KHAI QUAT DI CHI MAI DA OC
NGUYEN GIA t>6l\ L E HAI D A N G "
1. V ai n£t v^ di chi Mhi Ah 6 c nam trong day nui AA ven rla phfa tSy nam ciia son kh6i d^ v6i Triing An, thupc thon Nguyen, xS Yen Son, thj \&
Tam D i | p (tnr6c dSy 1^ xS Phii Khe, xa Y^n Son, huy^n Yen Mo). Hang c i tpa AQ 2 0 * ' I 2 ' 4 8 " V T BSc, 105°53'20" kinh D6ng, cao khoang 6,5m - 7m so v<5ri myc nuoc bien.
DSy 14 mpt mai da gay g6c giin hinh thudc tho. Phan mai dd Ahi vh r0ng hem hudng va phia nam, trudc mat bj chan boi cac kh6i AA ldn do bj sap xuong tii vach mii. PhSn mii da h?p va ngSn Hon h\J<mg ve phia tay cd m?t nln giong nhu mOt hanh lang ch^y xu6ng chSn mii, sdt be mat thung lung. Trudc mat phSn mai dd nhy cung cd c i c kh6i da ldn chan tnrdc mat v6n bj sap xudng tir sudn nili hien c6n luu lai ngdn nudc biin tien cue dai Holocene Trung {Anh I).
Phia tay ciia day nui thung liing, hi?n Id cdnh d6ng liia rit rOng trai ddi hdng chyc km theo chifiu bde - nam vd rong khodng 3km - 4km theo chiau
Anh I Tang da voi co ngan nirffc bien Hen Holocene trung phia ngoai Mdi ^d Oc
Anh 2. Cang quan khu virc Mdi dd 6c
" TS. Vien Khdo CO hoc
"Th.S.Vi?n Khao c6 hoc
Khdo c6 hoc, s6 2f20I3
Anh 3. Phmi chi'nit Mdi dd dc Anh 4 . Mat cdt ^a tang vdcft dong dong - tdy. Phia tay ciia thung lung Id d3y mil
Tam Diep. Trong thung lung c6 nh&ng gd hoi cao, dat set loang Id thupc h§ tdng cd tuoi h$u ky Pleistocene. Cdc khu vyc thdp, ddc bi^t Id khu vyc gdn chan mii thudng xuyen bj ngdp nudc kiau ddm Idy, trdm tich ba mdt vd Idp sat trang nam bfin dudi cd tuoi Holocene. Day Id vat tich ddng sdng c6 md ngudi dan d day thudng gpi td "Kenh Nhd La" (Anh 2).
Phan mdi dd chfnh hudng va phia nam cd chieu ddi khodng 18m, cho rpng nhdt khodng 5m.
PhAn sdt vdch mdi dd phia trong cd thim dd nhd ra, khodng gifta cd mpt s6 khoi vd 6c k^t vdn ran chac bdm vdch, mpt so ch8 cd nhij vol phii tren m$t. NSn mdi dd hoi nghieng theo chilu dong- tdy. Nui c6 phan bd ting vdn hda ddi khoang 13m, ch6 i^ng nhdt khoang 4,5m, cho h?p khodng 3,5m. M^t s6 noi tren cdc khoi dd chdn trudc mdt cung cd cdc kh6i, mdng vd 6c ket vdn ran chSc bdm vdch.
Diam cao nhdt cua cdc khdi mang vd 6c k i t vdn Id khoang tren 2m so vdi b l mdt nln hang. Cd 15
Anh 5. Phdtftiin cong dd
Nguygn Gia P o i , L£ Hai Bdng - Khai qugt di chi Mdi Jd 6 c
tnrdc ddy trSm tich chiia vd 6c ldp dAy nln hang vd cao hon nln hang hi^n nay khodng trSn 2m (Anh 3).
Phdn mdi dd h?p hudng vl phia tfiy cd chilu ddi khodng 8,5m, r§ng lm-2m, m$t nln hai nghieng theo chilu ddng-tdy. Khu vyc nln mdi dd ndy cflng cd kit cdu tdng van hda chCra vd 6c.
Mdi dd 6 c dupc phdt hi^n ndm 2001 (Nguyin Van LO', Nguyin Cao Tin 2002). Sau dd, trong chuong trinh dilu tra khdo c6 hpc t^i Ninh Binh, Vifn Khdo c6 hpc tilp tyc khdo sdt Ifii di chl ndy (Nguyin Gia D6i, Nguyin Khde Sit 2002).
TCr thdng 4 den thdng 6 nam 2012, Vi^n Khdo c6 hpc kit h t ^ vdi Ban Qudn ly khu Danh thdng Trdng An tiln hdnh khai qu§t dja dilm ndy.
