NGHIEN CUfU - TRAO D O I
J PHAT TRI^N MOT BO D\^U KHI^N S6 CNC 3 TRUC
CHO MAY C A T L A S E R CONG S U A T N H 6
DEVELOPMENT OF 3 AXIS CNC CONTROLER FOR SMALL POWER LASER CUTTING MACHINE
Hoing Anh T\iaii, Le Giang Nam, Dang Vu Vinh, Do Hihi Thg Truong Dai hoc Bach Khoa Ha Noi
TOM TAT
Bdi bdo trinh bdy mgt phdi phdp phdt trien bo dieu khien CNC 3 tn^c cho mdy cdt laser cong sudt nho, tren ca ca thiet ke mo dun hoa vai cdc phdn dugc phdn chia theo chuc ndng, khd nang giao tiep vd lap ghep. Chuc ndng dieu khien so dugc thuc hien bdng phdn mem tren nen tdng mdy tinh - PC. Dieu khien truyen dgng chay dao cong sudt nho su dung dgng ca buac. Nguon laser diode dugc dieu khien bdi mgch thiet ke thuc hien bdi M03 and M05 theo he lenh tieu chudn.
Tir khoa: Dieu khien so, laser, mdy cong cu, ngi suy DDA.
ABSTRACT
In this paper, a solution of 3 axises CNC controller with the open architec based on PC for small power laser cutting machine tools is implemented via modudlar design. CNC function is implemented by software, three small power feed motions is implemted by step motors, laser diode is controlled to maintan power cutting using M03 and MOS of standard codes.
Keywords: Numerical control, laser diode, machine tools, DDA interpolation.
ISSN 0866-7056
TAP CHl CO KHl VIET NAM, S6 11 nam 2015 www.cokhivietnam.vn
NGHIEN CUTU-TRAO Ddi
l.DATVANDE
Laser da duoc ung dyng phd bidn trong cdng nghifp va tai Nhat Ban, 80% laser cdng nghifp duac sir dung cho gia cdng cat, khSc.
Vdi su phat trien khoa hoc ky thuat hifn nay, cac loai vat lifu mdi trong san xuit co khi dugc ung dung rong rai. Khi cac phuang phap gia cdng truyen fhdng khdng thd dap iing dugc ydu cku vd cdng nghe, can phai tim ra cac phuang phap gia cdng mdi. Gia cdng bSng Laser la mft trong sd nhung phuong phap gia cdng mdi dd. CJ Vift Nam, phuang pimp gia cdng bSng Laser la mpt hudng di mdi, da dugc iing dung trong y td, giao due, quan su, do ludng, khic Idiudn mlu, cit khac my thu^t tren vat Hdu kim loai, phi kim.
Ca sd khoa hoc ciia phuang phap gia cdng bang tia laser la diing nang Iugng chum tia dd gia cdng vat lifu. Trdn thj trudng hifn nay, cd rat nhidu ddng may laser da dang vd chung loai lan kieu dang cau tao, tuy nhien, chiing dugc phan thanh 3 loai chinh can cu vao ngudn laser nhu may laser CO^, laser Fiber va laser tmh thd.
Mdi Io?i cd nhiing uu nhugc diem khac nhau va thich hgp xii ly trdn mot sd chat lifu nhdt dinh.
Dd dap ling kha nang gia cdng cat, khic my thuat trdn v^t lidu phi kim va mpt sd kim loai, ngudn laser ban din la phu hgp vi tudi thg cao va gia th^ihre.
Hifn nay, cac may cat, khac I^er cdng suat den SOOOmw chi sii dung eho may gia cdng 2D - Thuc hifn qua trinh quet chum tia theo 2 true X, Y va chi khac dugc do sau cd dinh, mat phang gia cdng mpt cap va song song vdi ban may. Tii nhiing nhupc didm dd, bai bao nay se trinh bay mpt giai phap didu khien mdi, nguydn ly boat dpng phuong phap didu khien nhu sau:
Dung ma Ifnh NC tidu chuan cho didu khidn ngudn laser vdi M3 hoac M4 dd bat va Ifnh M5 dd tit. Tin hifu tii m^ich didu khidn CNC thuc hien dieu khidn cap hoac ugit ngudn vao driver
cdng suat, mach didu khien cdng suit se didu chinh ngudn cip cho dku laser thdng qua bidn trd. Giai phap didu khidn nay cd uu diem ndi bat la don gian, hifu qua va ngudn ra tii 0.5V-I2V, 3A phii hgp vdi diode laser SOOOmw. Giai phap nay, cd thd xii dimg cho may 2D, 2.5D, 3D va su dung de cat, khac vdi do sau khac nhau, bd mat gia cdng khdng ddng cip.
