia Bac Phi, Dia Trung Hai va mgt sd nuoc chau Au. Liia Indica sang trong liia Japonica. (Zhi-Kang U et al., Japonica dugc trdng pho bien 6' Trung va Bac Trung 2012).
Hau het cac gidng lua d' Nhat Ban \-.\ Japonica, ' Vipn Di tmydn Ndng nghiep tro"« >*' P™*! ' " < " " '=''! -^hidm 0,2%. I , sd NhSt
10 NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY 1 - THAN 2014
KHOA HOC CdNG N G H |
Ban aim 2012 la 127.6 t r i ^ ngucri (nhieu hon so voi nubc ta khoang 37,6 t r i ^ nguoO- Do ti^u thu gao trfai diu ngu6i a N h | t xuong thi^, n^n dien tich dupc fr6ng Ilia a Nhat chi con 1,6 tri^u ha (nam 2003). Nang suat lua bmh quan 6,81 /ha. Tuy nhi&i, dfin so nong nglii€:p 6 Nhgt da giam xuong chi con 2,5 tri^u va khoang 50% nhung nguoi nay da tren 65 tuoi (Hfroshi Kato et al., 2012).
Hiin Qudc da phat tri^n san xuit nhi^u giong lua nSng suit cao dua fr^n iai tao giua 2 loai phu Indica va Japonica, nhtmg d^n nay ndng dan da chuyen ban sang frong lua J^wnica do chat lugng cao hon. Liia dupc trong frdn 1.010.000 ha vao nam 2010, chiem 58% di^n tich tSng s6 dit canh tac, voi tong san lupng khoang 8 tri^u tan moi nam. Cay tay chi con tiiuc hien frfin 1,2% dien tich dat fr6ng lua. Thoi vu fr6ng lua keo dai 6 thang k^ tu giua thang tu den giua thang muoi. Nhiet dp trung binh thay doi tu miic thap nhit 13°C vao tiiang tu va thang mir6i, nhiet do binh quan cao nhat la 25°C vao thang tam (Kang and Kim, 2012).
Cho d ^ nhiing nam 1920, Dai Loan ciii fr6ng Ilia Indica, nhung d^n nay, 90% dien tich lua frong b Dai Loan I^ Japonica (Chia-Hsun Ho, Chiao-Ung Hsiao, Ming-Hsing Lai, 2013).
Uc c6 0,15 tri^u ha lua Japonica, nSng suat binh quan dgt 9 t i n / ha. Ai Cap (Egypt) co 0,58 trieu ha, nJng suit binh quan 9,5 t i n / ha (Wailes and Chavez, 2012).
2 . XU HUdNG T B I THU GAU BiNH QUAN DAU NGUDI TRBU THi GNU
Theo danh gia cua Ngan hang Phat h i i n chau A (ADB) (Wailes and Chavez, 2012) frong tiioi gian 50 nam tir ni6n vu 1960-1961 d^n 2010-2011, tidu tiiu gao binh quSn diu ngtroi b chau A tang tu 85 kg d^n gan 103 kg trong diu th^p nidn 90 va gifl b miic kha dn djnh cho d^n nay. Mat khde, muc ti^u thu binh quan diu nguoi tren txian ciu tang tir 50 Ien khoang 65 kg frong cung thai ky. Tidu thu gao trung bmh dau ngu6i ff ASEAN cao gap 2,5 Ian tieu thi^ binh quan toin ciu (164 kg/ngu6i so vdi 65 k g / nguoi). O Nhat Ban, Cling v6i thu nhgp qudc dan fren dau ngtroi tang, ti6u thu gao fren diu nguoi b Nhgt da giam Ufin tyc, v6i tieu thy cao nhat xap xi 120 k g / ngitoi vao nhfing nam 1961-1963 va giam dan din kha on dinh b miic fren 60 k g / ngudi vao nhung nam 1999-2000, ti^ng khi tieu thu thit ca lgi tang hen tyc frong ciing kJ, dgt dinh di^m vio nhung nam 1994-1996 va sau
do giam din (MAFF- Bg Nong, Lam nghiep va Ngh^
ca Nhgt Ban, 2001).
Hien nay, tai Han Qu6c chi frong cac gidng lua Japonica. Miic tieu thu ggo binh quSn diu nguoi b Han Qudc giam dang ke, tfr 120 kg nam 1990 xudng chi con 73 kg frong nam 2010. Su lao hoa ciia ndng dan Han Qudc, chi phi san xuat cao la tinh trang kho khan din den nhu ciu nhap khau ggo tgi Han Qudc (Kang and Iflm, 2012).
Tai Dai Loan, ngh^ trong lua da chuyen dan tir frong 100% Ilia Indica sang frdng 90% lua Japonica Miic tieu thu ggo binh quan diu nguoi da giam manh, hon 50% frong ba thap 1^ qua, tu miic tieu thu ggo binh quan diu ngudi 98 kg vao nam 1981 xudng chi con 45 kg frong nam 2011 (Bd Ndng nghiep va Thirc pham: http://oryza.com/content/taiwan-capita- rice-consumption-declines-50-30-years-obesity- continues-increase#sthash.uFlUMeGX.dpuf).
Nhu vay, cung vdi nen kinh t^ phat triln, ca ciu tieu diing ggo d nhi^u niroc thay doi nhanh, chuydn tir ggo chat Itrong thap sang gao chat lupng cao, tu ggo Indica sang Japonica d mot sd qudc gia va viing lanh thd (vi du d Nhat Ban, Han Qudc, Trung Qudc va Dai Loan). Xu hirdng dd cung da bat dau d Vi^t Nam va khu vuc ASEAN. Chiing ta can phii phan tich ky ludng ban xu hudng fren day d^ dinh hirdng tdt hon viec nghien ciiu va san xuit lua ggo d nudc ta.
8. THI TRUONG GAU JAPOMGA
Thi trudng gao toan ciu chi^m khoang 7% tdng Itrong ggo san xuat fren the gidi, dao ddng d khoang tir 29,0 ddn fren 33,0 tiieu tan frong cac nam til 2011 d^n 2013 va du ki^n se tang len xip xi 40,0 trieu tin vao nam 2022 (Wailes E. J. and Chavez, E. C , 2012^). Ve chung logi gao ban fren thi trudng, thi gao Indica chiem khoang 70% thi phin ggo qudc t^; gao thom chat lugng cao, hgt dai chidm khoang 10-12%.
Gao Japonica hgt frdn cung chilm khoang 12% thi phan toan cau. Cac nudc va viing lanh thd frdng va tieu thu gao Japonica chu ydu fren thd gidi la Trung Qudc, Nhat Ban, Han Qudc, Hdng Cong, Dai Loan, Nga, Dong Au va EU.
