Nhung nhan to anh hudng den thu nhqp cua cac ho ngu dan khai thac hai san xa bd
vung duyen hdi Nam Trung Bp
H O A N G H O N G H I E P
^ md hinh kinh teb^Jng, bdi vi& lUOng hoa nhiing nhdn to dnh hudng d^n thu nhdp
^ cua cdc ho ngU ddn khai thac hdi sdn xa bd vung duyen hdi Nam Trung Bg; qua do gdi mb mot so ham y chinh sdch nham gop phdn ndng cao thu nhap cdc ho ngi£ ddn khai thac hdi sdn xabd viing duyen hM Nam Trung Bo trong thM gian tdi.
Tii k h o a : kinh tebiSi, phdt trien vdng, chinh sdch khuyen ngii, khai thac xa bd. Nam Trung Bg.
1. G i ^ t h i e u
Vung duyen M i N a m T n u ^ Bo t r a i dai iM t ^ ^ n h pho D a N a i ^ ^ i tinh Binh Thuan, phia Ddng giap hien Ddng vdi h a i q u ^ ^ o Hoang S a (thuoc t h a n h pho Da N i n g ) va Trudng S a (thuoc tinh Kharih Hda), ed t h e m luc dia rong Idn v a viju^ bien s a u vdi nhieu tiem n a n g va Idi the^ to Idn trong p h a t trien kinh t e bien, ahSit la nganh k h a i t h a c h a i san xa bd. T u y nhien, vung duyen h a i Nam IVung Bo lai c6 ^ n 76 xa ven bien, h a i dao n a m trong tong so 311 xa dac biet kho k h a n vung b a i ngang ven bien v a h a i dao cua Viet Nam giai doan 2013 - 2015^ (chi^m khoang 25% tong so xa ^ n bien dac biet kho k h a n cua ca nudc).
T r o n g bdi c a n h T r u n g Quoc d a n g nd l u c md r o n g k i 4 m s o a t b i ^ n Ddng, t h u nhd.p va ddi song c u a cac h o n g u d a n k h a i t h a c had s a n x a bd v u n g d u y e n h a i N a m T r u n g Bo cd t h e bi a n h h u d n g d a n g k e . Dieu do t i e p t n c t a o a p liic Idn doi vdi h e t h o n g c h i n h s a c h p h a t t z i e n k i n h t^ x a hoi c u a T r u n g Udng d a n h cho n g a n h k h a i t h a c xa bd v a cong d o n g ngU d a n n a y t r o n g t h d i gian t d i .
Nghien cfiu s]j[ dung bo dd h e u sd cap <hidc Ihu t h a p tii kdt qua <heu tara bang bang hdi 300 ho n g u d a n khai thac h a i san xa bd^ thuoc 9 za/phudng cua 3 dia phUdng vnng ven bien N a m T r u n g Bo (Da N i n g , Quang Ngai, P h u
Yen), <^ iviong hda cac n h a n td^ anh hudng d^n t h u n h a p cua cac hd ngU dan khai thac hai san x a b d .
2 . K h u n g l y t h u y e t c a c n h a n t o a n h h i f d n g d ^ n t h u n h a p c u a h o n g i f d a n k h a i t h a c h a i s a n x a bcf Thu n h a p cua cac ho ngU d a n k h a i t h a c h a i s a n xa bd la tong cac khoan t h u n h a p rong cua ho gia dinh cd ngU d a n t h a m gia hoat ddng danh hkt h a i san xa bd. Trong dd, t h u n h a p tCf hoat dong khai t h a c h a i san xa bd l a cau t h a n h chu yeu nh^t t r o n g tong t h u
Uoaag Hdng H i ^ TS., Vi&a Khoa hpc xa hdi vung TmngBd.
1. Qaya dinh stf 539/(^Trg ngay I -4-2013 cua Thu tiE^ig Qiuih [riiD v^ vi€c phe duyet danh sach cac xa dSc bi^ kho khan vm^ bai ngang vea biln va hai dao giai dtan 2013-2015.