Tu nhiing ly do trdn, vide tinh toan, thidt kd va chd tao mach dieu khidn ngudn laser cdng suat ddn 5000mw dap ung theo nhu cau gia cdng cho may 2D, 2.5D, 3D la cin thidt.
2. LASER CONG SUAT NHO VA MACH DIEU KHIEN
2.1. Nguyen ly ho^t d$ng v^ cau tao laser ban dan
Trong chit ban dan cac chuydn miic cua difn tii ttr cac trang thai nang Iugng thip (Ej), trong viing hda tri (E^), ldn trang thai nang lupng cao (E^), trong viing din (E^) nam each nhau mpt khoang bang nang lupng viing cam Eg gpi la su kich thich. Sau mdt thdi gian tdn tai d trang thai nang lupng cao cac difn tit quay ve trang thai nang lupng thap. Chuyen miic cua difn hi tii trang thai nang lugng cao xuong trang thai nang lugng thap la qua trinh tai hgp ciia difn tir va Id trdng, cd hai loai tai hpp la tai hgp biic xa va tai hpp khdng biic xa. Tai hgp biic xa phat ra cac photon anh sang, tai hgp khdng biic xa phat ra cac phonon dao dgng mang tinh the. Trong trudng hgp chuydn miic cua didn tu td day vung dan xudng duih viing hoa tri, xac ximt chuydn ddi biic xa trong cac ban dan viing cam thang cao hon nhidu so vdi ban din vung cam xidn (khi day vung din va dinh vung hda tri nam trdn cimg hoac khac gia tri vec ta sdng trong khdng gian vec to sdng). Vi vay, cac laser ban din thudng dugc chd tao trdn co sd cac ban dan vung cam thang loai A3B5 nhu GaAs, InP,...vdi dp rpng"^
ISSN 0866 - 7056
T ^ CHf CO KHi VlfiT NAM, Sd 11 nam 2015 www.cokhivietnam.vn
NGHIEN CtfU-TRAODOl
viing c i m cua ban din d ldp tich c\cc ciia chip laser ta cd cac budc sdng phat laser khac nhau [1,2].
Ngudn cip cho diot laser: Laser ban dan cd dac diem la cdng suat va phd phat xa phu thugc vao ddng nudi. Bdi vay, vifc dn dinh ddng nudi dd la hdt siic quan trpng. Trdn hinh I, la mdt m^ch ngudn didn hinh. Ddng khdng ddi nhan dugc bdi su thay thd mdt diode zener vao chd cua trd khang, thudng giiia ndn va dat. Ddng di qua laser diode dugc cho bdi:
I„=VI-VBE/RE;
V I : La difn ap pha hdng ciia diode zener;
VBE: Difn ap Bazer- Emiter;
RE: Trd khang Emiter.
Hinh 1: Mgch dieu khien di dt laser
rS\-A l^.tJ'^jl
suat dau laser ban d i n (diode) su dung IC ngudn LM 2576 la: Sii dyng role Relay 5V ddng n g i r difn ap I2V cap ngudn cho IC ngudn LM2576.
Trang thai boat dpng: I (5V) - Bat Relay; 0 (OV) - Ngat Relay. Vdi nguyen ly dd, mach didu khidn ngudn laser dupc chd tao nhu hinh 2b. Khi card AKZ250 cap tin hidu dau ra dieu khien dau cit laser, tin hifu didu khidn bat role cap ngudn cho IC - LM2576 cap ngudn ra cho laser. Ngudn ra laser dupc dieu khien cao thap d^ra tren bidn tro 5K de didu khidn cdng suat diode laser. Dua tren ma Ifnh l|ip trinh tidu chuan dd didu chinh dp sau cat trong gia cdng theo phuong chay dao Z.
3. HE T H O N G DIEU K H I E N CNC TREN NEN TANG PC
3.1. Kit cau may va di^u k h i l n truydn dQng chay dao
Kdt cau CO khi may cat nhu hinh 3, voi cac true chay dao X, Y,Z. Qua trinh gia cdng laser khdng cd tidp xiic co hpc giiia dau laser va phdi, momen phat dpng cua ngudn ddng luc chu ydu dd thang lyc ma sat can do ban than trgng lugng kdt ciu, khdi lugng phdi va quan tinh chuydn dpng gay ra. Do vay, ba chuydn ddng chay dao su dung truydn dan ddng co budc, truydn din ddc lap, didu khidn sd va phdi hgp theo thdi gian thuc. So dd khdi thuc hifn didu khidn tmy§n ddng vdi ddng co budc nhu hinh 4a,b.
a) Sa do nguyen ly b) Mgch da chi tgo Hinh 2. Mgch diiu khien ngudn laser
2.2. M^ch dieu Idiien ngu6n laser diode Mach nguydn ly didu khidn ngudn laser diode nhu hinh 2a, IC ngudn LM2576 dugc sii dimg dd t^o ngudn cho laser hi ngudn 12V. Difn ap dau ra dugc dieu chinh lidn tyc dd dam bao cho difn ap diu ra ludn giiia d mdt gia tri cd dinh.