Viet Nam la nha xuat khau gao diing thii 2 va la nha cung cap ggo chinh sang Trung Qudc. Nam qua, Trung Qudc la thj truong xuat khiu ggo Idn nhit cua Viet Nam vdi 31,17% thi phin. Lugng ggo xuit khiu sang thi trudng nay dgt fren 2,15 tneu tan vdi gii trj dgt 901 tiieu USD, tang nh? so vdi nam 2012. Trung Qudc du kien se frd thanh nudc nhap khiu ggo Idn nhat the gidi. Viet Nam la nudc cd viing khi hau c^n
NdNG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NdNG THON - KY 1 - THANG 9/2014
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nhiet ddi ldn frong ASEAN, cd ti^m nang san xuat Ilia Japonica. Day se la ca hdi tdt cho tigu thu ggo Japonica sang Trung Qudc vi gia ggo d nudc nay cao han so vdi gia nhgp tu VN Cl^eo Dan Viet;
http://doisongkinhte.danvietvn/nhu-cau-nhap-khau- gao-cua-trung-quoc-tiep-tuc-tang-manh-
4. NGHfiU CUU VA PHAT TREN SAN XUAT LUA JAPOMCA TR^THEGNI
4.1. Mdt sd thinh tuu chgn tgo gidng liia Japonica
Lua Japoiuca la Igi hinh thip cay den trung binh, chdng dd tdt, chiu tham canh, chiu lanh khoe, cd kha nang chdng chiu nhi^u logi sau benh. Liia Japonica thudng cd nang suit trung binh cao hon liia hidica 0,5 - 1 tan/ha. Tai nhihig tram thuc nghiem nang suat cd the tdi 13 tin/ha. tic va Ai Cap la noi san xuit lua Japonica cd nang suit binh quan cao nhat: 9 - 9,5 t i n / h a (Jran Dat Van, 1998).
Theo Zhi-Kang I i va cdng su (2012), chi vdi cac phuong phap di truyln chgn gidng truyen thdng, cac nha khoa hge Trung Qudc da dgt dupc nhihig thanh tuu to Idn frong nang cao tiem nang nSng suit cua Ilia Japonica frong sudt 50 nam qua. Thanh tuu nghien cdu liia Japonica ndi bat la cac nghien ciiu tgo kilu hinh cay mdi cua GS Yang Shouren d Dgi hoc Ndng nghiep Shengyang (Shengyang Agriculture University). Kieu cay d cac gidng lua Japonica mdi tiiudng cd la mau xanh dam, khdm cay ggn, bdng thing dung hoac hoi nghieng, sd hat/bdng cao, nang suit cd t h i dgt 13 t/ ha frong dilu kien ly tudng.
Dien tich Ilia Iai Japonica mdi chiem khoang 7% tdng diln tich Japonica d Trung Qudc va nang suit cd t h i dat 14 t i n / ha. Trung Qudc da xay dung duoc nang Iuc nghien ciiu liia r i t to Idn frong 20-30 nam qua, vdi tdng sd hon 4.000 nha di hiiyin va chgn tgo gidng lua va khoang hon 5.000 nha khoa hoc khac nghien Cliu ve Ilia gao. Phuang phap chon tgo gidng truyen thdng vin la phuong phap chu ylu. Hang nam ctmg cip cho ndng dan hon 250 gidng Iiia thuin va Iiia Iai mdi, frong dd cd khoang 100 gidng Japonica (Zhi- Kang U et al., 2012).
O Han Qudc, chuong trinh tao gidng Iiia mgt each cd he thdng su dung phirong phap Iai da dugc bit diu vao nam 1915 va den nay (2012) hon 200 gidng Ilia moi da dugc phit triln bang phirong phap nay. Ben cgnh cac phuang phap chgn tao gidng tioiyen thdng flai tgo, dot biln), cac phirong phap mdi nhu nudi cay bao phin, uu the lai va chgn gidng nhd
marker phan tii da dugc iing dung tao gidng Iiia. Han Qu6c chi frong mgt vu liia mdi nam va phai mat 13-15 nam d l tao dugc mdt gidng frong dieu ki^n khi hau cua Hin Qudc. Tuy nhien, cac ca sd nha kmh cho phep trong hai hogc ba vu Iiia mgt nam, thu nghiim da Iam giam chu kJ- chgn gidng xudng cdn 8-10 nam.
Cdng nghe nudi cay bao phin da lim tang dang k l hieu qua chgn tgo gidng, tilt kilm khdng gian, thdi gian va lao dgng. Chuang trinh tao gidng bing nudi ciy bao phin da dugc bit diu vao nam 1977 va da frd thanh mdt du an cdt Idi frong cac chirong trinh chgn tao gidng liia qudc gia. Thdng qua phirong phip nay, din nay 23 gidng lua da dugc phat hinh k l tii khi nhan dupc gidng lua ttr nudi cay bao phan diu tien, gidng Hwaseongbyeo vio nam 1985. Mac dii chu ky chgn gidng cd the khac nhau tiiy theo hoan canh, nhtmg ndi chung d l tgo dugc 1 gidng bang nudi ciy bao phan mdi chi can 5-6 nam. Nudi cay bao phin va cac ky thuat nha kinh la cic cdng nghe dugc su dung thudng xuyen d Han Qudc (Kang and Kim, 2012).
4.2. MOt sd vin d l dat ra vdi s i n x u i t liia Japonica va giai phip nghien cihi
Mdt sd hgn c h i ddi vdi san xuit va nang suit liia Japomca frong vimg dn ddi va viing cao nhidt ddi U nhiet dd thip va benh dao dn do nim, b^nh bgc la do vi khuan. Su gia tang san xuit liia Japonica din din mdt sd vin d l nhu sir canh franh nguon nuoc vdi cic nganh cdng nghiep su dung nudc. Nhu ciu san xuit tiiem gao da iam tang su dung phan dgm (Robert S.
Zeigler, 2012). Peng va Bouman (2007) nhin mgnh ring viec tang nang suit liia Japonica se phai ddi m^t vdi hai thu thach - nguon cimg cip nudc giam din vi diu vao phan dam cao. Yeu ciu mdi frong phat triln Ilia gao la nghidn ciiu Iam tang hilu qua sOf dyng nudc va dinh dudng nhung vin bao tdn nang s u i t 6 vimg dn ddi, dao dn la mgt frong nhung bdnh nghiem frgng nhat. Benh thdi nau do vi khuin Pseudomonas hiscovaginae thudng xay ra liic fr6 bdng khi nhiet do giam xudng dudi 23"C. Vi khuin nay phat sinh tii hgt gidng. Khi cay chu hi Ignh, tic nhan gay bdnh se hogt hda va pha hogi.