2. nieo Qu^t ^nh 393/C^Trg ngay 9-6-1997 cua Hin to^ig Chmh pfau v6 vigc ban luknh Qny chS^ quan ly
^ sii dnng v ^ tia dung ddn tu theo ke hoach Nha mtOc dio cac du an dong m ^ cai hoan tan danh bat va t ^ did) VQ danh bit hai san xa bd, kliai thac hai san xa bd duoc xac dinh la hoat ddng khai ihac hai san b vong bi&
d a « gi^ hao bffi d a ^ dang s&a 30 m^t tit b6 b i ^ trd m6&v& vfing IH&I Vinh Bic B6, Dftig va Tfly Nam B6, Vinh IMi Lan, ira ASmg ding san 50 met te bd b i ^ trd ra dtfi v ^ vm^ \n6a mife Tnmg. Tan khai thic xa bd la tau CO I ^ miy dimh cOng su^ td 90CV trd len, c6 dang ky haid) nghi daidi cji xa bd tai dia pbrxfng noi co tru b c ^ pSy pbep hloh n ^ danh ca xa bd do co quan bao ve ngD^ Ira tfany san c ^ .
ft0wencAiKintttgs6lOft6t)-'nting 10/2016
47
Nhiirng nhan to anh htfofng
nhap hd ngU dan. NhU vay, cac nhan to' anh hudng den thu nhap cua cac hd ngU dan khai thac hai san xa bd rat da dang, tit nhiing nhom nhan to' dUdc quy dinh bdi nhi3ng dac trUng ngu nghiep cua nganh khai thac hai san xa bd, cd che chfnh sach ho trd phat trien nganh cua n h a nUdc, den nhiing nhom nhan to' gan vdi dieu kien tU nhien, kinh te xa hoi, dac diem nhan khau hoc cua cong ddng ngU dan. Sujithkumar (2008) tim thay cd cau gidi tinh cua ho gia dinh, tuoi tac va trinh do giao due cua chii ho, tiep can tin dung, dien va thitrUdng la nhUng nhan to' anh hucing quan trong den thu nhap phi nong nghiep cua ho gia dinh. Olale va Henson (2012, 2013) da chdng minh da dang hda thu nhap gdp phan gia tang y nghia thu nhap cua hd ngU dan.
Ngoai ra, trinh do giao due. thanh vien ciia mot hiep hoi va kha nang tiep can tin dung la nhUng nhan to' cd anh hudng y nghia den sU da dang hoa thu nhap giUa cac hd ngU dan.
Garoma va cac cdng sU (2013) cho r^ng, t h u nhap bien cua cac hd ngU dan danh bat ca xung quanh Hd Ziway va Langano d Ethiopia rat nhay cam vdi sU bien doi ciia khi hau, nhat la lUdng mUa va mUc nUdc trong hd.
Ngoai ra, do due va miic bdi Ifingcua ho la bat Idi Idn ddi vdi cac quan the ca va la nhiing nhan to' quan trong lam suy giam thu nhap cua cac ho ngu dan. Cuoi cung, viec t u do danh bat ca, viec thuc thi phap luat long leo trong quan ly boat dong danh b^t, sU gia tang chi phi nguyen lieu danh bat, gia ban, kha
HINH 1: Khung ly thuyet cac n h a n to' anh khai thac hai
nang tiep can vdi thi trUdng, la nhflng nhan to' a n h hudng Idn de'n t h u n h a p cua cdng ddng ngU dan nay. Al J a b r i va cac cdng sU (2013) nghien ciiu nhUng n h a n to' a n h hUdng den thu n h a p cua cac ngU d a n quy md nhd tai viing ven bien Batinah cua Oman. Ket qua Udc lUdng chi r a rang, trong khi cdng suat ddng cd, chieu dai tau, sd'lUdng cac chuyen di bien hang t u a n co tac ddng y nghia dd'i v6i nang cao t h u n h a p ngU dan, thi viec gia tang chi phi danh bat hang t u a n , so' lUdng thuyen vien, nhflng kho k h a n trong viec dU trfl da lanh cd the lam giam mflc t h u n h a p ngU dan, Ngoai ra, cac tac gia ciing ke't luan rang, kha nang n h a n thflc va hoat ddng dao tao, kinh nghiem nghe nghiep ddng vai trd quan trong trong viec nang cao t h u n h a p cho ngU dan ven bien Batinah.