2. H 6 khai qu§t vd c^u t^o tJtng vfin hda Ho thdm sdt ndm d cho rpng nhdt gdn tnmg tdm mdi dd, ndm trong ludi tpa d^ cua hang theo chilu bdc-nam ddi 4m vdi cdc 6 k^
hifu b,c,d,e vd theo chilu ddng ~ tdy r$ng 3m vdi cdc 6 ky hifu b,c,d,e (5,6,7,8). Cdc 6 5, 8 chi rpng 0,5m^ vd chi ddo sdu khodng tran 0,5m de tao cap chdng s^t Id, riSng 6 e5 cd khoi 6c kit vdn rdn chdc cdn d l l^i chua ddo (Ban vi 1). Nhu vay tong difn tfch khai qu|t d dia diem ndy Id 1 l,5m^.
Dja tdng h6 khai qu^t dupc ddo tdi do sdu khodng 1,6m. Phdn gidp vdch mdi dd phia bde cd kh6i vd 6c k i t vdn lan ra mdt phdn dian tich b6-b7 cdn tuong d6i nguyan ven. Trong khdi 6c ndy, gifta Idp 7 vd Idp 8 cd mpt 16p sat mdu do mdng ndm ngdn cdch, cd t h l Id ldp vd sinh. Vdch ddng cua h6 khai quat cd hai phdn khde nhau: Phdn gidp vdch bae bj xdo trdn cdn phdn gidp vdch nam Id khoi vd 6c bi k i t vdn nen dja tdng edn khd nguySn vpn. Tai ddy ed the n h ^ thdy tdng vdn hda cd cdu t ^ gom 3 ldp: ° , 1°^
- Ldp trfn mjit ddy khodng 40cm- Bm vs I. Binh difn ho fihaiqu^ Mdi dddc (1^8-9) 60cm, thdnh phdn ehu yeu Id 6c ket vdn bj vdi
hda, lan it mdnh dd vdi, rdt chdc
- Ldp tilp theo ehi ddy khodng 10-15cm, cdu t^o chii ylu Id sdt vdi lan ft s^n hoi kit vdn mdu nau dd, ddy cd the Id Idp vd sinh gi6ng vdi Idp ddt dd ngSn cdch gifta Idp 7-8 ciia vdch bde.
- Ldp dudi cCmg ddy khodng Im, thdnh phdn chii ylu Id vd de mii lin It ddt sit vdi bj kit vdn nhung khdng ehdc nhu ldp trfn mdt, vd 6e cdn khd nguyen, ft bj vdi hda ( B a n ve 2. Anh 4).
Phdn edn lai ciia h6 khai q u | t dja tdng hdu hit bj xdo trdn do nln hang bi san ldp trudc day.
Khdo cS hoc, stt 2/2013
Ddt trong h6 khai qu$t chii ylu Id sat vdi mdu ndu xdm bd rdi c h i ^ nhilu v6 6c, cdc lodi nhuySn thl vd gidp xdc khde thu^e cd mdi tnrdng lyc dja vd biln. Khd nhilu di c6t d$ng v^t vd di e6t ngudi ndm rdi rdc bfn cpnh mOt s6 di vgt nhu d6 dd, d6 g6m, sdnh sur phdn b6 l3n tOn khdng theo hilt ty dja tdng.
3. Di tfch
, , _ J , , MKeilhBigic S.t. Bep lua
0 Idp 9 trong tang vd oe ket vdn Q ,^.^lK%,^.<..^M,n.«M^.^^.>» o <pBn thu6c b7 cd m6t vft ddt chdy dd, trong dd M L«-.v«ii.««».«.™..«.-r.*
ldn than ciii. ddi khodng 40cm, rOng 30cm. £ 3 i^*.>*.«>».*k.«**«"'-a—*——
Ddy Id vlt tfch b i p lira nhung khdng dupe ^ ''-*^»—^
si> dyng Idu ddi. QAn \6 ZM^tcA^t^ vdch d8t^ ho khai qu^ Mdi dddc 3.2. Dl c6t ngudi
Trong hdu hit cdc ldp khai qudt diu phdt hifn dupc cdc mdnh xuong 6ng vd mdnh sp cd thl Id di c6t ngudi. Cdc mdnh di c6l ndy ndm rdi rdc do dja tdng bi xdo trpn, khdng theo m6t tr$t ty gidi phSu ndo. Hien tupng di cot ngudi nSm rdi rdc vd gdy vyn nhu tren da dupe phdt hifn d mpt sd dja dilm khdo c6 hpc tiln sur trSn ddt nudc ta nhu d cdc dja dilm Ldng Cdng hay Mang Chieng (Thanh Hda).