Do nen di truyen ngay cang h?p d cac gidng liia, djch benh v i sau bdnh, dac biet la benh dgo dn xay ra thtrdng xuyen hon. O Trung Qudc, sin xuit liia Japonica phai ddi mat vdi mdt sd y l u td hgn c h i smh hge va phi sinh hge nhu thilu nudc, hgn hin, lanh, man, Igm dung cua phan bdn N va cac benh nguy hilm nhit la dgo dn va b^nh hoa ciic (do
12
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Ustilaginoidea virens). Theo Viln sy Qifo Zhang (Qi£a Zhang, 2007), d i ^ i^di chuong tiinh tgo gidng Ilia xanh si£u hio, cho bilt san x u i t liia ggo toan ciu va o Trung Qudc dang chiu nhung thach thuc ldn sau:
© Tlnh trang sau b ^ i h ngiy cang nghidm frgng v i vi$c sii dung thudc tru sau frd nen bua bai;
Oi) Ap IMC cao phai tang nang suit vd din din Igm dimg phan bdn;
(iii) Tlnh trgng thilu nudc va hgn han ngay cang Ihudng xuydn;
(iv) Nhu ciu v l chit lugng ggo ngay mdt cao.
D l d ^ ling cac tiiach thiic frdn day, dng Zhang da d l xuit tilp tuc gia tang nang suit va nang cao chit lupng ggo, cac gidng mdi phai sd hiiu kha nSng chdng chju da ylu td gdm chdng chiu sau benh, hgn ban, hieu qua su dung dinh dudng cao, giam chi phi thudc tru sau benh, hda chit, phan bdn va nudc.
NhOng hudng nghidn ciiu frgng tam bao gdm:
i) Tap trung vao viec nghien ciiu danh gia va phat Men cic ngudn gien mdi: khang bdnh va cdn trung, hi$u qua su dimg N va P cao, kha nang chiu hgn, chit lugrng va tilm nang nang s u i t
ii) Sing Igc cac tap doan qu^ gien va phan tich cac ddt biln d l phat hien cac gien mdi.
iii) Phan tich microarray d l xac dinh cac gien dilu khiln d c i c dilu kiln sfress mdi tnrdng.
iv) Xic dinh chiic nang gien thdng qua phan tich cac cay frdng chuyin glen.
v) Phan lap dugc cac gien quy dinh cac tinh frgng di truyln quan frgng; tiing birdc dua cac gien niy vao cac nin di truyln ctia cic gidng uu tii bang 2 phuong phap: a) Iai vdi trg giiip ciia cac chi thi phan hiva b) chuyin gien.
D l giii quylt nhimg van d l khoa hpc va thuc ti£n trin day, cac nha khoa hge Trung Qudc da khdi xudng mdt sd chuong trinh nghiin ciiu mang tinh tifin phong vdi quy md Idn va siic anh hudng toan ciu. Vi d^, chuong trinh "Cich mgng xanh kdp"
nhim phat triln gidng Itia nang suit eao than thidn vdi mdi tnrdng vdi it su dung tai nguydn (nudc, phan bdn, hda chit BVTV) va chdng chiu b i n h tdt hon.
Mot chuong trinh khic dupc khdi xudng d Tnmg Qudc la chuong tiinh t ^ gidog liia xanh sidu liia - Green super rice. Sidu hia diing d l chi nhiing gidng / con lai cd tilm nang nang suit rat cao khoang 12 tin / ha vdi k h i nSng khing benh va ehit lugng trung binh nhu eac gidng thdng thudng, frong dd cd gidng Shennong 265 CHiin Ndng 265), mOt gidng Iiia
J^wniea d Ddng Bac Trung Qude vdi bdng Iiia thing diing tao dupc tir phuong phap tgo gidng truyln tiidng (Mmg Lu et al., 2004). Trung Qudc cung da xay dtmg dugc mdt mgng ludi nghiin cthi diy siic mgnh vat chat vdi ca sd khoa hge vung chic. Dd la mgng Iirdi chgn gidng phan tii qudc gia (Chma National Rice Molecular Breedmg Network (CNRMBN)), dugc tiianh lap tii nam 1998. Mang ludi CNRMBN bao gdm 17 td chtic nghi&i ciiu vdi tai frg cua Bd Ndng nghiep (Chuang tiinh 948 - 948). Mpc tieu ciia Chuong trinh la: chon tao dugc cac gidng Ilia thuin va liia Iai mdi vdi eai tiln dang k l ve tinh dn dinh, tiem nang nang suit va chat lugng hat cao cho e i c vung trong liia chinh d Tnmg Qudc. Cac ydu ciu cu the gdm:
+ Md rdng nin di truyln eua cae gidng itia d eae viing frdng Itia chinh d chau A bang each tang cudng ddng chay cic gien dich (cac gien cd gia tri chgn lgc) tii cac ngudn gien cho (Gene donors genotypes) vao cac gidng liia im tii (Elite genotypes) bing phuong phap Iai ngugc quy md Idn flarge-scale backcross breeding) k i t hgp vdi chi thi phan hi. Mgt danh sich 21 ddng gidng cd nin di truyln uu tti d Trung Qudc da dirge ehgn Ige iam vat lilu nghien ciiu: Chaoyou 2 restorer (J), Shuhui 57 restorer (I), Minghui 86 restorer (I), Zhengshan 97 maintainer (I), 9311 restorer (I), Zhong 413 restorer (I), Hanfeng maintainer (J), Chenghui 448 restorerQ), Chuanxiang 29B MaintainerOO, Liaojing 454 Inbred (J), Fen-Ai- Zhan hihred (I), Yue-Xiang-Zhan bibred (1), C418 Restorer 0 ) , Yunhui 290 Restorer (I), DJYl hibred 0) , Zaoxian 14 hibred (I). M3122 Restorer (I), Zihui 100 Restorer (I), Hui 752 Restorer (D, F6 Restorer CD; Zhong-You-Zao 81 Inbred (I) {Ghi chii tivng ngoSc J: Japonica, kindici).
+ Phat minh cac gien va cac CTTLs va Iai tich luy eae QTLs bang phuong phap QTL pyramiding (hinh ehdp) d l tao ra mgt bd eac ddng tich Itiy (mfrogression hues - Es) vdi h i gien uu tii thich nghi vdi cae vung sinh thai ehii yeu d Trung Qude. Trong sd 17 vien, 9 vien sd tap trung nghien ctiu Itia Japonica. Mang ludi CNRMBN cd hai hgp phin ky thult chinh:
+ Hgp phin thii nhit sd tgo ra 2 ngudn quy gien (two gene pools): Quy gien uu hi (an elite gene pool (EGP) va quy gien cho (a donor gene pool (DGP).