Nhin chung, cac nghien cflu t r e n da de cap dUdc mot so' nhan to' a n h hudng den thu nhap ciia cac hd ngU dan khai thac thuy san ven bd. Do dd'i tUdng nghien cflu la cac ho ngU dan khai thac hai san xa bd, chiing tdi cd cau cac n h a n to' anh hudng de'n t h u n h a p cua cac ho ngu dan nay t h a n h bd^n nhdm chu yeu: Nhom cac n h a n to' ve" dac trUng dia ban cu trii;
nhom cac n h a n to' dac trUng ngfl nghiep;
nhdm cac n h a n td' ve n h a n k h a u hoc va dac trUng kinh te xa hoi; nhdm cac nhan to lien quan den cdng tac khuye'n ngU. Chi tiet khung phan tich cac n h a n to' anh hudng den thu nhap cua cac ho ngU dan khai thac hai san xa bd dUdc trinh bay d hinh 1.
hudfng d e n t h u n h a p c u a c a c ho ngU dan san xa bcf
B a c t r u n p ngu nghi£p:
- C o n g suat (Su - T r i n h dO cOng nghC - Ngir mitrng - Nginh ngh^ khai - S6 ngSy/chuygn - TiCu Ihu s^n phii
nhap
V
- sa nhan khSu - SO' nhan khSu phu thuOc - T u 6 i c h u ho - T r t n h do hoc vSn chu ho - K i n h n g h i e m ngir nghifip - L 6 n g yeu n g h ^ - T i n h chift s d h u u Ngudn Tac gia long hcfp.
48 Nghien ciiu Kmh t4s610 (461) - Thing 10/2016
Nhung nhan tfif anh hirding .
3. M o h i n h v a m o t a dvt l i e u
T r e n cd sd k h u n g ly thuye't p h a n tich d p h a n t r e n , c h u n g tdi de xua't md h i n h nghien cflu cac n h o m n h a n td' a n h hUdng de'n t h u nhdp ciia cac hd ngu d a n k h a i t h a c h a i s a n xa bd vung duyen h a i N a m T r u n g Bo nhU sau:
Y, = ao + p,Regions, + ^2 Characteristicsof fisherieSi+ p:i Socioeconomic and Demographics,t+
Pa Fishing Stimulation + e,(l)
trong do: £.,: p h a n dU cua md hinh; i = hd ngU d a n thfl i; i = 1,2,..., 300.
Md t a va do ludng cac bien cua md h i n h dUdc t r i n h bay chi tiet t a i b a n g 1.
BANG 1: D o lUcfng v a m o t a c a c b i e n s o c u a m o h i n h Danh sach nhom
bien Bien phu thuoc
m
Nhom bien ve dia ban cutru (Regions)
Nhom big'n v6 dac tnmg ngu nghiep (Characteristics of
fishenes)
Nh6m bien nhan kh^u hoc va dac tnmg kinh
te xa hoi {Socioeconomic and
Demographics)
Nhom bien khuyen ngu (Fishing Stimulation)
DiSn giai bien Logarit tu nhien tdng thu nhap ho ngu dan
Logarit tu nhi6n thu nhap binh quan d^u ngudi cua ho ngu dan Regionl
Region2 Regions
Logarit til nhi6n c6ng suat tau Tiinh do cong nghe thiet bi ngu nghiSp
May t ^ ngu do ngang 360"
Ngu tnrdng phia Bic Ngu tnrdng phia Nam Nghe khai thac hai san S6 ngay binh quitn tren m6t chuyen khai thac Thi trudng tieu thu hai san Tinh trang da dang hoa thu nhap cua h6
Tdng sd nhan kh^u cua h6 S6 nhan khiu phu thuOc Tudi chu h6
Trinh do hoc vah cua chu ho Sd nam kinh nghifim ngU nghiep
Sd nam kinh nghidm ngu nghiep ciia thuyen tru6ng Long y^u nghe
Tinh chit so hOu Vai tro cua c6ng tac khuyen ngu
Ky hieu bien LnTongTN LnTNBQ_Nguoi Region 1 Region2 Regions LnCongsuat Congnghe Tamngu360 Ngutruongl Ngumiong2 Nghel Ngay ThitruongTT DadanghoaTN Nhankhau Phuthuoc Tuoi Hocvanl Kinhnghiem 1 Kjnhnghiem2
Yeunghe
Chutau
Khuyenngu
Thang do Trieu d6ng/nam Trieu ddng/nam
1: Quang Ngai; 0: khac l:Phu Yen; 0: khac 1: Da Nang; 0: khac CV
Thang do Likert 5 bflc v6i: miJc (1) lac hau; (5) rit hien dai T; CO sLt dung; 0: khOng sir dung
LRiia Bdc; 0: khac L Phia Nam; 0: khac 1: Cau ca ngir dai dutmg; 0:
khac Sdngay
1: ban a thi trucmg ngoai tinh;
0: noi tinh
1. cd thu nhap phi ngu nghiep;
0: thuln ngu nghiep Ngudi Ngu&i Sdtudi Hoc Mt Idp may Nam Nam
Thang do Likert 5 bac vcri: miic (1) khong yeu nghe va miic (5) ra't yeu ngh^