Trong qua trinh phdn lo?i chiing tdi phdt hifn mpt s6 do^n xuong 6ng cd vlt'g§y ngang, vlt gdy khd phang, nhilu khd ndng nhiing do?n xuong ndy dd dupc d§p hay chdt ra cd chu y ciia con nguin.
3.3. Di Itch d^ng fltfrc v^t 3.3.1. Di tich dgng vgl
Thdnh phdn nhuyen the vd gidp xdc trong Mdi dd 6 c nhilu v l s6 lirpng, phong phii \c gidng lodi, bao gom cdc lodi 6c, lodi hai mdnh vd, ed lodi s6ng tran c^n, mdi trudng nudc ngpt, cd lodi sdng 6 biln vd cd lodi s6ng d viing nudc Ip. Cde lodi s6ng trong mdi trufimg nudc ngpt vd trfn c^n nhir dc undata (Nerita undala), 6 c md ket (Cymmatium lotorium), 6 c viln vdng (Cypraea anmilus), 6 c nui (Cyclophorus cowbell), 6 c mii (Cyclophorus cambodgensis). dc niii (Camaena vayssierei). 6 e su6i (Aniimelania costula), 6 c su6i (Melanoides lubeculatus), 6 e su6i (Tarebia granifera), 6e dd (Angulyagra polyzoneta), Hin sdng (Corbiculafluminea).
Cdc lodi sdng trong mdi trudng biln hodc ddm ldy nude Ip nhu; So huyit (Anadara granosa), Hau cua song (Crassostrea nvularis), Hau (Saccostrea cucullata). Vgp (Geloina coaxans), Ngao ddu (Meretrix merelrix), Triing trye ddi (Lanceolaria grayi). Triing tryc ngdn (Oxynaia micheloti), Trai difp (Sinihyropsis cumingii), bpn gidp xdc nhu Cua (Crab).
Di c6t dOng v§t cd xuong s6ng irong h6 khai qu^t diu chua hda thach vd thu^c cde gi6ng lodi hifn dai (Bdng 1). Phdn ldn xucmg c6t dpng v§t bj gdy vd, mpt s6 chua xdc djnh dupc lodi. So di c6t xdc djnh dupe lodi gdm bpn thu gu6c chdn, trong dd c6 Trau/bd (Bos spJBubalus bubalis), Nai (Cervus unicolor). Hodng (Muntiacus munljali), Lpn {Sus scrofa), bpn thii an thjt nhu Limg Ipn {Artor^
collaris), Gdu (Vrsus sp.), Khi {Macaca sp.), Nhim {Hystrix sp.), cde lodi dpng vdt khde nhu chim, riia, cd.
Nguyin Gia D6i
Ten d$ng v$t The Fiu6c chin Ti&l/b6^BSp/
BtAcAisljulxi/is) Huou nai Nai (Cervus unicolor) t^cSog(Mir£aiB ttjal.Sus scrofa) Thu an thjt Lungl^C4f«ntx ctilbis) Gau(t/ratfsp.) Nguiri {Homo sapiens) Khl(Mi»vasp.) Nhim(/$fi^^) xuong dgng vat khdng xac dinh Chim Ruac^n Ca Tong
Le Hii B i n g - Khai q u | t di chi M i
Bing I. Thdnh phin cdc tod
d i A c 7
It^ng v^t cii xirffng sing & Mdt ltd dc L*p
0
2 1
5
57 4 69
1
2
4
45
51 2
5 1
I
1
II
117 2 1 139
3
5 7
2
7
44 1 66
4
6 5
1
14 I 94
121 5
5 1
I
1 4 2
113 2 1 130
6
4 9
1 1
1 8 2
102 6 134
7
5
2 7
9 1
112 1 3 2 142
8 I 2 7
9 1
77 2 2 101
9 1 6 1
1
3
65 4 1 82
10 1
10
5
98
114 11
2 5
2
86
95 12
1
14
15 13
1 2 1
2
2 8
T6ng 2 37 36 1 5 2 10
,
2 74 6 1 826 1 24 7 1035 3.3.2 Thanh phdn Ihicc vdt qua phdn tich bao tie phdn hoa
Kit qua phdn tich bdo tu phdn hoa Hang 6 c cho kit qud nhu sau {Bang 2).
Cdc mau diu cd luu mdt lupng nhd hat phdn hoa vd bdo tu. Thdnh phdn bdo tu phdn hoa chu ylu Id phan hoa vd bdo tir ciia cdc lodi thyc vat ua ndng, dm vd it lodi ua khf h^u dn hda mdt me, chiing bao gom ca cdc lodi cdy thdn go va than thdo. Trong thdnh phdn thyc vdt edn cd mpt so lodi cdy ua nudc nhuTypha, Impatiens...dilu dd cho thdy rdng mdi trudng dddy trong mpt thdi ky ndo dd bj ng^p nudc.
