s 6 1 0 r24ov.2ni-'i NG6N N G C & B(n S6NG
so SANH D^C DIEM CUA B 6 NGU" CHI HOAN THANH KfiT T H C C ff, ^ , ^ TRONG TifiNG H A N mpi DAI
COMPARING THE FEATURES OF ADVERBS INDICATING COMPLETELY FINISHING SUCH AS » , ^ , S IN MODERN CHINESE
V C T H J H A
(TS; Dgi hpc Ngogi ngO', 8HQG Hd Nfi)
Abstract: Serving as resultative complements, "Jf", " ^ " , " ^ " have the similar meaning of
"finished". They are used frequently and sometimes could be used alternatively. But they have some identical differences on semantic, syntactic, and pragmatic plane. Clarifying the differences between them would help Chinese language leamers to be better at understanding and using the three lesultative complements "Jff","%" and " ^ " .
Key words: resultative complement; "ff", " ^ " , " ^ " ; comparison.
1. B$t vkn ak Id chl hirdng don - hudng vl dfng td, ho^c Id chl Trong tilng Hdn hifn dgi, ba bl ngtt chl hudng kip - hudng vl dfng tir, dong thdi hudng hodn thdnh kit thdc ff, ^ , S cd khd ndng kit vl mft thyrc thl lien quan din dfng td.
hpp dupc vdi rh nhilu logi dfng td vd cd tan Bo ngtt chl hodn thdnh kit thdc 0 thudng suit sd dyng rat cao. Tuy nhien ti-ong qud trinh bleu thj hdnh dfng sy vifc hodn thifn, dgt dupc dgy hpc, chtog tdi phdt hifn thiy, dll vdi hpc hifu qud mong muln, khiln ngudi ta hdi Idng. VI sinh phan bift dupc ba bo ngtt ndy Id mft dy:
trong nhftng dilm khd trong ngtt phdp tieng (ij g g g T S l S , fIX7tB.mm , SifeWSi!
Hdn. Trong bdi vilt ndy, dya trfn Ii thuylt ba JE q gnai, y binh difn ngtt phdp, chtag tdi phdn tich so ™ " ^ * - ' ' '
sdnh djc dilm ngtt nghia, ngtt phdp vd ngtt (2)fT$lft|&g7 , S d i l S i O .
dyng cua if, ^ , ^ khi ldm bl ngtt chl hodn d hai vf dy trdn, chl hudng ngtt ngMa cfla tiidnh kit tilde, vdi mong muin cd till giup Jf 14 dil buimg don - hudng vl dfng td.
ngudi hpc phan bift vd sd dyng dupc thuan Khi chi hudng ngft nghia cda bo ngtt chl hodn tiiyc ba bl ngtt ndy. Ngtt lifu nghidn cdu dupc thdnh kit fliic ff Id chl hudng kdp: hudng vl ting hpp td^cdc mft so tdc phim vdn hpc, bdi ^„g f/,^ (j»„g ^(^ ^^^^g vl mft tfiyc till Udn bdo, bdi viet bdng tilng Hdn tirdn cdc ti-ang quan dai hdnh dfng, nghTa cda tl hpp "dfng td + mgng Trung Quoc vd cdc tdi lifu tham khdo « „ , , i ,,, ^, , , .„, , m., n.a L ... * ^ ^ ^ Jf" cd till phdn tich nhu sau; "V + ft = Pidnh hen quan. , .
„ .-i ^ .^. . « ^ dfng/sy vifc hodn flidnh kit thdc] + [chd flil d 2. So sdnh dfc a.lm ngtt nghia cda » , S , ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ „ „„„g „„g„] / [j^i j ^ g ^ A khi ldm b l ngtt cbi hodn thdnh kit thuc ti^g flidi tit nhu mong muln]. VI dy:
2.1. Bfc diim ngit ngMa cda 0 khi lim 0) 1»«e*:I«F7SyB , - 7 E « « { i i » 0 . bingHchlhoin thinh kitthic (4)agBJ&ff7SW3H)H,
PhSn tich ngtt lifu cd sd dyng to hpp (5) a-f«!»#jlkS , S-feSSSaEH? ?
"V + » " , cd till ttiiy, khi ldm bi ngtt chl hodn (6) S B t t ^ ^ a S i f f * * , •(*RSffi'e;S«l flidnh kit flidc, chl hudng ngtt nghTa cda Jfcd flll SlffT.