1: chu tau; 0: thuyen vien lam thue
Thang do Likert 5 bac vcti: miic (1) it quan trong; (5) ra't quan trong
Dau ky vpng
(+/-) (+/-) (+/-) (+/-) {-) (+/-) (+/-)
(-)
(+/-) (+) (+/-) (+/-) (+/-)
0
(+) (+) {+) (+)
(+)
(+)
1+)
Nghien cuv Kinh teso 10(461) -
Nhuing nhan td'anh hudng
4. PhUtfng p h a p , t h u t u c v a k e t qua Udc lUtfng
Dau tien, ket qua kiem dmh cac nhan td khuech dai phUdng sai (variance inflation factorsA/lF) theo Kennedy (2008) cho thay, gia tri trung binh VTF trong cac md hinh deu nhd hdn 5. Dieu nay cho phep chiing tdi ket luan cac mo hinh khong ton tai hien tUdng da cong tuyen gifla cac bien giai thich. Sau do, chung toi tiep tuc thUc hien kiem dinh Ramsey RESET (Ramsey, 1969) de' kiem tra mflc do phu hdp cua cac mo hinh Udc Ifldng. Ket qua kiem dinh cho thay, cac md hinh udc lUOng khdng CO hien tUdng thieu bien quan trong d mflc y nghia 5% (khong thg bac bd gia thuyet Ho). Noi each khac, do tUdng thich cua cac mo hinh Udc lUdng la dam bao. Kiem dinh Breusch-Pagan/Cook-Weisberg(Greene, 2000) dUdc sfl dung de kiem tra ve phUdng sai sai so' thay ddi (Heteroscedasticity). Ket qua kiem dinh nay chi ra rang cac mo hinh hdi quy 1, 3 va 4 CO ton tax Men tUdng phuong sai sai so' thay doi. Dieu do cho phep chung toi sfl dung phUdng phap hoi quy OLSco dieu chinh hien tUdng phUdng sai sai so' thay ddi de Udc lUdng cho cac mo hinh tren. Ke't qua cac kiem dinh va ke't qua hdi quy bdi phUdng phap OLS dUdc trinh bay trong bang 2.
Lien quan den cac nhan to' ve dia ban cU tru: cac ket qua u6c lUdng chi ra rfing, nhflng dac trung ciia dia ban cU tru c6 anh hudng dang ke de'n thu nhap cua cac ho ngU dan khai thac hai san xa bd vung duyen hai Nam Trung Bo. Nhin chung, thu nhap binh quan cua cac hd ngu dan tinh Phu Yen cao hdn mot each y nghia so vdi thu nhap binh quan cua cac ho ngu dan cua Quang Ngai va Da N^ng.
Ve cac nhan to'lien quan de'n dac trUng ngU nghiep: ket qua Udc lUdng chi ra rfing, khong nhu ky vong, bien cdng sua't tau khong cd tac dong Idn den thu nhap cua cac ho ngU dan. Cd the tha'y, tau cong sua't cang 16n thi chi phi hoat dong cang cao, ne'u san lUdng danh b^t khong dat hieu qua khai thac theo quy md thi hieu qua hoat dong khai thac se suy giam.
Nhu ky vong, he so cua bien trinh do cong 5 0
nghe thiet bi ngU nghiep mang dau dUdng va dat mflc y nghia thd'ng ke 5% (md hinh 1 va 3), h a m y rfing trinh do cdng nghe thiet bi ngu nghiep ddng vai trd quan trong trong nang cao thu n h a p hd ngu dan thdng qua gia tang nang sua't danh bfit. Ke't qua udc lUdng nay khfing dinh tam quan trong ciia cdng tac hien dai hoa cdng nghe danh bfit trong dinh hUdng nang cao thu n h a p cho hoat ddng danh bat xa bd, Mac du may tam ngU chi danh rieng cho nghe danh ca xa bd bfing lUdi (nghe lUdi vay, ludi re), song, khi chung tdi them bien cd sfl dung may dd ngang hien dai 360" vao md hinh thi do phu hop cua md hinh tang len dang ke, ddng thdi, he so' fldc lUdng cua bien nay mang dau dfldng va dat mflc y nghia 1% d t a t ca cac mo hinh. Dieu nay chi ra rang, cac ho ngu dan tham gia nghe danh hat ca bang lUdi cd sii dung may dd hien dai se cd thu nhap cao hdn mdt each y nghia so vdi cac nganh nghe khac, Dieu nay cung mdt lan nfla khfing dinh tam quan trong dac biet ciia viec flng dung cong nghe ngfl nghiep tien tien, hien dai trong gia tang nang sua't danh bfit hai san, gdp phan nang cao y nghia t h u n h a p cua cac ho ngiT dan.