Quy gien uu tii (EGP) bao gdm 30 gidng fliuin thuang mgi va eic gidng bd m? cua cic gidng Itia Iai tdt nhat dugc sin xuit nhilu nhit frong cic he sinh
NdNG NGHllP VA PHAT TRIIN NdNG THdN - KY 1 - THANG 9/2014 13
KHOA HOC CdNG N G H | thai quan frgng d Tnmg Qudc. Cic gidng nay do 17
vien ciia mang ludi eung cip, mdi vidn cung cip tir 1 din 3 gidng lua thirong mgi tdt nhit frong khu vuc cua minh. Nguon gien eho (DGP) se bao gdm 169 ddng da dugc lua chgn vdi eac tinh trang di truyen quy, dgi dien cho cac vimg dia ly va da dang di truyln frong loii Oryza sativa
-H Hgp phin ky thuat thii hai cua CNRMBN se lam nhiem vu Iai ngugc quy md Idn vdi muc tidu tgo ra cae ddng lai tich luy hay la Iai lap lgi nhilu Ian de chuyin mot gien (tinh frgng muc tieu) tu mdt Ioai nay sang mgt Ioai khac, hoac tir mot ngudn gien quy sang mdt gidng nhan uu tti.
Trong qua trinh nghidn ctiu, mdi vien tham gia se su dung 1-3 gidng thtrong mgi tdt nhit (nhu la recurrent parents - RPs) va cac ddng cdn Iai frong quy gien tm tii (EGP) va quy gien cho (DGP) se dugc su dtmg nhu la cae kilu gien cho (donors) d l dua eac tinh trgng mong mudn (QTLs) tii quy gien bd me vao nen di truyen cua cac ddng tm tti bd me (the elite RP genetic backgrounds). Kit qua se tgo ra mdt gidng thuong mai uu tti vdi mdt hoac mdt sd tinh frang muc tiiu quy khac nhau tir ngudn gien cho.
(Gidng thuong mgi -i- 1 hoac vai tinh trang uu viet khac nhau. Kit qua se tao ra bd cac ddng tich luy gien (lis) cho hinh thanh quy gien tm tii (EGP).
Theo iJ va Cs ( Zhi-Kang Li et al., 2012), mang ludi CNRMBN da lai dugc 2.451 cap Iai giiia 21 ddng gidng cd nin di truyen tm hi ciia Trung Qudc ( 21 elite Chinese rice genetic backgrounds) vdi 203 ddng cho gien (Donors) qudc te, thu dugc tong sd 49.412 quan till BC3F2/BC2F2 va 7.491 eac ddng tich luy vdi cac tinh frang dac thii khac nhau.
Mang ludi da tgo ra 7.491 ddng tich luy (Infrogression lines - ILS) vdi mdt hoac nhilu dac dilm tdt duoc cai thidn (nhu kha nang chiu hgn va chiu mam, sii dung N va P mdt each hieu qua, kha nang khang benh va nang suit dugc cai thien). Ngoai ra, da tao dugc 16 gidng Iiia thuin va Iiia lai mdi va 40 gidng trien vpng dang frong qua trinh khao nghiem vimg rdng rai.
Mgng ludi CNRMBN da tgo ra nhung thanh hiu dang ke frong chgn tgo gidng liia Japonica:
- Da phat hien va ve ban dd hon 200 gien/QTLs quy dinh cac tinh trgng chiu han, chiu lanh va man d Ilia Japonica.
- Da tao dugc 4 gidng lua Japonica mdi va nhieu gidng triln vgng, chgn dugc 8 cap lai F l trien vgng, cd nang suit vugt trdn ddi chiing, fren ca sd sir dtmg
cac ddng phue hdi mdi (Restorers) do mang ludi tgo dugc th Iai ngugc (Backcrossmg).
- Da xac dinh dugc tinh hidu qua eao ciia ehiln lugc tao gidng bang quy tu cae QTLs ( ^ I L pyramiding).
4.3. Chit lugng gao v i nghidn cihi chgn tao gidng Ilia J^x)nica
Chit lugng ggo hi anh hudng mdt phin bdi ylu td mdi trudng nhu nhiet do va do phi cua dit, nhung chti yeu dugc kilm soat yeu td di truyen ( Izumi et
al., 2007; Parviz Fasahat, 2014). (r Mgt sd tinh ehit hda ly quan frong anh hirdng ,,
den chat lugng gao la ham lugng amyloza (AC), tinh dinh (PP), dp b i n gel (GC), nhidt dp hd hda ((H) va ham lupng protein (PC). Chat lugng an udng tdt ciing hen quan den do dinh, huong vl nggt ngao, dfi bdng lang ciia com, do ngon midng. Ngoai yeu td di truyen gien Uen quan d i n sinh tdng hgp tinh bdt va protein, chat lugng gao ciing hi anh hudng bdi eac yeu td mdi trudng, each tinic eanh tae, thdi diem thu hogeh, nhiit do khdng khi frong qua trinh chin cua;
hat, Iugng va ty le phan bdn, quan ly tudi tidu, phoi siy hgt sau khi thu hoaeh, phirong phap niu an (Pujit Lestari et al., 2009) .Thanh phin hgt gao dinh bdng bao gdm 76,7-78,4% tinh bdt d dd i m 14%. Nhu vay,|
chit lugng ggo ehu yeu chiu anh hirdng bdi him Iugng tinh bdt (Huang et al., 1998). Cac gien quy dinh ham Iugng amyloza va dg deo cua cam da dugc xac dinh. Gien H^^xyquy dinh ham Iugng amylozaj frong hat. Khi Waxy^cxs. bi ddt biln va khdng hogt ddng, ham lugng amyloza se xudng rit thip (<2%) vi com se rat deo d cac gidng liia nip. 6 cac gidng cd gien Waxy hogt hda hinh thudng hoac ylu, gao khdng deo, khdng dinh, khdng phai n i p (Non-' glutinous); khi gien Waxy hogt ddng manh, ham lugng amyloza se cao va ggo se cling (Parviz Fasahat, 2014).