Bdng 2. hit qud p/idn tfch bao tir phdn Itoa Hang dc Ten loii
Pinus sp Castanopsis sp.
Castanea sp.
Alnus sp.
Melia sp.
Dipterocarpaceae Vitis sp.
Magnoliaceae 20cm
1 1
1 3
30 cm
2
1 2
40cm
1
1
1 SOcm
2
1 2
1 2
60cm
2
2 70cm
2
2
1 80cm
1
3 1
2 90cm
1 1
1 2
lOOcm
2
1 1
110cm
1
2 120cm
2
1 1
130cm
1
1
Khdo CO hoc, sS 212013
Poaccac Tvpba sp Im/xiliciis sp Cheitnpodiiini sp.
Chenopotliaceeic I-a hate ac Miiraceac Malvaceae Conipositae Aiiiiiraiiiliaccae Convolvulaceac Polvpodium sp.
l.vcapodiuni sp Cvaifiea sp.
Gleichenia sp.
un determine!
4
1
.1
2
I 3
2
5 2
1
1
3
2 3
2 3
3 1
1
2 2 1 2 1
6 2
2
4
1 3 2 1
3 3
2
4
3 3
1 7
2 1 1
1
3 1
4 1
t 4
1
1 1 1 2 2
1 2 3 5
2
2
2 3
2
1
3
2 3
1
1
2
1
2 2
2
1 2
1
2
1 1 7
1
2
2
1 1
2 8
I
1
2
2
4. Di v$t
Bp suu t^p di v§t dupc tim tl 4.1. Dd ad
y trong h6 khai qu$t vd khdo sdt gdm ed cd dd dd, do xuong vd do g6m.
Anh 7. Riu mai bo phgn vd nu c6 vai mdi nhdn todn thdn Tong cOng cd 76 hifn v^t dd, dupc chia
thdnh nhftng lo^i hinh sau:
- Cdng cy ^ 6 dgo: cd 27 chifc, gdm cd 1 cdng cy ria dpc; I cong cy ria ngang; 1 cdng cy dang phan tu cupi; 2 cdng cy hinh riu bdu dye; 4 cdng cy khdng dinh hinh; 4 c6ng cy cd mui nhpn; 5 cong cy manh; 1 manh vO cdng cy; 1 edng cy hinh mdng ngya, 2 cdng cy hinh riu; 2 cong cy hai ria, trong dd cd 1 chiee hai ria d6i nhau; 7 edng cy mdnh; 1 cdng cy hjich {Ban vS3. h. 1-5)
- Cdng cy cupi nguyen: 11 chdy nghiln; 3 bdn nghiln; 9 hdn ghd d§p; 2 bdn mdi.
- Cdng cy mdi: 3 riu mdi ludi, trong dd 2 chile gdn bdu dge vd 1 chile ed eo vai (Ban ve 3. k 6;
Anh 7); 1 riu ed vai vudng mdi todn than {Ban ve 3, h. 7; Anh 7); 1 ludi eua.
- Di v^t khde g6m; 1 ehi ludi; 1 hifn v§t ed yet cua - mdi vd 15 mdnh thd hodng. Dac bift, tai ddy ho khai qu§t phdt hifn dupc m^t philn dd vdi hinh vd triing tryc ddi khoang 80cm, rpng 35em, ddy 15cm; khd det, mpt ddu hoi thdt nhd, mdt ddu hcri phlnh {Anh 5). Xung quanh philn dd ndy cd cdc vlt gha dec gia cong t^o hinh ddng cd chu dfch. Khi gd philn dd ndy ed tilng kfu nhu chudng, c6 t h l ddy Id mpt lo^i cdng dd (lithophone) eua ngudi nguyen thiiy.
- Dd ed gia cdng vd mdnh tudc: Cd 19 mdnh tudc, diu Id chat lifu dd voi, kfch thudc tilr 3cm - 5cm, khdng ed loai mdnh tudc nhd dudi 3cm. Dd cd vet gia cdng vd nguyfn lifu cd 25 cyc trong dd ed tdi 19 cue Id dd vdi, s6 cdn lai Id dd basalle, diabaz, phien stt, riiyolite.
Nguyen Gia Bli, Lg Hai Bdng - Khai qugt di ciii Mdi dd 6c
^
l2JtO.L3x6:10
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l2.HO.LtO.£6;20
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4.2. Do gom tien sirG6m tiln siJr d Mdi dd 6c cd hai lo^i: G6m thd kilu Da Biit vd g6m mjn eiia thdi d^i Kim Khf.
