sa GAN KET VOI TO CHL/C CUA N Q TRI THQC NHIN TU
MOT SO YEU TO NHAN KHAU HOC
TS. Trinh Thj Linh
Khoa Tdm ly hoc. Trudng Dgi hoc Khoa hpc )id hpi vd Nhdn vdn, Dai hoc Qudc gia Hd Npi
PGS.TS. Nguyen Thi Viet Thanh Vien Viet Nam hpc vd Khoa hpc phdt trien.
»
T O M T A T
Bdi viit duac rut ra tic ket qud de tdi KX.03-07/I1-I5: "Phdt huy ngudn nhdn luc nie tri thicc trong su nghiep cdng nghiip hda, hien dgi hda vd hpi nhdp qudc te"
do PGS.TS. Nguyin Thi Viel Thanh ldm chu nhiem. Kit qud nghien cdu trinh bdy trong bdi viit duac phdn tich tie die lieu thu duac tren 2.726 nd tri thuc hien dang cdng tdc tgi cdc tinh thdnh dgi diin cho 3 miin Bdc. Trung, Nam: Hd Npi. Hui. Dd Ndng, Cdn Tha, Hd Chi Minh Theo do, nU tri thiic thupc phgm vi nghien cieu cua di tdi cd xu huang gdn kit khong cao v&i to chuc the hiin thong qua so ldn chuyen ddi ca quan cdng tdc md vdn giie nguyen tinh chdt cdng viec cua ho. Su gan kit ndy cua luc lupng nit lao dong tri thuc cd moi lien hi cd y nghfa thong ke v&i do tudi, tinh thdnh md hp dang sinh sdng, vi tri cong viec md kp ddm nhdn, ITnh vice ngdnh nghe md hp cdng tdc cung nhu logi hinh ca quan md hp dang Id thdnh vien. Cdng viec chua that su phu hap, diiu kien ldm viec chua thuc su tdt cdng nhu hodn cdnh gia dinh la nhtrng yiu td chinh chi phoi su thieu gdn kit cua nie lao dpng tri thuc v&i td chuc su dung lao dpng
Tir khoa: NU tri thuc; Su gdn kel vai cdng viec.
Ngdy nhdn bdi: 29/9/2015; Ngdy duyel ddng bdi: 25/10/2015.
D a t v a n de
Phat tri^n xa hoi can c6 nhieu nguon lire nhir: Nhdn luc, vdt luc, tdi lice, tin luc... Trong cac nguon lire do, nguon nhan lire c6 vai tro quan trpng nh^t doi voi sy phat trien cua m6i quoc gia va toan xa hpi. Cascio (1992, dan theo Tran Van N g p i ) kh^ng dinh: 'To' chicc la do con nguai qudn ly vd gdy dung len. Khong co con ngu&i, td chuc khong ton tgf\ Bat cur loai hinh to chuc nao, mu6n dat dupc thanh cong trong hoat dpng cua minh deu phai chu trpng d6n
5C|j TAP CHf TAM LV HOC, S6' 11 (200), 11 - 2015
vai tro quan trpng ciia y^u td con nguoi, dac biet la nhung nguoi co ti6m nang, CO kha nang tao ra su khac biet dang kk trong hoat dong cua t6 chuc trong thoi dilm hien tai hoac tuong lai. Hp chinh la tai san nhan luc trpng y6u ciia t6 chiic, la ngudn lire tao ra thk manh canh tranh. Trong nghien cuu ciia Caimcross (2000, din theo Trhn Van Ngpi) da chi ra rang, nhiing t6 chuc nao thu hiit, tuydn dung va quan ly tdt nhiJng nhan vien tai nang se hoat dpng tot hon nhirng t6 chiic khong lam dupc diSu nay. Noi mot each khac, su gSn ket ciia luc lupng lao dpng tri thuc noi chung, nguon nhan luc nu tri thuc noi rieng voi to chiic la mpt yeu t6 cue ky quan trpng doi voi sir phat trien cua to chiic trong giai doan toan cau hoa hien nay.