Ngu trUdng danh bat dong mdt vai trd kha quan trong ddi vdi t h u n h a p tfl hoat ddng ngii nghiep cua hd ngu dan (Olale va Henson, 2012; Garoma va cong sU, 2013). Ke't qua Udc luong cung chi ra rfing, cac hd ngfl dan danh bat hai san tai ngu trUdng phia Bflc co thu nhap binh quan thap hdn dang ke so danh bfit tai cac ngu trudng khac d mflc y nghia 1%.
Dieu nay cung phu hdp vdi thUc te rfing, ngiT trudng phia Bfic kha h a n che' ve quy md, ham chfla nhieu rui ro ve an ninh trong qua trinh danh bat hai san (tie'p giap Vinh Bfic Bd, dao Hai Nam va qxxin dao Hoang Sa Trung Quoc chiem dong trai phep). NhU ky vong, so" ngay danh bfit hinh quan mdt chuye'n di bien cd moi quan he tUdng quan dUdng ddi vdi thu nhSp ho ngU dan. Theo dd, nhflng nganh nghe" cd so ngay di bien dai se cd the tao thu nhap cao hdn cho cac hd ngU dan. Ben canh ly do dac thu ngU nghiep, dieu nay cung co the' dUdc luan giai dUdi khia canh ngu dan se tiet kiem
Nghien cOu Kmh lgs£ W (461) - ThAng 10/2016
Nhung nhdn to anh huding
dang ke chi phi nhien lieu do khdng phai thudng xuyen vao bd. NhU ke't qua dien da tai vung, he so' bie'n gia dummy ve nghe cau ca ngfl dai dUdng mang da'u am, ham y rang thu nhdp cua nghd cau ca ngfl dai dUdng tha'p hon mot each y nghia so vdi cac nganh nghe khac.
Dieu nay h a m y rfing, cac dia phfldng can thie't phai nghien cflu mdt each ky lUdng, thau dao trUdc khi khuye'n khich ngu dan md rong danh bfit ca ngfl dai dfldng.
Bien thi trUdng tieu t h u hai san cd a n h hudng dd'i vdi t h u nhap cac ho ngU dan d mflc y nghia 10%, cho thS'y, viec ban hai san khai thac dfldc tai cac thi trfldng ngoai tinh vfla co the khie'n doanh t h u ngU nghiep gia tfing do chat lUOng hai san to't hdn va ft bi ep gia hdn, dong thdi vfla giup cho ngfl dan toi thieu hda chi phi nhien lieu van chuyen, chi phi bao quan, nha't la tang quy thdi gian cho boat dong danh bat (tfing so' ngay khai thac hai san tren chuyen di bien). Dieu nay ham y rfing, nha nUdc can cd cd che' chinh sach phat trien ddi tau dich vu hau can nhfim gop phan nang cao hieu qua hoat ddng cua nganh khai thac hai san xa bd. That ngac nhien, bien da dang hda thu nhap lai khdng cd anh hudng Idn den t h u nhap hd ngu dan. Dieu nay cd the dUdc giai thich rfing, sU khac biet ve thu nhap gifla hd ' cd hoat dong phi ngfl nghiep va hd thuan ngu '- la khdng dang ke. Ndi each khac, tinh t h u a n
ngU trong cac hd ngfl dan danh bat xa bd la rat Idn, thu nhap tfl hoat dong phi ngU nghiep chiem ty trong kha nhd trong tdng thu nhap - hp ngu dan.