4.2.1. Gdm tho (Loai !)
Lojii ndy ed thl chia thdnh hai tieu lo^i: Rdt thd ddy (la) vd thd vira, mdng hon (lb).
-Tilulo?i la: 59 manh
Khdo cd hoc, sd' 2/2013
Anh K. G'/im thd ddy Ddy Id g6m rdt thd, xuong g6m ldm bdng sfl chua tinh luyf n ldn nhilu s^n sdi trdn laterit, mdu ndu hodc ndu xdm, dO ddy 8-l2mm. Logi ndy thudng cd van d§p thdnh rdnh diil do?n hai sdu, rdnh rpng 5-8mm. Vdn d | p trfn todn b6 m^l ngodi d6 g6m. tir
mifng xu6ng gdn ddy vdn d§p xudi chilu gdn song song, phdn ddy van d^p ch6ng chfo Ifn nhau kilu d trdm hay d vudng, Ddy chu ylu Id cdc v6 g6m ddy trdn, mifng gdn dftng, m i p mifng phdng rdt gl6ng vdi g6m d$c nimg ciia vdn hda Da Biit.
- Tieu l09i lb: 86 mdnh {Anh 8) G6m thd nhimg ft sgn sdi hem la, mdu ndu hodc nau xdm, ddy 5-8mm. G6m thudng cd vdn d&p thdnh rdnh dut dogn cO vfta, rdnh r^ing khodng 3- 5mm. Mpi s6 mdnh cd vdn d$p rdnh xodn deu ddn gdn nhu van thftng. Hoa vdn dupc d§p tren todn b^
mjlt ngodi d6 g6m theo chilu dpc nhung ddy lai dupc d§p rdnh cat chfo nhau hinh 6 trdm hojc d vudng.
Ddy Id loai gdm cung thudng thdy trong vdn hda Da Blit nhu trong di chi Ldng Cdng hay Ddng Vudn.
Chung cd chat lifu khd tuong ddng nhung hoa van cd mpt sd biln dgng. Logi gdm ndy cd thl xudt hifn mudn hon chiit it so vdi loai 1 a.
- Tilu logi Ic: 87 mdnh {Anh 9).
Chdt lifu gdm thd hoi min vd gom tho mjn, gdm sat pha cdt vd bd thye vat, d6m trdng vay mica, felspat, cd cdc mdu nau dd, ndu vdng, ndu xdm. Hoa vdn g6m gdm cd thftng min, thftng vua, vdn dap, miat ldng, an ldm tren nfn thiing (hoa vdn kilu ddu chan thii vdn hda Hoa Lpc), loai hoa vdn ndy dd dupc phat hifn d dia dilm Mdi dd Vdng, hay d ldp sdm dja dilm Man Bae. Ddy trung binh tir 0,3em - 0,6cm.
Logi gdm ndy cd the xuat hifn mupn hon mpt chiit ft so vdi loai lb.
4 2.2. Com min (Logi2) S\ mdnh {Anh 10) Ddy Id logi g6m cd chdt lifu mjn hem gdm sit dupc tinh luyfn vd pha trpn vdi cdt hodc bd thyc vgt, it sgn sdi md chi thdy cdc hat d6m trdng ciia mica hay felspat, thdnh gdm thudng ddy 3-6mm. G6m fliudng cd mdu dd gach hodc mdu xam den, khd chdc. Gdm hdu hit cd van thung c5 vua vd hoi min, dupc d ^ hoi xien vd song song xudi theo chilu dung nhung ddy dupc d|ip cat chao nhau hinh xuong ca hay d trdm. Phdn mifng
4
Anh 9, Gom Ihd v
1 2 . H O . L 6
Anh 10. Gom mjn
Nguyin Gia P o i , Le Hai Bdng - Khai qugt di chi Mdi dd 6 c
thudng khdng cd hoa van md dupc milt ldng. Mifng g6m hcri loe, map mifng vf eong hoi vdt ra ngodi. Ddy Id g6m thuOc thdi dgi Kim Khf giai dogn sdm gi6ng nhu g6m di chi Chp Ghlnh, Mdn Bgc. Nfti Hai. Trong s6 ndy cdn cd m0t s6 mdnh g6m cd thl muOn hon, thuijc vdn hda Ddng Scm.
4.3. DS gSm, sdnh si th&i lich sA
Nhihig manh g6m thdi ljch su d Hang 6 c khd da dgng, chiing gom: G6m trdng men, g6m khong men vd d6 sdnh.
- G6m trdng men: 26 mdnh, g6m cd mdnh thdn vd chdn d l .