CJ bat ky mot quoc gia nao, nguon nhan lire tri thuc hay con gpi la nguon nhan luc chat lupng cao van luon dupc chii trpng dau tu, phat trien. 6 ViSt Nam, tang lop tri thiic phat trien khong ngimg tir khi hinh thanh cho den ngay nay. "Ty le nir tri thiic cQng tang nhanh. Tnroc Cach mang thang Tam, su CO mat ciia phu nil trong gioi tri thiic la rat hiem, chi co mpt so nguoi hoat dpng trong cac lmh vuc y te, giao due, van hoa. Den nam 1965, ty le nii tri thiic chi chiem 14,3% trong tong so tri thiic thi den nam 1985 len den 50,3%"
(dan theo Le Thai Thi Bang Tam, 2014). Theo thoi gian, ciing vdi qua trinh doi moi va phat trien dat nuoc, dpi ngu nii tri thiic khong chi tang them ve so lupng ma con manh ca ve chat lupng. Hien nay, a nuoc ta co khoang tren 500.000 nijt tri thiic, chiem 42% tong so tri thiic ciia ca nuoc; trong lire lupng nghien ciiu khoa hpc co 42,2% la phu nii''' (dan theo Le Thi Thanh Lan, 2014).
Sir phan bo ciia dpi ngQ nu: tri thiic kha da dang, o hau khap cac ITnh vuc hoat dpng xa hpi va dang ngay cang khang dinh dupc nang luc ciia minh. Hp dong gop mpt phan chinh yeu vao su thanh bai ciia cac don vi su dung lao dpng. Do vay, viec "giii chan" dpi ngii lao dpng nay cung dang la mpt bai toan hoc biia cho cac to chiic sii dung lao dpng 6 Viet Nam hien nay. Boi Ie cac nghien ciiu gan day cho thay rang, duong nhu nguoi lao dpng noi chung, nguoi tri thiic noi rieng ngay cang co xu huong it gan ket vdi t6 chiic. Noi mpt each khac la hp co xu huong chuyen doi co quan lam viec thuong xuyen hon so voi truoc day.
Cong trinh nghien ciiu ciia To chiic Tu vdn qudc tk Hay Group vao nam 2013 cho phep du doan rang, ty Ie nguoi lao dpng roi bo to chiic de chuyen sang mpt noi lam moi vao nam 2015 se tang 12,8% so voi nam 2014. Dieu nay gay anh hudng khong nho toi hieu qua hoat dpng cua cac t6 chiic s^ dung lao dpng.
Viet Nam cung khong nam ngoai xu the nay. Theo do, trong nhung nam gan day, vdn de roi bo t6 chiic cua lire lupng lao dpng, dac biet la luc lupng lao dpng tri thiic noi chung, nii tri thiic noi rieng da trd thanh mpt van de nan giai trong quan ly nguon nhan luc. Trong boi canh do, viec quan tam, nghien ciiu su gan ket cua luc lupng lao dpng nay vdi td chiic cd y nghia ly luan va thuc tiln sau sac.
TAP CHI TAM LY HOC, S6' 11 (200), 11 - 2015 87
Kh4i nif m "sy gan kit vol to chirc"
Khai niem gan ket (commitment) lan dau tien dugc Allport dua ra vao nim 1943. Theo ong, su gSn kSt dugc hiiu la thai do tich cue cua nguai Iao dpng thi hien thong qua su tham gia m6t each tich cue cua hg vao tS chirc Tuy nhiSn, khai niem nay chl thuc su dugc nghien ciiu mgt each rong rai trong khoang 3 thap ky tro lai day. Tren co sa tong hgp cac cong trinh nghien cum trong Hnh vuc nay, Meyer & Allen (1997, din theo Nwadei, 2004) cho rang co the khai quat cac nghien cilu ve sir gan ket voi t6 chiic thanh 3 true chinh: 1) gSn ket theo cam xiie (affection); 2) gan ket vi lgi ich (cost) va 3) gin kit vi nghTa vu (obligation). Mot trong nhung bilu hiSn ciia sit gan kit chinh la sir tham gia tich cue ciia ngugi Iao dgng vao cac ho^t dgng cua t6 chiic, gin bo lau dai vai t l chiic. Trong pham vi cua nghien ciiu nay, chiing toi chi tim hieu su gan ket vai t l churc cua lao d6ng ntt tri thiic dua tren thuc trang chuyin dii ca quan lam viec ciia nhom khach th^ nay.