NG6N NGf &B(n S6NG
S6 10 (240-2015 I
d vl dy (3), (5), vd (6), chi hudng ngtt ngMacua ft}- hudng vl dfng td vd dii tupng tilp nhfn hdnh dfng, bilu flij sau kW hdnh dfng ifV^H (sfta dta), « [ # * Oain b^i ««>). *!!** 0'* cdi) hodn flidnh kit flidc, 1f(6tlff7 (den tilt kifm difn ndng cd till sd dyng dupc), # ! l k 0 7 (bdi t$p dupc hodn tiiifn), ^MtS-7 (cdi d dtog vj tri cin flillt). d vl dy 4), cU hudng ngtt nghTa cda tS- hudng vl dfng td vd chi flil hdnh dfng, bilu flij sau kM hdnh dfng J&ff JS)S hodn thdnh kit thdc,
" g » 7 " (tdi khdi bfnh).
Dang chi ^ Id, khdng phdi tit cd cdc trudng hpp "iS" d vj Iri bi ngft deu Id bo ngft chi hodn fliSnh kit fliic. Cd nhftng lie, jf chl don thuin Id bi ngft cM kit qud. Vidy:
(8) «is#a*H^, ^^m^mms^tn^
Trong hai vl dy tren, 0 khdng bilu flij ^ , l€,"
@ hodn thdnh kit thic, md bleu th} nhftng hdnh dfng ndy dat mic tot, 11 tudng.
Ngodi ra, cdn mft dilm can chi y Id Jf 7 d vj tri cuii cdu cd lie la vj ngft cia cd cdu, md khdng phdi Id bo ngft. Vidy:
(9) JinSAm3^«tKe, JSStthS-^ASE WR1S07.
(10) -aiSftSWa , SS^stihS-^ASS a g 7 !
2 2 Bfc diim ngd nghid cda ^khi lam bo ngUchihoin thinh kit Ihuc
Phan tfch ngft lifu cd sd dyng ti hpp "V +^", cd thl thiy, cM hudng ngft nghTa cia ^ cd thl chia ldm hai logl: chl hudng don - hutog ve dfng tft vd chi hudng kip - hutog vl dfng td, dong ttidi hutog ve dil tupng tilp nh$n hdnh dfng.
Nlu cU hutog ngtt ngMa cda % Id chl hudng?
don, ngodi bleu thj hdnh dfng sy vifc hodn thdnh kit tilde, % cdn bilu flij hdnh dfng diln ra tiong mft qud tiinh cy flil trudc khi hodn flidnh kit thic. Vfdy nhir
(ii)ia:W^>fatiftiftW6#fiis^s«??
(12) j b S H i f f ^ ^ a i » l B ^ g l ¥ : *B}t}B*
(13)-h^ig-ss, nmnn^'n-nM.
NIU chl hutog ngtt nghm cia ^ Id chl hudng kdp, ^ bilu thj dil tupng tiep nhfn hdnh dfng tidl qua mft qud trinh bien dil vl lupng, tli
"khdng" din "cd", hodc td "cd" chuyen thUnh
"khdng", nghTa cda ti hpp "dfng td + ^ " cd fli^
phdn tich nhu sau: "V +%" = [hdlfll dfng sy vi^
hoan thanh kit thic] + [dil tupng tiep nhgn hanh dfng —»"cd" / "khdng" ]. VI dy:
(14) srisaBaawafeBiffl^7, swai
3 X ' # S - t H ^ 7 .
(15)<#-^B,K^iJiESlS7.
(16) iltitFSa-feit"iliff"B!g*^ia, r%9
Trong vl dy (101), ^ bilu flij S (tiln) A flidl dilm hdnh dfng ffl kit fliic dd hit. Trong vl dy (102), % bilu tiij ^&^^^ dd dupc gISng xong todn bf kM hdnh dfng W kit fliic. Trong vl dy (103), % bilu flij den flidi dilm hdnh dfng?=5|i kit fliic, todn bp IP cda li*F dd dupc s*
suih.
25. Bfc aim ngir nghta cia M khi lim li Phdn tich ngtt lifu cd sd dyng ti hpp "V +*", cd flie fliiy, kU ldm bi ngtt cM hodn flidnh kit fliic, 0, bilu flii hdnh dfng sy vifc dd fliyc hi^
flianh cdng, ngim y dl hodn thdnh phdi d ^ ing
s i 10 (240^201 S NG6N NGC & Bdi S6NG 81 dupc nhftng dilu kifn nhit djnh, ho|lc phdi vupt
qua duprc nhftng khd khdn nhit djnh.