G6m thudng dupc trdng men hoi xanh ho^c hoi ngd vdng, phan ddy thudng khdng cd men, khdng cd chile ndo vf ldng md chi cd ddu vlt con ke. Logi hinh gom bdt, dTa, du, binh. Bdt hay dTa cd chdn d l dde (ldi), khdng dupc vgt 16m Ddy cd thl Id nhftng do g6m trdng men thuOc thl ky 9-10 tuong duong vdi thdi Nhd Dinh - Le
- G6m khdng trdng men: 38 mdnh. G6m thudng cd mdu dd ggch, khd ciing, logi hinh g i m cd Ion, v6, th6 v.v.
- D6 sdnh: 47 manh
Logi hinh do sdnh gom: Lon, v6, th6, binh. Trong sd ndy ed binh cao, vai cd mim quai det; Lon sdnh ddy bdng, thdn thdng; Vd thdn phinh, mifng thu.
Nhftng dd gdm khdng men vd d6 sdnh d ddy cd thl cung ed niSn dgi thf ky IX-X vd XI-XlIl, tuong duong vdi thdi Dinh - Lf vd Ly - Tran,
5. Kit qua phan tich nien d^i tuyft d6i
Ba mSu vd 6e nui trong dja tdng h i khai quat Mai dd 6 e dupc phan lich tgi Phdng Phan tieh gidm djnh niSn dgi C14 ciia Vifn Khdo cd hpc ed cdc nien dgi nhu sau:
- Maul2HOL8b6 cd tudi 4.670 BP;
- Mlu 12HOL10b7 cd tudi 4.780 BP;
- Mau 12H0VD (-60cm) cd tudi 8,410 BP.
Ba mau khde dupc phdn lich tgi Paleo-Labo AMS (Nhdt Bdn) co cdc nien dgi ndm trong khodng 6776 BC - 8732 BC.
Cdc nifn dgi tuyfl ddi dupc phan tich tren ddy khd phft hpp vdi tinh chat eua di chi. Giai dogn sdm eua Mdi dd 6 c cd 16 ndm trong khodng tran dudi 10,000 BP, dd Id nien dgi cdc lich ly vdn hda bi kit vdn do nude ehua Ca Co3, hifn cdn thay cdc khdi bdm trSn vdch mdi dd. Cdc giai dogn cu tni tilp theo dien ra sau dd kao ddi tft khodng 9000 BP din tren dudi 4.000 BP.
6. Nh§n djnh vd thdo luan
Do dia tdng Mdi dd 6 c bj xdo trpn nen khdng nhdn thuc dupe trgt ly diln biln cdc ldp irong ldng vdn hda. Cdn cu: vdo dac trung di tich vd di vgt, chiing tdi tgm thdi dua ra mdt s6 nhgn djnh so bp v l cdc khia cgnh: thich iing mdi trudng, md thiic cu trii, kiem song, hdnh vi cdng ey, tri thftc ky thugt vd cdc mdi nan hf vdn hda eiia con ngudi thdi tiln su d ddy.
6.L Thich irng moi t r u d n g , md thih: c u t r l j vd kiem s6ng
Mdi dd 6 e Id noi cu tni cua cdc nhdm eu ddn tien su tu Holocene sdm nhung chii yeu Id trong giai dogn biln liln Holocene trung ndm Irong khoang 8.000 - 4.500 BP. Ngay trong thdi ky bien tien Holocene trung dgt eye dgi, khodng trSn 4m so vdi myc nudc biln hifn nay thi ngudi ta vdn cd thl s6ng d ddy vi b l
Khdo cS hoc, s6 2/2013 m§t Mdi dd 6 c vSn cao khodng 2-3m (Nln Hang 6 e cao khodng 7m-8m so vdi myc nudc biln hifn tgi). Tuy nhifn v§n ed thl cd mOt vdi gidn dogn ndo dd do biln d6i mdi trudng vd dilu kifn s6ng bilu hifn qua cdc Idp trdm tfch mdu ndu dd trong tdng vd 6c kit vdn, khdng cd vlt tfch cu tni efta con ngudi.