Phirong phap nghien cliu
Nghien cliu su dung thiet ke dieu tra chgn mau ngau nhien mgt lan theo lat cat ngang vgi cong cu thu thap dii lieu la bang hoi.
De tai sii dung phuang phap nghien ciiu chii dao la nghien ciiu dinh lugng tren nhom khach the la 2.726 nO tri thuc hien dang cong tac tai cac tinh thanh dai dien cho 3 miln BSc, Trung, Nam: Ha Ngi, Hue, Da Ning, Can Tho, Ho Chi Minh vdi dp tuoi trung binh cua nhom khach the la 32,7; do lech chuan la 7,7 tuii, trong khoang tit 21 den 60 tuoi. Tai thai diem dieu tra, tdt ca cac khach thi dugc hoi diu dang lam viec 6 cac ca sa su dung Iao dgng trong cac linh vuc hanh chinh (chilm 16,6%), giao due dao tao (20,8%), khoa hgc va cong nghe (12,1%>), van hoa nghe thuat (12,7%), kinh t l (16,6%), y te va cham soc siic khoe cgng dong (12,1%), an ninh quoc phong (9,2%).
Phuang phap xit ly so lieu: So lieu thu thap dugc xii Iy bang phugng phap thong ke toan hgc thong qua chuang trinh SPSS dung trong moi truang Window phien ban 16.0. Cac thong so va phep thong ke dugc sii dung trong nghien ciiu nay la phan tich thong ke mo ta (phan tram, diem trung binh, do lech chuan) va phan tich thong ke suy luan (kiem dinh Chi binh phuang).
Ket qua nghien ciiru
Thtrc trgng gdn ket v&i cong viec cua nU tri thirc
Trong boi canh nguai lao dgng thuong xuyen chuyen doi co quan lam viec trong nhOng nam gin day, chiing tSi tir hoi, lieu lire lugng lao dgng nO tri thiic dugc hoi co thuc su gin kit vai t l chiic cua hg hay khong?. Ket qua xu ly sl lieu cho thiy: Ben canh 50,4%, sl nii tri thilc la khach thi cua dl tai nghien
88 TAP CHI TAM LV HOC, S6 11 (200), 11 - 2015
Cliu cho bi8t ho chua tirng chuydn ddi co quan cdng tac thi vin cd tdi 49,6% sd khach thd da timg chuydn ddi co quan cdng tac it nhat 1 lan ma tinh chat cdng viec khong hd thay ddi. Sd lieu cu the dupc thd hien trong bidu dd 1 dudi day:
5 0 0 0 % 50 0 0 % • 4 0 OQ 3 0 0 0 "
20lJO 1 0 . 0 0 "
O-OOV
S es
Bieu do 1: Thuc trgng chuyen ddi ca quan ciia nir tri thirc
Theo so lieu thu dugc trong bieu do I, chiing toi nhan thay rang, trong so nhiing nu tri thiic da tirng chuyin ca quan thi nhin chung hg co xu huang thuc hien hanh vi nay tir 1 lan den 2 lan. Tuy nhien, ben canh do, van co tai han 10% sl khach the cho bilt hg da timg chuyen ca quan tir 3 lan tro len trong khi vln gio nguyen cong viec nhu truoc day. Chiing toi cho rang, day la dieu can ban luan bai le, thong thuong nguai lao dgng, nhat la nguoi iao dgng tri thiic chuyen doi ca quan la vi hg mong muon co mgt vi tri cong viec khac phii hgp hgn. Song 6 day, cac nO tri thiic thugc pham vi nghien ciiu cua de tai lai co xu huong chuyen doi co quan ma cong viec khong thay doi. Dieu nay dat ra cho chiing toi gia thuyet ve sir thieu gin ket ciia lire lugng Iao dgng nay vai to chiic sir dung lao dgng. Boi le, mgt khi nguoi lao. dgng thuc sir gan ket vai to chile thi khong de gi hg rai bo t l chiic cua minh de sang lam viec tai mgt to chiic khac. Do do, viec chuyen moi truang lam vice 1 Ian, 2 lan, 3 Ian hay tham chi la nhieu ban the duang nhu la mgt minh chiing song dgng cho thay rang, luc lugng nu tri thiic dugc hoi chua thuc su gan kit vai to chiic sir dung lao dpng.