Chi hutog cda bi ngft cM hodn flidnh kit fliuc
^ cd die la chl hutog don - hutog vl dfng td, ho^ Id chl hutog kip - hudng vl dfng td, ding flidi hutog vl dii tupng tilp nhdn hdnh dfng. Vi dy:
(17) « l l f ^ 6 , ^ i ( n - n s a , iStfeSi
(18)-«Si«7»A«*^ll , Wi-F^S^jS?
(i9)*A^ssfiS4«tta, sfitsaasit
i m , ftstfeffi7.
Trong ba vf dy lr6n, chl hutog ngft nghTa cia
^ deu Id cM hutog dorn. C vl dy (17), dgng phi djnh cia ^ bleu thj vifc -hii khdng dupc thyc Mfn flidnh cdng, ngim ^ dl thyc Mfn dupc cin cd gido vien. Trong vl dy (18), ^ bilu thj vifc i^ra-l^ thyc Mfn dupc thdnh cdng, ngim ^ dl thyc hifn dupc phdi vupt qua nhilu dil flii cgnh ti-anh. Cdn trong vl dy (19), S bilu thj vifc W^?E dupc thyc hifn thdnh cdng, ngim
^ dl thyc hifn dupc cin thu xep dupc vdi bgn gdi.
Khi chl hutog ngft nghTa cda ^ Id chl hutog kip, "0," cdn bieu thj dil tupng tilp nhfn hdnh dfng dupc sdn slnh. VI dy nhu:
(20)te«C«£4^SE»T«[S?7 I (21) «JgMa*1f 15!S1Si4 , St-^-AJnm SEffiWWS* . ?ES7 13 ¥ « r t l ^ ! S S 7 - S 5
¥ » i:kmmy.
2.4. Nhltng diim giing vi khic vi mft ngit nghid cua if, ^ ^ khi lim bi ngit chl hoin thinh kit thic
Theo phdn tfch d ti*i, cd flil ttiiy, vl mjtt chf hutog ngtt n ^ a , cM hutog ngtt nghTa cia ^ ,
%, ^ diu chia ldm hai logl: chi hutog don - hutog vl dfng td vd chl hutog k ^ - hutog vl dfng td, ding tiidi hutog vl mft thyc flil liin quan din dfng td. Diem khdc Id ^ vd A cM cd thl bi nghTa dupc cho dii tupng tilp nhfn hdnh dfng, cdn ff cd till bi nghTa dupc cho cd chi ttil hdnh dfng.
v l m$t bilu ngMa, khi ldm bo ngtt cM hodn flidnh kit fliic, Jf, %, ^ chi cd dilm chung Id deu bilu tiij hdnh dfng sy vifc hodn thdnh kit thic, ngodi y nghTa ngft phdp ndy, mil td deu cd nhftng d ^ dim bilu nghTa ridng, khdng giing nliau: KF cd thl bilu flij hdnh dfng sy vifc hodn t M ^ dgt dupc Mfu qud mong muin, kMin ngudi ta hdi Idng; ^ bleu flij hdnh dfng sy vifc trdi qua mft qud ttinh thdi gian cy till, ho$c ldm "xuit Mfn" hay "blln mit" mft lupng sy vft nhat djnh;
fi? bilu ttij hdnh dfng sy vifc fliyc Mfn flidnh cdng, ngim y dl thyc Mfn dupc phdi ddp tag dupc nhtog dilu kifn nhit djnh, ho$c phdi vupt qua dupc nhtog khd khdn nhat djnh.
3. So sdnh d$c diem ngtt phdp cua bi ngtt chi hodn thdnh kit thdc ff, %, 0,
Quan sdt ngft lifu fliyc tl, cd flll fliiy 0 , % A khi ldm bo ngft chl hodn flidnh kit thic deu cho phip tan ngft xuit hifn ding flidi phia sau. Tuy nMen yeu ciu dii vdl tan ngft vd d$c dIan cda dfng td kit hpp dupc vdi S; %, M khdng hodn todn giing nhau.