Lien quan den cac nhan to' nhan khau hoc
• va dac trUng kinh te' xa hdi cua hd ngU dan:Ke't qua Udc lUdng chi ra rfing, so' nhan ' kh^u cua hd co anh hudng tich cUc de'n tdng
^' thu nhap cua ho ngu dan d mflc y nghia tho'ng '''• ke 1%. Dong thdi, he so'cua bie'n sd'nhan khau
* phu thudc mang da'u am va dat mflc y nghia ' thd'ng ke 1% va 5%. Dieu nay chi ra rang, tong
^' thu nhap cua ho phu thudc rat nhieu vao eac ' t h a n h vien co tao ra thu nhap, tuy nhien cac
?i t h a n h vien phu thudc cang ddng cung se khie'n
;' thu n h a p binh quan dau ngUdi cua ho giam.
• • Bie'n tudi chii ho co anh hudng tich cue doi vdi
t h u nhap hd ngU dan d cac mflc y nghia thd'ng ke 1%, h a m y tuoi chu ho cang cao thi t h u n h a p hd cang tang. Dieu nay cho tha'y, thu nhap cua hd ngU dan bi anh hudng qua Idn bdi chu nghia kinh nghiem, khi ma trong thtJc te' da so'chu hd ciing la ngU dan, chu tau.
Khdng nhu ky vpng, t n n h dp hpc va'n cua chu hp khdng cd anh hfldng y nghia de'n t h u n h a p hd ngfl dan. Trong khi dd, kinh nghiem di bie'n cua thuyen trUdng lai cd a n h hUdng tich cUc den thu n h a p cua hp d mflc y nghia thd'ng ke 5% va 10%. Ddng thdi, he so udc lUdng eua bie'n binh phUdng kinh nghiem di bien cua thuyen trUdng ciing dat mflc y nghia thd'ng ke 10%. Dieu nay hdm y rfing, kinh nghiem di bien ciia thuyen trUdng cd md'i quan he phi tuye'n tinh dfldi dang ham U ngUdc (Parabol) vdi thu nhap cua cae hd ngU dan.
Noi each khac, d mot phfldng dien nao do, thuyen trudng c6 qua nhieu nam kinh nghiem se CO the cham trong nfim bfit va doi mdi cdng nghe danh bfit (chu nghia kinh nghiem), do vay cd the khie'n hieu qua danh bat sut giam, gian tiep anh hudng tieu cUc de'n thu nhap hp ngU dan. Khdng nhU mong dpi, long yeu nghe cua ngU dan lai khdng cd anh hUdng y nghia de'n t h u nhap ho ngU dan. NgUdc lai, chung toi lai tim tha'y cd sfl khac biet y nghia ve thu nhap gifla do! tUdng chii tau va thuyen vien lam thue. Dieu nay eung ham y rfing, chinh sach ho trd cua n h a nUdc trong phat trien nganh khai thac xa bd can chu y nhieu hdn den nguyen tac cdng bfing tUdng ddi ve tiep can ho trd cua nha nUdc gifla hai dd'i tUdng nay. Ndi cdch khac, can chu trpng nhieu hdn den ddi tUOng la ngUdi lam thue khi ap dung chinh sach.
Lien quan de'n cdng tac khuyen ngU: ke't qua udc lupng chi r a rang, cdng tac khuye'n ngfl ed a n h hudng het sfle y nghia de'n t h u n h a p hp ngfl dan d mflc y nghia tho'ng ke 1%.
Dac biet, khi them bie'n khuye'n ngU vao mo hinh de loai bd vai trd eua cdng tdc khuye'n ngu, anh hudng cua bie'n trinh do cdng nghe ngu nghiep doi vdi t h u n h a p hp trd nen khong CO y nghia. Dieu nay hdm y rfing, cdng tac khuye'n ngU hien nay chi mdi p h a t huy
NghiSn cOu Kinh teso 10 (461) - Thang 10/2016 51
Nhfing nhan lo anh hUding
hieu qua dd'i vdi nhdm ngfl dan n h a n thflc dUdc vai trd cua doi mdi cdng nghe danh bat.
Ndi khac di, chu nghia kinh nghiem va trinh do hpc van tha'p eua ngfl dan la lUc can Idn dd'i vdi tinh hieu qua cua cdng tac khuyen ngU.