Thiet nghi, cac nha tuyin dung va sil dung nguon nhan lire chit lugng cao nay can CO nhirng bien phap hilu hieu han nua de co the "giir chan" dugc luc lugng lao dgng nay.
Stf gan kit cua nir tri time vdi cong viic nhin tir mpt vdi yeu to nlian khau hgc
- Xet theo dp tudi
TAP CHlTAMLt HOC, S6 11 (200), 11-2015
Voi gia dinh rang, nhiing nguai tii tuoi co xu huang chuyen doi ca quan lam vi$c nhieu lin han so vol nhCing nguai Ion tuii, chiing toi da tiSn hanh thuc hien kilm djnh Chi binh phuang cho hai biln s6 nay. Kit qua thu dugc da cho phep khang dinh su khac biet co y nghla thing ke vl viec chuyen doi CO quan cong tac giira cac nhom nii tri thilc thupc cac nhom tuoi khac nhau (X^,6) = 19,798; p = 0,003).
40
30
20
10 .
0
li. r^
l i a n
i21-30tuOi
• 31-40tu6i -Ml-60lu6i
2 lan 3 lan tron 3 lan
Biiu do 2: Ty li chuyen doi ca quan & nu: tri thuc theo dp tuoi
Mpt dieu thii vi ma chiing tdi nhan thay dd la nhiing nii tri thiic thudc pham vi nghien ciiu ciia de tai cd xu hudng it gan ket vdi td chiic nhat khi hp d dp tudi 31 - 40 tudi. Dieu nay the hien qua sd lan chuyen ddi co quan cdng tac ciia luc lupng lao ddng nay. Day la nhdm tudi chiem ty Id cao nhat trong so nhiing ngudi tung chuydn co quan tu 3 l^n trd len. Phai chang d dp tudi nay;
nii tri thiic da cd dii thdi gian dd "hpc vide", hp bat dau cam th^y can phai tim duoc mdi trudng lam vide phu hpp dd cd thd khiing dinh nang luc nghd nghiep trong cdng viec?. Hay phai chang d dp tudi nay, vi da phan nil tri thiic deu da lap gia dinh nen thudng hp phai thay ddi mdi trudng lam vide dd phii hpp hon vdi hoan canh gia dinh?. Phan phan tich lien quan tdi ly do chuyen doi td chiic lam vide cua nG tri thiic se dua lai cai nhin tdng quan hon vd van de nay.
- Xet theo tinh thdnh ldm viic
Dua trdn sd lieu thu dupc, phep kiem dinh Chi binh phuong cho phep khang djnh mdi lien he cd y nghia thdng ke giiia vide chuydn ddi ca quan cong tac va tinh thanh ma cac nii tri thiic dang sinh song va Iam viec (X (4) = 35,799;
p = 0,000). Cac sd lieu cu thd dupc trinh bay d bidu dd 3 sau day.