Nguydn ly ho^t dpng ciia mach didu khidn cdng Hinh 3. Kit cdu ca khi mdy cdt laser diiu khien CNC3 trueX.Y.Z
ISSN 0866 - 7056
TAP C H l CO KHf VlfiT NAM. Sd II nam 2015 www.cokhivietnam.vn
NGHIEN C U U - T R A O D O I
3.3. Sa ah hf th6ng d i l u k h i l n
^^r^
Hinh 4a. So do khdi diiu khien truyin dgng chgy
dao tuyin tinh theo gidi phdp DDA.
!• !• H \m
-"r—i^^^S^ ^"^ ^' ^^ ^^ ^^ thong dieu kien CNC chgy dm
~ P ; V > - ^ ^ ^ ^ g ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ H ^ ^ ^ ^ r / o a n m a y
Hinh 4b. Sa do khoi diiu khien truyen ddng chgy dao cung trdn theo gidi phdp DDA.
3.2. X u ly d& lifu hinh hQC va ph4n mem dien ^ " ^ ^- Sdn phdm mdu vdt lieu inox 304. da cdt thu k h i l n s6 fren tbiit bi
Dii lieu t^o hinh dugc xir ly bing giai phap npi suy DDA, cho chay dao M n g (I), (2) va cung trdn (3) va (4) [3]. Trong dd: At la gia sd thdi gian va la co sd dd tinh tan sd didu khien, n - La budc npi suy, N - La tdng so budc ndi suy Xg,Xg - L i n lugt la didm khdi d i u va didm kdt thiic cua dpng trinh ch^y dao. Cac thdng sd CO sd cho thuc hifn ndi suy bao gdm: Kidu bidn d ^ g gia cdng, gia tri tpa dp diem khdi xuat va kdt thiic, tdc dd gia cdng xac dinh theo kha nang cdng nghd cila may va vat gia cdng, dp phan giai chuyen ddng trdn cac true chay dao.
x(t) = x{n.M) = Xs + '^^^^.n y(t) = y(7LAt) = y , + ^ . n
x{t) = xinAt) = Xs-jll,yiiM) y{t) = y(n.At) = y^ - ^ lto<'-^^)
(1) (2) C3) (4)
Giai phap didu khidn sd tren nen tang PC. Chuc nang dieu khidn sd dugc thuc iiidn trdn phan mdm va Mach 3 dugc lua chpn dd th\rc hidn, phan ciing didu khidn truydn ddng va ngudn laser dupc tinh toan theo nguydn tic md dun hda [4]. Trong dd, cac mdn dun dupe phan chia theo chiic nang. Chiic nang didu khidn din ddng chay dao CNC dugc th\rc hifn bdi AKZ250 va cac driver - Mach didu khidn ddng co budc.
Chiic nan§ didu khidn ngudn laser dupc thidt kd va phat trien vdi IC-LM2576 thanh rndt md dun dpc lap va phdi hpp vdi AKZ250 dd thuc hien vdi ma Idnh M03/M04 bat va M05 tit.
4. T H I E T KE VA CHE TAO BQ BIEU KHIfiN
Vdi so dd hf thdng didu khidn hinh 5, tii dieu khidn da dugc chd tao vdi kdt cau va giao .
difn nhu hinh 6. M
ISSN 0866 - 7056
TAP CHI CO KHf VlfiT NAM, Sd 11 nam 2015 www.cokhivietnam.vn
NGHIEN COU - TRAO D O I
l)Aptomat bdo vi qud dong; 2)Nut dimg khdn cdp; 3) Cdng tdc ngudn cdp laser; 4) Cdng tdc ngudn cdp cho truyen dgng chgy dao; 5)Giao tiep ngudn 220V cho tii diiu khiin; 6) Giao tiip USB cua tu diiu Idiien vdi mdy tinh; 7) Giao tiip vdi niit dimg thu cdp tren thiet bi; 8,9,10) Giao tiip ciia tu vdi 3 dgng ca ddn dgng chgy dao true X,Y,Z;
11) Giao tiip cua tii vdi ddu la- ser; 12) Giao tiip cua tu vdi cdc cdng tdc hdnh trinh tren cdc tr^c X.Y.Z; 13) Giao tiip vdi he thong thu khi vdphoi; 14) Qugt ldm mdt tu diiu khiin.