Ngudi ta cung da xac dinh dugc 2 Iggi Waicy gien: Wxa va Wxb: 'a' va 'b'. Cac gidng Indica cdgieuj
Wx a ('a.' type Waxy gien) vdi hogt tmh cao, ham lugng amyloza cd till lln den 30%. Com vdi amyloza (>24%) se Cling va hgt due. Liia Japonica cd kilu gien Wxb (h' type Waxy gene), ndn cd ham Iugng amyloza thap, thip hon so vdi kilu gien Wxa (Dobo et al., 2Q1Q). San pham PCR cua kieu gien 'a' nho hon (290 bases) va ed t h i d l phdn biet vdi Ti'-type (350 bases). Day la marker (ehi tiii) rat tdt cho chgn tgo gidng. Cae nha khoa hge Trung Qudc cung da thanh cdng frong ehgn tgo gidng Iiig Japonica ns g suit 14
NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY 1 - THAN' 2014
KHOA HOC CdNG N G H l
cao. aniyk}za thip, c h ^ higng eao, nOi nhu trong, bang chi thi phan tii ^ e n e Wx-mq): Gidng Japonica NS cao 'Wu-xiang-jmg 14" da dugc Iai vdi gidng Japonica chit Iugng cao "Kantou 194" (cd amyloza tii^, ndi nhti trong, dugc kilm soat bdi gien Wx- mq). Gien Wx-mq bi dot biln d exon 4 and exon 5.
Ngudi ta da xae dinh dugc CAPS marker (ehi thi) ciia gien Wx-mq giiip xac dinh dugc trgng thai ddng hgp hi eiia gien Wx-mq va di hgp tii eua eac genotype (Ideu di truyln). Marker nay da dugc sii dung d l chgn kilu di truyln ed amyloza thap d the he F5 va F6 eiia con Iai Wu-xiang-jing 14/Kantou 194. Hieu qua chgn gidng vdi CAPS marker dgt tdi 100%. Kit qua da chgn dirge gidng Itia Japomca "Nan-jing 46"
nang suit cao, chit lirgng tdt (Wang Cailin et al., 2009).
Chgn tgo gidng Iiia Jiqwnica chit Iugng ggo cao, cd amyloza thip va protein cao da dugc thue hidn thdng qua nghiin ciiu gay b i t hoat gien Waxy bang ehuyin gien nghich nghia vdi gien Waxy: Ham Iugng amyloza vi protein frong hat gao cd tuong quan nghich. Gien Anti-W'kfj'cd the iam giam ham Iugng amyloza va ddng thdi Iam tang protein frong hgt.
Gien nay da dugc sii dtmg de chgn gidng ggo mim chit Iugng (amyloza dudi 10%) v i protein cao. Gien anti-Waxy da dugc ehuyin vao gidng liia Japonica nang suit cao Shangshida No. 2. Cay ehuyin gien d thi he T5 cd him Iugng amyloza 4,3% va protein 11,2%, so vdi gidng gdc cd ham Iugng amyloza 12,7%
va protem.9.5% (Li J. et al.. 2009).
4.4. Nghiin cihi chgn tao gidng liia J^ioniea nhiet ddi
Do Ilia Japonica cd nhilu uu viet v l nang suit, chit Iugng, nhung vdi dieu kiln cua nhidt dd cao d vimg nhi|t ddi, hiu h i t cic gidng lua Japonica nhap nOi diu frd nin thip cay, de nhanh yeu, thdi gian sinh tnrdng ngin, frd bdng sdm do mam cam ngay ngin, nang suit r i t thip. Mdt sd nudc frdng Iiia d khu vyc nhidt ddi da quan tam nghidn ciiu san xuit Itia Japonica thich nghi vdi didu kidn nhiet ddi.
Chuang trinh lai tao gidng Japomca thieh nghi vdi viing nhi|t ddi ciia IRRI bit diu hi nam 1991 vdi sir hgp tac ciia Han Qudc nhim tgo ra gidng Itia Japonica nang s u i t chit Iugng cao. Thdng qua tuyen chgn cic ngudn gien it phan iing nhigt va chu ky quang vi lai tgo, hg da tgo dugc 2 gidng Japonica nhiOt ddi dua vao san xuit frdn diln rdng tai Philippin vio cie nam 2008 va 2009. Gidng IRRI 142 (o6n ggi la MSI 1) chgn tu td hgp Iai giiia 2 gidng ciia
NdNG NGHllP VA PHAT TRIIN NdNG THON - KY 1 - THANG 9/2014
Han Quoc la Jinmibyeo va Cheohveon 46. Gidng Jmmibyeo cho ehit Iugng gao tdt trong khi gidng Cheolweon 46 cd kha nang khing sau hdnh vimg nhiet ddi. Cac gidng Iiia nay da gitip ndng dan Phihppin dgt lgi nhuan eao hon do nang suit va ehit Itrgng ggo ngon, deo, dac trung cua ggo J^wnica (IRRI, 2010; Rudy A. Fernandez, 2010).
O My, gidng Iiia Japonica hat dai, trdng d vimg ndng d mien Nam nudc My nhir Texas, Louisiana, Arkansas va Missisipi, dugc xip vao Ioai Itia J^wnica nhiit ddi; frong khi gidng Itia vdi hat trung binh va ngan thudng dugc frdng d miln Bic California, dugc x ^ vao loai Ilia Japonica dn ddi. O chau My La Tinh eung da Iai tao va da frdng thanh cdng nhilu gidng Iiia Japonica nhiet ddi (Sato and Nakamura, 1993 ). Gin day, eac nha khoa hoc Nhat Ban da phat hien ra mdt gien dde dao, rat quan frgng ddi vdi ndng nghidp va di truyln tinh trang nang suit d liia. Dd la gien SPIKE1£T phan %» dugc hi ngudn gien Iiia J^ioniea nhidt ddi ciia hidonesia. Gien SPIKE da iam tang nang suit hgt ciia gidng Itia IR64 Indica, mdt gidng dugc frdng rit rdng rai d cic vimg nhiit ddi. Sau 4 vp danh gii, nang suit Iiia IR64 tang dn dinh, nhung chit Iugng gao khdng thay ddi. Gien SPIKE cung da lim tang nang suit gidng IRRI146 Idn 18% so vdi gidng gdc. Vide sir dtmg gien SPIKE frong Iai tgo gidng liia ed thi ddng gdp vao an ninh Iuong tinic d khu vue Nam va Ddng Nam A (Daisuke Fujitaa et al., 2013).