90 TAP CHI TAM ly HOC, SO' 11 (200), 11 - 2015
mu lid Npi
• b. Hui liC. DaN^ng
• d. c a n Tho- me HO Chi Mmh
Biiu do 3: Ty le chuyin doi ca quan & cdc nir tri thirc theo tinh thdnh
So lieu 6 biSu do 3 cho thay, trong s6 nhirng nguai da timg chuyin dii ca quan thi nu tri thilc & Ha Npi va thanh phi Hfl Chi Minh co xu huang thuc Men dgng thai nay cao hon so vai cac tinh thanh con lai. Phai chang chinh tic dp phat triln nhanh, manh cua qua trinh c6ng nghiep hoa - hien dai hoa d 2 thanh pho nay da tao ra ca hgi viec lam da dang va phong phu hon cho ntr tri thiie?. Theo do, hg co nhieu lira chgn hon trong qua trinh tim cho minh mgt cong viec thuc sir dap ling dugc yeu ciu va nguyen vgng cua ban than. Tuy nhien, cung can luu y ring, dieu nay ding nghla vdi viec su gin kit cua hp voi t l churc la rit thip. Ngugc lai, vdi tri thiic a Ha Npi va thanh phi H6 Chi Minh, cac nu tri thiic g Can Tha va Hul duang nhu co su gan ket rat cao vol cac t l chiic su dung lao d6ng. Hg la nhom khach thi It chuyin dii co quan nhit.
- Xet theo vi tri cong viic
Clu hoi dat ra la lieu viec chuyen doi eg quan cong tac co m6i lien he nao vol vi tri cflng viec ma cac nu tri thiic dang dam nhan hay khong?. Thuong nhung tri thilc a vi tri "thap" co xu huang chuyen co quan cao han hay ngugc lai chinh nhtrng tri thiic a vi tri "cao" lai moi hay thuc hien dpng thai nay? Kit qua phan tich s6 lieu cho thay, vi tri cong viec co moi lien he c6 y nghia thong ke voi viSc chuyin dii co quan cua nhom khach thi nay (X^p, = 12,460; p = 0,006).
Cac nil tri thiic dam nhan cong viec la nghien cuu vien/giang vien/chuyen vien CO xu huang chuyin doi eg quan cao ban ca (80,1%>), sau do la din nhom khach the la nghien eiiu vien chinh/giang vien chinh/chuyen vien chinh (10,l%i).
Nhung nil tri thilc a vi tri "tap su" thudng it lira chpn chuyen doi ca quan cong tac trong thai gian nay. Ty 16 nil tri thiic a vi tri "tap su" timg chuyin dii ca quan cong tac chi la 7,1%. Lieu eo phai hp la nhom khach the c6 su gan ket chat che nhit vol t l chiic su dung lao dpng?. Thilt nghi, khing dinh dieu nay se la hoi nong vol bdi Ie, vai dac thil la cac tri thiic tap su thi dudng nhu viec
TAP CHi TAM Ly HOC, Sa' 11 (200), 11 - 2015 91
chuyin dii co quan la khong thuc su hilu dung dii vai nhdm khach thi nay khi xet den cac hudng lgi vat chat ma hp co the eg dugc tir co quan tuyin dung. Vi ring, nlu co chuyen doi eg quan ma tinh chit eong viec khong thay dii thi viec hp lai tiep tuc dugc nhan vao mgt vi tri "tap su" d eg quan mdi la dilu khd tranh khdi. Do vay, dii vdi hg, neu co chuyin dii thi phai la chuyin cong viec phu hgp hgn vdi chuyen mdn cua hg chil khong phai la cdng viec cu nhu trudc day.
- Xet theo ITnh vuc nghe nghiep
Kiem dinh Chi binh phuang ghi nhan moi lien he co y nghTa thdng ke giua luih vuc nghe nghiep va viec chuyen doi co quan ciia nil tri thilc (X^g) ^ 59,320;
p = 0,000).