Cu ddn Mdi dd 6 c khai thdc nguin (hue dn d vftng dfm (ecoton) ndm gifta hai hf sinh thdi: ven biln vd lye dja. Tdn tfch thftc dn d l Igi bao g6m 6c nui, 6c su6i, cua dd, cdc lodi d^ng vgt fren can vd cd m^t so lodi d§ng vgt biln nhu 6e, ngao, sd, hdu, hd v.v. Tdt nhifn ngudi ta phdi khai thdc cd cdc ngu6n thirc dn tiiye vgt nhu cde lodi rau, cii, qud d l b6 xung ngu6n dinh dirdng tft ehdt b^t. Trong mSi giai dogn ed Ihl cd nhftng khde bift trong vife khai thdc nguin thftc dn do thay d6i myc nudc biln. Trong giai dogn 7 - 6 n ^ l n ndm irude, do myc nudc biln cdn cdch khd xa khu vyc cu tni nfn khdi lupng khai thde ngu6n thftc dn tft hf siiih thdi lyc dja cao hon gi6ng nhu phuong thiie s6ng cfta cu ddn vdn hda Hda Binh. Giai dogn khodng smi 6 nghin ndm din khodng 5.000 BP, khi biln tiln dgt miic cyc dgi vd gift d mftc ndy trong mpt thdi gian khd ddi, ben cgnh vife khai Ihdc cdc ngu6n thiic an tii mdi trudng lyc dja, cu ddn d d ^ dd thfch ftng ddn vdi moi tnrdng ven biln vd nggp mgn, hp ldng cudng khai thde nguin hdi sdn k l ca vife ddnh bat ed biln ven bd. Giai dogn biln ihodi, khodng sau 5 nghin ndm cdch ngdy nay, eu dan liln su d khu vyc ndy van tilp tue phuong thue kinh l l khai thdc ty nhiSn nhung nhilu khd ndng da phdt sinh ndng nghifp.
Khodng tren dudi 4 nghin ndm cdch ngdy nay, d Mdi dd 6 c vin cd ddu vlt cu ten ngdn hgn eiia cu ddn thupc so ky thdi dai Dd dong md di t i n vdn hda d ddy gi6ng di chi Mdn Bgc vd m6t so di Ifeh khde nhu Hang Chp Ghenh, Niii Hai d huyfn Tam Difp. 6 day cung cdn Id noi tni ngy tgm thdi cua cu dan thdi frung dgi vdi cdc manh g6m, sdnh sii thdi Dinh - Le vd Ly - Trdn.
6.2. Hdnh vi cdng cu vd tri thih: ky thuat
Bp cdng cy d Mdi dd 6 c dupc bilt chii yeu la cdng cy dd. Trong giai dogn biln tiln Holocene trung, cu dan d day van su dyng b^ cdng cy gha dgo. Cdng cy ghf deo d Mdi dd 6 c thudng dupc Idm tft dd cupi vdi cdc logi chdt lifu khd da dgng vd cd 12 ngudi ta phdi tim kilm d nai nao dd khd xa noi ndy.
Do d khu vyc ndy rdt hilm cupi sdng sudi cd chdt lupng tdt nen dd voi dupe su dpng khd phd biln nhat la d6i vdi bp cdng cu chl biln thftc dn nhu chdy vd bdn nghiln. Cdng cy gha deo d Mdi dd 6 c dupe gia edng kha don gidn, hinh ddng kim quy chudn, cd le chiing ehi phu hpp vdi cdc chuc ndng chat dgp hay cat ngo don gidn. Ban cgnh cdng cy ghe dgo, cu ddn d day dd bilt din kJ thugt mdi nhung khdng thyc sy phd biln. Riu mdi d day thu^c dgng mdi ludi nhung da cd sy tiln b^ nhdt djnh, ghfe tgo ddng trudc khi mdi va tgo eo vai da lap cdn.
Do ngudn thiic an ly nhiSn khd da dgng vd phong phii, nln kinh t l hdi lupm sdn bat khdng cdn sii dyng nhilu cdng cu cung nhu cdc logi cdng cy chuyan hda. Tuy nhien, trong giai dogn tilp xuc vdi mdi trudng bien, dd c6 cde ddu hifu xudt hifn vife ddnh bdt cd bdng ludi. Ben cgnh chi ludi, vife se spi dan ludi cd khd ndng dd diln ra bieu hifn qua ddu van thiing tren dd g6m d ddy.
Cu dan di chi Mdi dd 6 c da sft dyng vd cd thf da bilt ldm dd g6m. Logi gdm thd van dgp thanh idnh rdng (vdn dgp tho) dupc bilt Id g6m sdm nhdt d Vif I Nam cung nhu khu vyc Ddng Nam A. Gdm thd d Mai dd 6 c rdt gidng vdi do g i m ciia vdn hda Da But, g6m di chi D i n g Vudn vd gdm tim thdy trong mpt s6 hang dpng khde nhu Hang Sdo, Hang Cd, Hang Dang (Ninh Binh), hang Con Moong (Thanh Hda).