5. Ket l u a n va nhflng h a m y c h i n h s a c h 5.L Ket luan
Nghien cflu chi ra rfing, nhflng dac trUng eua dia ban cu tru ed anh hudng y nghia den thu nhap eua cac hd ngU dan. Lien quan den eac nhan td dac trUng nghe nghiep, cdng suat phUdng tien khai thac, mflc do yeu nghe", va tinh trang da dang hda thu nhap khdng cd tac dong y nghia den t h u nhap cua cae hd ngU dan. Trong khi do, trinh do cdng nghe thie't bi ngu nghiep, ngU trudng danh bfit, thi trUdng tieu thu hai san, may tam ngU hien dai, sd ngay binh quan mot chuye'n di bien, nganh nghe danh bfit, dong vai trd het sflc quan trpng trong nang cao thu nhap cua eac ho ngU dan. Lien quan de'n cac nhan to' nhan khau hpc va dac trUng kinh te xa hdi cua hd, tong so' nhan khau, so' nhan khau phu thudc, tudi chu hp, kinh nghiem di bien cua thuyd'n trfldng cd anh hudng y nghia den thu nhap cua hd ngU dan. Trong khi do, trinh do hpc va'n cua chu hd khong cd anh hUdng y nghia de'n thu nhap hd ngu dan. Cuoi cflng, ket qua udc lUdng cung chi ra rfing, cdng tac khuyen ngU eo anh hudng y nghia den nang cao thu nhap hd ngU dan, nhat la tren phfldng dien khuyen khich ngfl dan flng dung cac cdng nghe danh bat hien dai vao hoat dong khai thdc hai san.
5.2. Mot so ham y chinh sdch Ket qua nghien cflu nay cho phep chung toi de xua't mot so' ham y chinh sach nham gop phan nang cao thu nhap cac hp ngu dan khai thac hai san xa bd vung duyen hai Nam Trung Bp:
Mot la, thuc day manh me hdn nfla qua trinh chuyen doi nganh nghe khai thae hai san theo hUdng danh bat xa bd hdn, nha't la phat trien c6 chieu sau eac nganh nghe xa bd CO thdi gian danh bfit dai ngay tren bien. Dac biet, trung Udng va chinh quyen dia phudng
cfin day n h a n h va m a n h hdn nfla cac chUdng trinh tin dung cua n h a nUdc nhfim ho trd ngu dan chuyen doi n g a n h nghd" theo hfldng danh bfit xa bd. Cai each m a n h me cac t h u tuc hanh chinh nham giup cho cac hd ngfl dan du dieu kien cd the d l dang tie'p can vdi nguon vd'n tin dung tfl cac chfldng trinh cua chinh phu.
Trong do, cfin khuye'n khich ngfl dan nhanh chdng chuydn tfl danh bat tai cac ngfl trUdng phia Bae, danh bfit d cae ngfl trfldng truyen thdng vflng long sang danh b a t v i l n dfldng tai cac ngfl trudng Hoang Sa, Trfldng Sa va phia Nam ciia To qudc. Dieu nay vfla ed the gop phan nang cao y nghia thu n h a p cho cac hp ngU dan vfla gdp p h a n bao ve chu quyen bien dao thieng lieng cua To quoc. Dong thdi, can dac biet chu trong phat trien dpi tau dich vu hau can nhfim gdp p h a n nang cao hieu qua boat ddng ciia nganh khai thac hai san xa bo, Xay dung cae cang dich vu ngU nghiep tai TrUdng Sa va mot so' dao ven bien nhfim giup ngU dan keo dai thdi gian chuye'n di bien, giam thieu chi phi nhien lieu, nang cao hieu qua hoat ddng khai thac.
Hai la, ehu trpng va thflc day m a n h me tien t n n h hien dai hda cac cdng nghe danh bat va bao quan hai san xa bd nham nang cao hieu qua danh bat hai san. Trong dd, can chu trpng phat huy vai trd chii dao ciia chinh quyen dia phfldng trong kien tao kenh ke't ndi gifla ngU dan va doanh nghiep trong viec cung cd'p cac may mdc, thiet bi, cdng nghe hien dai phuc vu hoat dong khai thac va bao quan hai san. CSn nang cao hdn nfla vai trd va hieu qua cua cong tac khuyen ngu trong pho bie'n vd khuyen khich ngu dan flng dung eac thie't hi, cong nghe tien tien, hien dai trong danh hat va bao quan hai san. Dac biet, can xflc tien va khuyen khich ngfl dan sfl dung cac loai may t^m ngtf hien dai 360" nhfim nhanh chdng dUa nghe danh ca bang Ifldi tien thfing len hien dai, tao budc dot pha trong nang cao nang sua't danh bat cua nganh nay. Can Iflu y, chi phi dau tU hien dai hda thie't hi, cdng nghe danh bfit hai san la kha Idn. Do vay, chinh sach tin dung ho trd ngu dan ddng tau cdng sua't Idn, nang cap, cai hoan cdng sua't tau eung can chfl trpng
52 Nghien ciiu Kmh tes610 (461) - ThAng 10/2016
Nhfing nhdn to anh hudng
cung cap song h a n h cac gdi tin dung hd trd cho ngU dan trong hien dai hda cdng nghe va thie't bi danh hfit, thay vi qua chu trong vao cho vay nang cao cdng suat may va ddng tau Idn nhU hien nay.