Dilm khdc bift flid nhit Id, ^ chl cd flil kit hpp dupc vdi dfng td chl hdnh dfng sy vifc diln IB trong mft qud trinh cy thl, ndi cdch khdc phdi lupng hda dupc flidi gian xdy ra cda hdnh dfng sy vifc, ho|c fliyc the lidn quan din hdnh dfng phdi ton tgi mft lupng nhat djnh. tS^vh0, khdng cd d$c dilm nay. VI dy nhu:
(22)5 asssiiSH^ff^'t'HffiSawyi-
82 NG6NNGCr&B6Bs6NG Sil0(240)-2015 | ( 2 3 ) » « i S X - f f B £ .
(24)a.affi2E^7. /3E#*IB2fe^7. •' b . * f f i a f f 7 . / S S f r S B 6 a » 7 . c.SJgiSE«7. /i8B#SBE2fe«7.
Trong vl dy (22), # f f JH-M-IKS la vifc dien ra trong mft qud trinh cy thl, lupng hda dupc thdi gian. Trong vl dy (23), i i —ff cd mft tupng nhit djnh, diu cd thl kit hpp dupc vdi
^ . Trong vl dy (24), htoh dfng iSfe trong cdu a, iiM (quin do) cd thl bilu thj mft lupng nhit djnh, kit hpp dupc vdi ^ , nhung khi dii flidnh I5ff*B, vifc 5ifeSffl^ftSS khdng lupng hda dupc, vl vfy khdng kit hpp dupc vdi ^ ; j? vd ^ khdng ydu cau ve lupng, nen cd the sd dyng dupc trong cd hai trutog hpp, nhu trong can b vd c.
Dilm khdc bift tiid hai Id, Jf vd S? chl kit hpp dupc vdi dfng td ty chd, khdng kit hpp dupc vdi dfng td phi ty chd, con ^ cd thl kit hpp dupc vdl cd hai logl dfng tft. VI vfy cdc hdnh dfng sy vifc phi ty chi nhu T M , S^JR, T B chi cd thl kit hpp dupc vdl ^ , khdng kit hpp dupc vdl J? vd fi?. VI dy;
(25) HiT^ffi, xitiiiiBa^i , s s j a e . (T»ffi*/TmM*)
(26) : ^ - s ? » ¥ ± a s , mT^Baaift, a*s,±3Sfe$6Si2>S. ( T0g* / T^«*)
(27) KlSfi] , M-T7^=F*A7 , 5tfei8»
«-;S7. mnnrnm^^RT. ( SJ»R» / asR*)
^ KI hl§u "•" bieu thj cAch n6i nfty phi h(?p v6i th6i quen bifiu d^it cua nguii Tmng Qudc.
4. So sdnh d^c dilm ngtt dyng cua bo ngt chi hodn thdnh kit thdc ff,^0,
v l d ^ dilm vdn phong, 0 , ^ , ^ giing nhau, deu cd the sft dyng dupc cd trong vfin ndi vd van vieLVIdy:
(28) a. T S ! " " ? S J n i " f f i t t a £ = * ' ' ^ » . ( SSP9ffi« , 2014-7-24 )
(29) a iSte 21 *69'^-ei{^SM«Hfls-a, 5,^ff!SJtb£^7±1i!S5mSMff. (dbSgfi
» , « f S )
b. «!WMsasEeifti7a ?
(30) a.TSff*a2*w«!tiaBiifi55sa g , ixfi4Hs*iftitt, M*^^6ffi*a^^ffl»
Ma*«tlSttSl«W!»tt. ( »r*M , 201- 8-14)
b. sft-is:a¥fftigit«!miftn*ife, na
Trong cdc vl dy trfn, cdu a thufc phong c ^ vdn vilt, cdu b thufc phong cdch vdn ndi.
v l sic thdi ngtt nghTa, ff, "n, ^ khdng hoSn toan giing nhau: 0 cd sdc tiidl tich cyc, thu6ng chl mieu td nhtog hdnh dfng sy vifc mang tfnli tich cyc; ^ Id tft trung tinh, cd thl sd dyng ^ mieu td cd hdnh dfng sy vifc mang tinh ti'ch cyc vd tidu cyc; fi?cdthlcoi Id td mang sdc thdi tich cyc, chd yeu mieu td hdnh dfng sy vifc mang tinh tich cyc. Vidy:
(31)a. «!glHHZ , * A g * i R * * , ^ J L f » A g . g 7 i ' F » # .
b. g«iifta»g.^w%g, a*.*««
(32) a. «safi*ia«S5Es^e%a. zi
|6liiftiA«X=F*ffi^7'
Sil0(240V2ni^ NG6N NGC & BOI S6NG
83 b. «S^^IK|51}gS5Ea^S*iS , * ^
|6ltftiA®X^*@^ ?
c. «SW9llalSS^JEg^g*a , S^|6l
Trong vi dy (118), * R * « (dan do len) Id hdnh dfng ti'ch cyc, dfng tii *H cd till kit hpp dupc vdi cd ba logi b i ngtt chl hodn tiidnh kit fliic ff, ^
« . Ttong vl dy (119), n^SI Id hdnh dfng tidu cyc, dfng td l!J> chl cd till kit hpp dupc vdi m, khdng kit hpp dupc vdi J? vd S .