6.3. IVloi lien hf vdn hda
Cd the nhgn thdy rdng cu dan Mdi dd 6 c giai dogn sdm mang truyin thdng vdn hda Hda Binh ca ve phuang Ihfte cu hii, kilm s6ng vd hdnh vi cdng cy. Tuy nhifn ddy la giai doan mupn vd hgu Hda Binh, mat khac lai s6ng trong dilu kifn mdi tmdng ed mpt sd khde bift nen sdc thdi vdn hda d ddy mang nhihig dae thu nhdt dinh. Cd Ihl nhgn thdy rdng, di chi Mdi dd 6 c cung nhu nhilu di tich hang ddng d
Nguygn Gia Boi, Le Hai Bdng - Khai qugt di chi Mdi dd 6 c
khu vue Ddng Nam Ninh Birih cd nhilu tuong ding vdi nhdm di tfch hang dOng trfin cdc ddo d Vjnh Hg Long vd ddo Cdi Bd. Day Id ede nhdm cu ddn s6ng trong cdc hang dpng nfti dd vdi gdn biln hay trfn vinh biln hifn nay trudc biln tiln Holocene trung dgt miic cyc dgi.
Trong giai dogn Hgu Hda Binh, eu ddn Mdi dd 6 e cDng nhu m^l s6 dja dilm khde d ddng nam Ninh Binh vd Thanh Hda c6 thl thu^c m^t hf thing vdn hda chung vdi dge himg Id riu mdi luOi phdt triln (biface mdi ludi) vd g6m vdn dgp rdnh thd, da dupc xdc djnh Id di tin cua vdn hda Da BOt. Tuy nhian, mdi lien hf gifta cde di tich Da Bftt trong hang d^ng vd ngodi trdi hifn vSn chua dupe Id sdng td.
Trong mdt sd hang dpng phdi hifn dupc riu mdi ludi vd g i m thd gi6ng Da Bftt nhu Hang Sdo (Tam Difp, Ninh Binh) cd nien dgi tuyfl d6i C'* Ifn din khodng 9.000 BP hay ldp van hda mudn eua hang Con Moong (Thgch Thdnh. Thanh Hda) cd dil cd nifin dgi 7-8 nghin ndm. Nhu vgy, vdi nhftng tu lifu mdi hifn nay cd thl c6 hudng suy nghT rdng, vdn hda Da But ed thl dd ndy sinh tii cdc dja dilm hang ddng vung mii dd vdi ven rla d i n g bdng Ninh Binh vd Thanh Hda. N l u diing theo suy lugn tran thi cdc dia dilm hang ddng d khu vyc ndy Id noi khdi nguin eua nhthig tien triln ky thugt vd cdch tdn vdn hda nhu phdt triln ky thugt mdi edng ey dd, chl tgo dd g6m vd ndng nghifp sdm.
Budc sang thdi dgi Kim Khi. Mdi dd 6 c cung ed ddu vlt cu tni ngdn hgn eua nhdm cu ddn md di tdn vdn hda d l lgi phan dnh mdi quan hf gdn gui vdi nhdm cu dan lien Ddng Son trong khu vye nhu hang Chp Ghlnh, Niii Hai (huyfn Tam Difp), di chi Mdn Bae (huyfn Yen Md) vd sau dd cd cd ddu vlt ciia vdn hda Ddng Son.
TAI LI$U DAN
NGUYEN GIA E>6l 2012. Bdo cdo sa bo kel qud ihdm sal di chi Hang 6c (Ninh Binh). Tu li^u Vifn Khao co hpc, NGUYEN GIA DOI, NGUYEN KHAC SC 2002. Bdo cdo kit qud diiu tra khdo cd hgc Ninh Binh. Tu lifu
Vien Khao cd hpc.
NGUYEN VAN LO', NGUYEN CAO TAN 2002. Phdt hifn khdo cd d hang Niii 6 c (Ninh Binh). Trong Nhimg phdt hien mdi vi khdo co hgc 2001: 114.
E X C A V A T I O N AT 6 C R O C K S H E L T E R S I T E
NGUYEN GIA DO!, LE HAI DANG 6 e Rockshelter is located in the limestone range along the southwestern side of the karstic marif in Trdng An, Yen Son commune, Tam Difp town, Ninh Binh province. From the April to June 2012, Vift Nam Institute of Archaeology and the Management Department of Trdng An Sightseeing Landscapes conducted an excavation at this site.
The stratum of the excavated trench was disordered, except the southeastern part that was fairly intact. The remained cultural layer is approximately 1,6m, which is fully filled with mollusc shells, limestone blocks and faunal bones.
The faunal components include molluscs, crustanceans, sea and land mammal animal. The found artifacts contain chipped stone tools, ground axes, ceramics, stonewares and so on.
The absolute dates of the site lie within 10,000 BP - 4,000 BP. The inhabitants of the 6 c Rockshelter lived through the stages prior to middle Holocene sea transgression till after it.