4.5. Nghidn ciiu phin iing vdi nhiit dO cua c i c gidng hia J^mnica
Uu diem quan frgng eiia lua Japonica la kha nang chiu lanh, cd kha nang sinh tnrdng d nhidt do thip xung quanh 15''C, tuy nhidn nhiet dd xudng tdi ll^C d giai dogn frd bdng din din gay hai ngng (Dat Van Tran, 1998). Liia Japonica thdng thudng thich hgp vdi vimg frdng cd khi hau dn ddi, can nhidt ddi va vung cao nhiit ddi. Lua Japonica thudng cho nang suit cao hon Itia Indica nhd frdng mdt vu frong miia he vdi dilu kidn khi hgu thuan loi hon: nhilu anh sang, ngay dai, nhidt dp ban ddm thap va cd thdi gian ngam sua hay lam hat (grain filling period) dai 4 5 ^ ngay (lua Indica chi 25-35 ngay). Phin Idn cac gidng Ilia hidn nay dugc frdng d vimg cd nhidt dp cao hon tdi uu cho sir phat tiiln (28/22X). Nlu nhi|t dO tnmg binh tang cao ban nira hoac xay ra nhidt dd cao frong giai dogn nhgy cam ed thi lam giam dang k l nang suit Iiia. Trong mdi trudng nhidt ddi, nhidt dd eao da la mgt trong nhiing ap Iyc Idn han e h i nang
KHOA HOC C O N G NGHE
suit Ilia, nhiet dd tuong ddi eao gay giam khdi Iugng hat va chat lugng ggo (Krishnan et al., 2011).
Dai Loan frdng 2 vu liia frong mdt nam. Vu xuan frdng khoang 136.000 ha vdi nang s u i t gao sat 5.400 k g / h a va vu mua 100.000 ha vdi nang suit khoang 4.300 k g / ha (Agriculture and Food Agency 1991- 2009). Su khac bidt ve nhidt do giira 2 miia r i t rd.
Nhiet do khdng khi tnmg binh ngay tang tir 15°C ngay cay din 28''C Iiic thu hogch frong vu xuan.
Trong vu mua nhiit do da giam tir g i n SO^C khi cay xudng din IS^C Itic tiiu hoach. Trong giai doan de nhanh, nhiet dd frong vu xuan thap hon frong vu mua, frong khi nhidt do frong thdi ky Iam hgt d vu xuan Iai cao hon so vdi vu mua. Ap Iuc nhiet do cao (> SO^C) tiiirdng xuydn xay ra b giai dogn lam hat vii xuan din den tinh frang hgt hi bac bung nhilu. Nhiet do cao d giai doan de nhanh frong vu mua lgi Iam giam ty II de nhanh b vu nay. Biic xg thip va sd gid chilu sang it hon frong giai doan k i t hat b vu miia din din nang suit Itia d vu mua thip hon vu xuan khoang 20-25% (Lur et al., 2009).
Tai Dai Loan, nhilt dd trung binh ngay da tang Ien 1,5''C sau mdi chu ky 10 nam, nhanh hon va cao ban tdc do am ldn trung binh frdn toan can. Kit qua nghiin ciiu ciia Lur va Cs (2009) cho thay ty le bac bung d gao cd tuong quan duong vdi nhiet do khdng khi trung binh hang ngay frong giai doan ket hat. Ty le gao bac bung d vu miia thip hon so vdi vu xuan.
Chat lugng gao vu miia cd the cao hon so vdi vti xuan do nhidt dd frong thdi gian k i t hgt b vu mua thip hon. Ngudi ndng dan Dai Loan hinh nhu da cam nhan duoc xu hudng am len, hp da dich chuyen thdi vu frdng Ilia sdm ban vao vu xuan va mugn hon vao vu miia. Tuy nhidn, khi dua vu xuan Ien sdm ddi khi da bi hai do lanh (Taiwan Agriculttue and Food Agency, 2007-2009).
Nghien cmi cua Ho va Cs (2013) da chung minh su tac ddng ciia thay ddi khi hau frong giai dogn ket hat da anh hudng nhieu den cac thanh phan hda hoc va vat Iy cua h a t ciing nhu nang suit d cac gidng khac nhau va cac viing khac nhau. Anh huong ctia bidn do nhidt do den chit Iugng ggo nhilu hon la anh hudng cua btzc xg va thdi gian chieu sang (Chia-Hsun Ho etal., 2013).
Nhiet do bao quan ggo Japonica
Kit qua nghiin cuu chi ra ring nhiet dd bao quan la mot yeu td quan frgng anh hudng den tinh chit hda ly cua gao. Thdi gian bao quan ngin dudi nhiet dd phdng dugc khuyin cao de duy tri chit
lucmg gao. Gao dugrc luu frii d nhilt do cao cho tiiiy axit hdo cao han so vdi gao dugc luu trit ff nhilt ^ fliip. Ggo luu frii ff nhilt do tiiip (4°C) giu dugc mau trang ciia nd, trong khi b nhidt dd luu tru cao hon, d6 b i n mau giam. Nhiet dd cao (SCC va 40°C) giam dang k l t i t ca chi sd chat lugng, tiiam chi sau tiiang luu tin- (Zhongkai Zhou et al., 2010; Chan-Ei Park etal., 2012).
5. Nghidn ciiu v i s i n xuat Ida Japomca tai Vifit Nam
Ddng Nam A, frong dd cd Viit Nam la mdt frong cac trung tam phat sinh cua cay liia va van minh Iiia nudc cua nhan Ioai. Cac nghien ciiu g i n day cho t h ^ Ilia Japomca da dugc frong rat phd bien b Viet Nam.
Tran Danh Suu va cgng su d Trung tam Tai nguyin Di truyln Thirc vat (Tran Danh Stiu va CS, 2013;
Tran Danh Suu et al., 2012) cho bilt frong sd ^ gidng Ilia thu thap diroc tir cac huyen mien mii eiia 4 tinh gdm Thanh Hda, Nghe An, Quing Nam va Dak Lak, 81 gidng la lua Jafionica (chilm 82,790, front khi dd chi cd 17 gidng (17,3%) thude nhdm Ida Indica Tgi Phong thi nghiim Viet - Phap " Chi^
nang he gien Iiia va CNSH cay frong", Vien Di truy^
Ndng nghiip, chiing tdi da sii dung ky thuat SNP markers de phan tich 273 gidng lua ban dia, thu thSp tir cac vung khac nhau ciia Viet Nam. Kit qua ^ phat hiin thiy cd 88 gidng thudc nhdm Japonica, 170 gidng Ilia thudc nhdm Indica, 15 gidng thudc nhom trung gian giiia 2 loai liia fren. Nhu vay, ed till ndi ring Ilia Japonica da cd Iich su lau ddi d Viit Nam ^f rat khdng xa Ig ddi vdi ndng dan, nhat la ba con cac dan tdc mien mil. Cac nha khoa hoc cho ring liia Japonica da dugc phat sinh b phia Nam Tnmg Qudc, Bic Viet Nam va da dugc di thuc len phuang Bac, Nhat Ban, Han Qudc, duoc cai tgo ve di truyen va tir dd quay lgi Viet Nam vdi nang suit cao hon.