Ddng chi y Id, ^ ctog cd lie dupc sd dyng dl midu td hdnh dfng sy vifc mang tinh tidu cyc, kM hdnh dfng sy vifc ndy Id dy djnh, k l hogeh cia chd ttil hdnh dfng. Tuy nhifn, tiwtog hpp sd dyng fi? midu td hdnh dfng sy vifc tifu cyc hiong dii Itgjp. Vidy;
(33)**aiB(iiS'-se«sjg»¥, S i f t M .
(3 vl dy tidn, do hdnh dfng <lp^ Id dy djnh cia chu till, nfn IB* cd till kit hpp dupc vdi 0,.
Td nhtog kit qud nghien e t a d tren, cd thl thiy 0, ^ , ^ hodn dii cho nhau dupc trong tmtog hpp dfng tii vd dil tupng tilp nhfn hdnh dfng xuit Mfn tiong cdu phi hpp vdl d$c dilm ngft phdp vd ngft dyng cda cd ba tft; dfng td cM hdnh dfng sy vifc dien ra tiong mft qud ttinh nhit djnh, ho$c dii tupng tilp nhgn hdnh dfng phdi tin tgl mft lupng nhit djnh, dfng tft mang tinh ty chd, cd sdc did! ngft nghia tich cyc, vl dy;
(34) a saffi«fa»)5, s*t^^)l!!S^re^
b. ^ a 0 « f a ^ s , jeE#fi-^ift»pF8i awns?
c. s&mmmmis. affft^*»Rr«i
Tuy nhidn, nhu dd phto tich d trfn, cd sy khdc bift nhit djnh v l ngtt nghta khi hoto dii ba b i ngft ndy.
5. K i t lufn
Td nhftng kit qud phto tich ti-dn ddy, tiong thyc te giao tilp, trong nhilu trutog hpp khi chl cin bleu dgt htoh dfng sy vifc hoto tiidnh kit thic, ba b i ngft » , % ^ " c6 till hoto dil cho nhau. Tuy nhidn, J?, %, M diu cd nhftng djc dilm ngft nghia, ngtt phdp vd ngft dyng rifng. VI vfy, trong qud trinh gidng dgy, cin kit hpp gitog gidi cho hpc sinh v l cd dJU; dilm ngft nghia, ngft phdp vd ngft dyng; sau khi da nim dupc cdch sd dyng cda cd ba b i ngft ndy, cin gitog cho hpc slnh nhtog nit tuong ding vd khdc bift gifta ching, ding thdi thilt kit cdc bdi tfp tupng tag giip hpc slnh ndm vfhig vd sd dyng thuin thyc dupc ba b i ngtt ndy.
TAI U ^ U THAM KHAO 1. Tiin Sung (2008), Biiu kiin hodn dii cia "V
^7" vdi "Vff7"nhiingyiutiltludnliinquan Tgp chl Ngft vSn Tnmg Quic. Si 2.
2. Tiin Mai (2008), Thudc linh ngd n^Xa cu phdp cua "V+ff" vd qud trinh ngfiphdp hda cda "
0". Lu|in vdn TTigc sT Tiung Quic.
3. Tiin TUfn (2013), Phdn tich so sdnh hai ciu triic biiu dgt thi hodn Ihdnh cda ddng tit trong tiing Hdn "ddng tin-^"^"ddng tin-X". Hpc bdo tiutog Dgi hpc Tidu Tdc Tning Quic. Si 2.
4. MS Song (2011), Ngfiiin dm so sdnh bi ngfl chi hodn Ihdnh kit Ihdc "#", "^', "M". Lufn vfin thgc sT Tnmg Quic.
5. Chu Quic Quang (2006), Thu bdn vi nguyin tac vd phuang phdp phdn tich chi hudng ngii nghta.
Tgp chl Khoa hpc Ngdn ngtt Tnmg Quic. Si 4.