Ba Id, chu trpng phat trien manh me hoat ddng dao tao nfing Iflc ngfl nghidp cho dpi ngu thuyen trfldng, may trfldng. Thfldng xuyen to chflc cho doi ngfl thuyen trfldng, may trfldng tham gia cac khda dao tao va huan luyen ve kie'n thflc ve ngfl nghiep va pho bie'n cac quy dinh qud'c te' va luat phap qud'c gia trong khai thae hai san; ky nang sfl dung cac trang thiet hi hien dai trong khai thac va bao quan hai san, hua'n luyen cae ky nang danh hfit hai san tien tien, phd'i ket hdp vdi cac doanh nghiep thie't hi ngU nghiep gidi thieu cae may mdc thiet hi, cdng nghe khai thac va bao quan hai san tien tien, hien dai. Thie't ke cac chUdng trinh rieng nhfim khuyen khich dpi ngu t h a n h nien cd trinh do va nang lUc ngU nghiep tham gia ddng mdi va lam chu eac phUdng tien danh bfit hai san xa bd, nha't la chu y vao dpi ngu thanh nien cd t n n h do hpc va'n, cd kinh nghiem hoac cd truyen thd'ng ngU nghiep. Day la phUdng each quan trpng nhfim tflng bfldc tre hda vfi chat Ifldng hda dpi ngu thuyen trudng, may trfldng trong khai thac hai san cua cdng ddng ngfl dan, giam dan tac ddng tieu cflc cua chu nghia kinh nghiem trong tien trinh hien dai hoa hoat ddng khai thac hai san xahd.
Bo'n Id, can xac dinh da dang hda thu nhap la dinh hfldng quan trpng trong nang cao thu nhap cho cong ddng ngfl dan khai thac hai san. Cd the tha'y, khai thac hai san xa bd la hoat ddng phu thuoc rat nhieu vao dieu kien tu nhien, khi hau, do vay tinh t h u a n ngU qua cao cua cdng ddng ngu dan danh bfit xa bd eua viing nhfl hien nay se khie'n thu nhap cua cac hp ngfl dan cang trd nen bap benh, thieu ben vflng. Do vay, da dang hda thu nhap la dieu kien mau cho't nham pha vd tinh thuan ngU, tfl dd gdp phan nang cao thu nhap mot each ben viing cho cong ddng ngU dan nay trong thdi gian tdi.
Ndm Id, chinh quyen dia phfldng npi vung
phai ludn chu trpng thUc hien cd hieu qua chinh sach ke' hoach hda gia dinh trong cong ddng ngU dan. Dau tien, can tang cUdng va duy tri dai hdi cac bien phap ke hoach hda gia dinh n h a m giam mflc sinh cho cdng ddng ngfl dan. Dac biet, can chu trpng tuyen truye"n thie't thflc nhfim thay ddi quan niem sinh de ddng con de cd nhan lUc di lam, quan niem thich con trai de thUc hien cha truyen con ndi trong ngu nghiep.
Sdu Id, chu trpng nang cao trinh dp giao due trong cdng ddng ngU dan. Trong dd, tap trung tuyen truyen nhan thflc ve tam quan trpng cua giao due ddi vdi eac ho ngfl dan trong phat trien nghe bien, nha't la chu trpng tuyen truyen xoa bd tU duy cua ngU dan ven bien la "di bien thi khong can hpc h a n h nhieu"; can cd cd che hd trd hpc phi, mien giam cac khoan ddng gdp va tao die"u kien t h u a n Idi cho con em cac hd ngU dan cd t h u nhap thap, dien hp ngheo va can ngheo dfldc de'n trfldng d moi ca'p hpc; chu trpng nang cao cha't Ifldng he thdrig giao due tai cdng dong ngfl dan./.
TAI LIEU THAM KJiAO
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