Theo GS Nguyin Van Luat, vao thap nidn 90 cua till ky 20, Vidn Liia DBSCL da cd hgp t i c vdi Vi§n JIRCAS cua Nhat Ban nghiin ciiu khao nghidm ck gidng Ilia Japoruca do cac nha khoa hge Nhat mang sang. Tai phia Bac, Vien Quy hoach va Thilt k l Nong nghidp hgp tac vdi Nhat frdng thu b Thai Binh va mflt sd dia phuong khac. Ddng tiidi cdng ty cua Nhat eiifi|
hpp tac vdl tinh An Giang trong thii nghiem cac gidi^
Ilia hgt frdn Japonica. Tai An Giang frong ehuor^
tiinh frong tiiu nghidm giong lua Japonica hgt tidn, nang suit cd t h i dat 8 - 8,5 tan/ha. Tuy vgy, cfe nghiin ciiu fren day vin chua xac dinh dugc gidng Ilia
16
NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY 1 - THANi^ ./2014
KHOA HOC CdNG NGHfi
nio phu hpp vdi loai dit nao (GS. Nguy«i Van Luat, 2007).
Theo thdng tin dia tinh An Giang, nam 2009, 4 huydn Chau Thinh, Chau Phii, Bui T ^ va Thoai Son xudng gidng 486 ha Iiia Nhat do Cdng ty TNHH Angimex - Kitoku dau tu sin xu^ va tiiu thu san phim tiieo hgp ddng, voi gid tii 7.100 d din 7.400 d/kg, trong dd cd phin hd frg bom nudc ra 100 d/kg.
Tuy nhidn, eac gidng Hana, Akita va Koshi diu la gidi^ dn ddi chuyin vimg, ndn cho nang suit thip.
Crin day, Vidn Di truyln Ndng nghi^ da va dang triln khai mgnh vile chgn tgo cic gidng Itia Japonica.
Viln da kit hgp vdi cic vidn thudc Viln Khoa hge Ndng Nghiip Vidt Nam (VAAS), HOi Gidng cay frdng, cae edng ty gidng cay frdng trien khai vide chgn tgo, khio nghidm trdn 100 gidng liia Japonica khac nhau d cic tinh phia Bac. Kit qua da dugc Bd NN va PTNT eho cdng nhan 2 gidng chinh thue GE)S1 va J02) va 3 gidng dugc edng nhgn tgm tiidi.
Ngoai ra, edn nhilu gidng triln vgng khac. Dtrdi day la danh sach cac gidng Iiia Japonica da dtrge edng nhan:
1. Gidng Ilia DSI (Quylt dinh sd 632/QD-TT- CLT, 24/12/2010 cua Bd Ndng nghidp va PTNT edng nh§n gidng chinh tinic).
2. Gidng lua J02 (Quylt dinh sd 620/QD-Tr- CLT, 26 /12 /2013 ciia Bd Ndng nghidp va PTNT cdng nh^ gidng chinh thiic).
3. Gidng Itia JOl (Quylt dinh sd 645/QD-TT- CLT, 31/12 /2013 ciia Bg Ndng nghidp vi PTNT cdng nhin gidng eho sin xuit thii).
4. Gidng Ilia TBJ3 (Quylt dinh sd 645/QD-TT CLT, 31/12 /2013 ctia Bd Ndng nghidp va PTNT cdng nh^ gidng cho sin xuat thii).
5. Gidng PC26 cd nang suit cao 62,5 tg/ha vu xuan, 57,4 tg/ha frong vti mda, gao trong, com mim, cd mui thom nhe, kha nang chdng chiu rdt d giai dogn mg rit tdt, thich hgp gieo cay trong vti xuan tgi vimg ddng bang sdng Hdng (Bd Ndng nghidp va
VTNT da cdng nhin gidng cho sin xuit thii).Tit ci cac gidng liia Japonica trdn day diu cd tilm nang nang suit cao, tnmg binh 60,0 tg din 70,0 tg/ha vio vu xuan, mOt sd noi nang suit dgt frdn dudi 10,0 tin/ ha nhu b Tliii Binh, Ddng Thap, An Giang, chit Iugng ggo cao, miu ma d^p. dgt tidu chuin xuit khiu. Gia ggo dao dOng tii 15.000 din frdn 30.000 tfdng/ kg ttiy vung vi gii Ma thi trudng eic nam.
Chit lugng eom ngon, deo, dgm da. Kit qui phan
tich cho thiy ham lugng amyloza ciia cac gidng Japonica ff)Sl, JOl, J02, Koshihikari) dao dOng trong khoang 14-18% (DSI, JOl, J02, Koshihikari).
Bing 1. Mot sd chi ti&i diit higng dia cac gidng tda do W^n Di truyfa Ndng n^Qp chgn tgo
TTI.
2.
5.
I.
i.
3.
7.
i.
).
Gidng
BSl JOl J02 Koshihikari
N^pYSn My R 6 4 QRl C70 KD
G ^ I M (SO
80,75 81,50 81,00 81,75
81,50 79,40 78,2 82,35 79,86
70,75 68,00 71,00 72,25
67,75 68,56 69,6 74,41 71,60
Gao nguygn
eo
93,43 79,65 90,74 87,08
73,91 31,38 71,74 67,88 71,41
Am^oza
00
17,82 18,25 16,67 14,10
5,36 22,30 18,85 23,50 26,70
Gidng DS 1 la gidng Itia trung ngay, ed nang suit eao, chit Iugng tdt Cac gidng JOl, J02 thuOc nhdm ngan ngay, cd thai gian sinh trudng vu miia frin dudi 110 ngay, tilm nang nang suit cao, cd thi tham gia ca ciu miia sdm kip eho san xuit vu ddng. Dac dilm ehung ctia cac gidng Itia Japonica la kha nang chiu rdt tdt Diln hmh la vti ddng xuan nam 2008, vti rdt Iich sii lam hang fram ngan ha mg va Itia bi chit rdt, frong khi cay ma gidng DSI va cac gidng Japonica vin xanh tdt, hp rl trang tinh, nang suit d nhilu dilm dat frdn 8,0 tin ha. Hidn tai cic gidng Itia J^oniea dang dugc san xuit rOng rai tgi eie tinh ddng bing sdng Hdng, trung du va miln mii phia Bic tir Nghe An fro ra. Cac gidng Itia J^wnica rit thich hgp vdi san xuit d cac viing mii cao nhu Van Chin, Tram Tiu, Mil Cang Chai - Ydn Bai; Da Bic - Hda Binh; Mdc Chau - Son La; lAo Cai, Son La...
Chit Itrgng com mim, deo, dam da ciia ggo Japonica rit tiiieh hgp vdi truyln thdng an gao Itia nuong ciia ddng bao cae dan tgc mien mii.