b. Ben trong c. Mgt ben
Hinh 6. Tit dieu khiin CNC 3 tryc cho mdy cdt laser cong sudt nhd
Vdi giai phap didu khidn sd CNC bang phan mdm Mach 3 trdn ndn tang may tinh PC, sii dung bo mach chinh la AKZ250 (15) cung vdi 03 mach didu khidn dpng co budc (16), mach didu khidn ngudn laser (18), hai ngudn bidn ddi difn ap 220V-24V va 220V-12V dd cip cho cac mach didu khidn. Tu didu khidn da dupc thi cdng va lip tdng thd nhu hinh 6, m^t trudc bao gdm cac cdng tac chirc n^ig de dieu khidn va dam bao an toan v^n hanh: 1-Aptomat bao vf qua ddng;
2-Nut dung khin cip; 3-Cdng tac ngudn cip laser;
4-Cdng tac ngudn cap cho tu va truyen ddng chay dao; m^t bdn la giao difn cac giac cam ket ndi vdi may cit laser, may tinh didu khidn va ngudn didn ludi: 5-Giao tidp ngudn 220V cho tii dieu khidn; 6-Giao tidp USB cua tu didu khien vdi may tinh; 7- Giao tidp vdi mit dung thur cap tren thidt hi; 8,9,10- Giao tidp cua tii vdi 3 ddng CO din ddng chay dao hoic X,Y,Z; I I - Giao tidp cua tii vdi dau laser; 12- Giao tidp cua tii vdi cac cdng tac hanh trinh trdn cac true X, Y,Z; 13- Giao tiep cua hi vdi he thdng thu khi va phoi.
ISSN 0866 - 7056
TAP CHf CO KHf VlfiT NAM, Sd 11 nam 2015 www.coldiivietnam.vn
NGHIEN C U T U - T R A O D O I
Tii didu khien da kdt ndi vdi may dd thuc hifn cat thii nghifm cac vat lifu thep, ddng, nhdm, go va mica. Kdt qua cho thiy vdi ngudn laser diot SOOOmw cd thd thuc hidn cit khic cac vat lifu thep, ddng, nhdm, gd, mica va he thdng didu kludn lam vide dn djnh. Tuy nhien, dd cit vdi chidu sau cit ldn (>2mm) thi cdng suit trdn chua thuc hifn dugc.
Hf thdng didu khidn kidu PC based cho may cat laser didu khidn CNC 3 true, vdi giai phap didu khidn sd thdng qua phin mdm Mach 3 va phin ciing bao gdm mach didu khidn AKZ250, cac driver - Mach didu kidn dpng co budc va m^ch didu khidn ngudn laser da dugc tinh toan thidt kd. Hf thdng cho phep thdng qua phan mdm, thuc hifn giai phap ndi suy dii lifu hinh hpc va cap phat xung didu khidn cho may
cat laser dieu khidn CNC 3 trpc tii ngdn ngu ma Ifnh G, M tidu chuan.
5. Ktl L U ^
Bp dieu khidn 3 true cho may cat laser CNC dupc thiet ke chd t^o thanh cdng theo nguyen tac md dun hda, cac phan cua hf thdng dugc xac dinh theo chiic nang va kdt cau. c a c md dun dugc tinh chgn va chd tao mdi mpt each nhanh chdng, dam bao tidn dp thi cdng chd tao, dap ling nhu cau cdng nghifp hifn nay tai Vidt Nam. Thiet bi lam vifc tdt, dn dinh cd thd dd dang nang cap, bao dudng va thay the theo cac cum md dun chiic nang. Theo each nay cd thd thidt kd chd t^o bd dieu khien CNC cho may cit laser va thiet bj CNC khac.*>
Ngay nhan bai: 16/10/2015 Ngay phan bifn: 18/11/2015
Tai Lidu T h a m khao:
[1]. Govind P. Agrawal, Niloy K. Dutta (1993), Semiconductor Lasers, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, Inc.
[2]. Govind P. Agrawal (2002), Fiber - Optic Communication Systems, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 3nd Ed.
[3]. Manfred Week (1984). Handbook of Machine Tools, Vol.3, John Wiley & Sons.
[4]. Yoshimi Ito (2008). Modular Design for Machine Tools, McGraw-Hill.
ISSN 0866 - 7056
TAP CHf C O KHf VIET NAM, Sd 11 nam 2015 www.coldiivietnam.vn