Gin day, trudc nhu ciu dat hang gao J^wnica xuit khau ngay cing tang, mOt sd doanh nghidp xuit khau da md rgng sin xuit gidng Iiia DSI d nhilu tin/diinh DBSCL nhu An Giang, Dong Thip, Tiln Giang, Cin Tho vdi quy md Idn din hang ngin ha mdi tinh. Vu xuan 2013-2014 vira qua, Ddng Thip trdng frdn 1000 ha Itia DSI, nang suit dgt binh quan
&-9 tin/ha vti. Gidng Itia DSI sin xuit dugc ci 2 vv
xuan va he thu, chua thiy bilu hidn bdnh djch nguy
NdNG NGHllP VA PHAT TRIIN NdNG THdN - K^ 1 - THANG 9/2014 17
KHOA HOC CdNG N G H l hilm, chit lugng gao ngon, it bgc hung, ty le ggo
nguyen cao, miu ma dep. Viec nghidn eiiu md rdng khao nghidm va ehgn tgo gidng Ida Japonica thich hgp cho cac vung va cac thdi vu khac nhau d phia Nam frd ndn cap bach do nhu ciu cua thi trudng gao chit Iugng eao.
Chien lugc phat triln Itia Japonica thdi gian toi la toyin chgn gidng nang suit, chit Iugng, chdng chiu siu binh, cd kha nang thieh iing vdi cac vitng sinh thai va thdi vu frdng khac nhau. Chiing tdi du kiln se day dien tich san xuit lua Japonica Idn 10 - 20%, san lugng chiem 12 den 24% den 2020. Du kiln se dua ky thuat gieo thing vao san x u i t O mien Bic, ed t h i dua vu ddng xuan Ien sdm hon nhd dac tinh chiu lanh va de giam ndng cho Itia Japomca frong thdi ky Iam hgt vu xuan. Ddng thdi nghien cuu dua vu mua mugn ban d vung liia khdng frdng cay vu ddng de franh ndng cho Itia thdi ky de nhanh. Chgn tao va khai thae eae gidng cd thdi gian sinh trudng ngin (TGST 90 - 105 ngay) va phat triln san xuit vu miia bao dam sin xuit dugc 2 vii Itia cd nang suit cao va hieu qua kinh te cao, chit Iugng gao cao hon so vdi cac giong Indica b cung khu virc. Khai thae thim mdt vu ddng giua 2 vu liia d mdt sd dia ban. Gao Japonica san xuat d miln mii can frd thanh thuong hilu vdi chit Itrgng va gia tri thuang mai eao, phuc vu ndi tidu va xuat khau. Sir tham gia cua cac cdng ty gidng, cac cdng ty che bien cin duge khuyen khich de day manh sin xuat va quang ba 'Thuong hilu gao niii Japonica", "Gao hiiu ca Japonica".
Ddng thdi vdi khao nghiem, chgn tao cac gidng Japonica mdi, viec nghien cuu vimg sinh thai va co cau miia vu thich hgp, quy trinh canh tac gidng Itia Japonica dgt nang suit cao la rat cin thiet. Chiing tdi tin chac rang lua Japonica se tgo ra mdt hudng phat triln mdi frong nghi frdng Itia b cac tinh phia Bac, dac biet la d cac vimg cao lanh nudc ta.
6. KFT LUAN
Vile frdng Ilia Japonica da cd Iich sir kha lau d nudc ta. Viec md rgng nghien cuu phat triln san xuat Ilia Japonica can dugc xem nhu la mgt tat ylu frong qua trinh chuyin ddi cua thi trudng va cac tien bd khoa hge vl gidng. Thi trudng tiiu dung frong nudc va xuit khau Itia ggo Japonica la kha h-ien vpng. Vdi nhiing tien bd ve gidng liia hidn nay, chiing ta cd t h i chgn tao dugc bd gidng liia Japonica thich hgp cho cac vimg sinh thai va eac thdi vu frdng khac nhau frong nam frdn pham vi toin qudc vdi nang suit va chat lugng cao. Vide nghien ciiu chgn tgo gidng ein
di ddi vdi eac nghidn ciiu ve sinh ly, si ;- iioa va cac quy trinh canh tae, e h i biln, bao quan liia J^onw^
de viec san xuit dat hieu qua kmh t l cao, ddng thil giim thieu d nhiim mdi trudng.
Vdi cac chuong trinh tu do hda thuong mgi toan ciu thdi gian tdi, vi du, Hidp dinh Ddi tac Kmh t£
Chiin lugc xuydn Thai Bmh Duong TPP, Itia gao Japonica cd t h i frd thanh mdt nganh hang xuit khii ciia nudc ta, dgt gii h i hi 800 USD din 15QD USD/tin.
TAI U i U THAM KHAU
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STUDY ON PROSPECTS OF JAPONICA RICE PRODUCTION IN VIETNAM Do Nang Vmh^ and Ha Thi Thuf
^Institute of Agricultural Genetics, Vietnam Academia of Agricultural Sciences.
.Summary
Japonica rice accounte for about 20% of the total rice production area and about 12% of the export rice market in the world. Due to economic development rice consumption in many , ^ a n countries tend to decrease, while consumption of high-quality rice, including Japonica rice, has increased rapidly, especially in China Vietnam is the second largest rice exporter in the world and China is the largest importer of rice from Vietnam in recent years. Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development promotes policy to expand production of high quality rice to enhance export earnings for the farmers. Hirough genetic analysis, the Vietnamese and international scientists have identified that numerous Japonica rice cultivars have been originated and cultivated in Vietnam with so many varieties distributed in the Northem mountainous provinces and in the Central Highlands. Therefore, study on genetic improvement and production of Japonica rice have practical, historical, evolution and scientific bases. The histitute of Agricultural Genetics in collaboration with the another rice breeding institetions and companies has developed research and field testing of Japonica rice varieties in different ecological zones in the country. As results, 5 new Japonica rice varieties have been released for production with averse yield from 60.0 to 70.0 quintals/ ha. hi some provinces, such as Thai Binh, Dong Ihap, An Giang, the yield of Japonica Variety DSI may reached 10.0 tons / ha. Japonica rice production could contribute to rice export from Vietnam with a possible export value of 800 -1500 USD / ton. The recent achievements in Japonica rice breeding, current market trends and prospects of Japomca nee research and production in Vietaam has discussed.
Keywords: Japonica rice, tiopicalJaponica, Japomca rice bleeding, rice quality and export.
Ngudi phin biln: GS.TS. Nguyin VSn Luit Ngiy n ^ n bai: 12/5/2014
Ngiy tiidng qua phan biln: 12/6/2014 Ngiy duydt dang: 19/6/2014