|!.8./U%
^ ^ " ^ c . 10.30%
d. 12.60% J
• 0. QLHC
• b GD-OT a c, KH&CN
• d VHNT
• c. Kmh te a f, Y le
« g, ANQP
Bieu dd 4: Ty li chuyin dot ca quan a nU tri thirc theo linh vuc nghi nghiip
Nhin vao bieu dd 4 chiing ta de dang nhan ra ring, trong sd nhOng ngudi da tung chuyen ca quan cdng tae thi nhirng nu tri thiic lam viec trong ITnh vuc kinh tl (21,7%>) va giao due - dao tao (19,3%)) cd xu hudng ehuyen ddi nhilu ban ca. Kit qua nay hoan toan trai ngugc d nhdm tri thue lam viec trong linh vuc an ninh quoc phdng (8,7%i). Dudng nhu thuc trang thi trudng viec lam ciia ngudi tri thiic trong cac linh vuc nghe nghiep khae nhau d nude ta hien nay da dugc phan anh kha chan thuc thong qua k€t qua nghien ciiu nay. Vdi sir da dang, phong phii ciia cac 16 chiic, doanh nghiep, don vi sir nghiep trong Unh vuc kinh tl cung nhu su "noi len" cua cac ca sd dao tao trong nhtrng nam gan day, ngudi lao dgng tri thilc ndi chung cung nhu nu tri thiic noi rieng Iam viec trong cac Iinh vuc nay cd ca hpi dupc thii sue minh d cac dan vj, td chirc su nghiep khac nhau. Day la co hdi Idn cho luc lugng tri thilc nhung ddng thdi
92 TAPCHITAMtyHOCSa'11 (200), 11-2015
eung chinh la thii thach khdng nhd cho cac nha tuydn dung lao ddng trong vide thyc thi cac chinh sach nham tao ra sir gan ket d ngudi lao dpng vdi td chiic.
Tat nhidn, trong xu thd hdi nhap, mdt sd ITnh vuc, dac biet la an ninh qudc phdng van phai giii dupc "ban s4c" ridng ciia minh. Theo dd, vdi chinh sdch quan Iy ciia Dang va Nha nudc, cac nii tri thiic Iam viec trong ITnh vuc nay thudng it thay ddi co quan cdng tac trong qua trinh Iam vide. Ndi mot each khac, hp la nhdm khach thd gSn kdt nhlt vdi td chiic ciia hp.
- Xet theo logi hinh to chiec cua ca quan
Kdt qua xii ly s6 lieu cOng cho phep khSng dinh mdi tuong quan giua loai hinh td chiic va sd \in chuydn ddi co quan cua dpi ngu ntr tri thiic thudc nhdm khach thd nghien curu cua de tai (X^,3) - 38,955; p = 0,000). Ndi each khac, cd su khac bidt trong sd lan chuydn co quan ciia cac nii tri thiic Iam vide trong ITnh vuc Nha nudc va ngoai Nha nudc.
• Nha niro'c
• Ngoai Nha nu'O'c
6.7-1
l i a n 2 lan 3 lan tren 3 lan
Bieu do 5: Ty li chuyen doi ca quan & nit tri thuc theo logi hinh ca quan
Mdt each tdng quat, chiing tdi nhan thay rang, trong khi cac nu tri thiic lam viec trong ITnh vuc Nha nudc cd xu hudng chuydn co quan 1 Ian cao hon so vdi cac nii tri thiic lam vide trong ITnh virc ngoai Nha nudc thi ngupc lai ty Id nii tri thiic timg chuyen co quan 2 lan trd len d cac co quan ngoai Nha nudc cao hon han so vdi nir tri thiic d cac co quan Nha nudc. Ddi vdi tiing loai hinh CO quan, sd lieu cho thay: Trong sd nhiing nii tri thuc da tung chuydn co quan va dang lam vide cho co quan Nha nudc, cd 53,3% sd ngudi chuyen co quan 1 l4n, 28,3% - chuydn co quan 2 l4n, 11,7% - chuydn co quan 3 \kn va 6,7% - chuydn ca quan trdn 3 Ian. Ty Id nay d nhiing nu tri thiic lam viec cho cac don
TAP CHI TAM LV HOC. Sd' 11 (200), 11 - 2015 93
vj ngoai Nha nudc lin lupft la 35%, 33,1%, 19,4% va 12,5%. Nhdm nghien ciiu nhan thay rang kdt qua nay cd nhiing diem tuong ddng vdi nhiing gi ma cac tac gia Bui Thi Hdng Thai va Tran Thi Minh Diic da cdng bd trudc day (2014).
Theo dd, cac nu tri thiic Iam vide trong co quan Nha nudc la nhiing ngudi tap trung ddng d nhdm chua tiing nghi viec hoac thay ddi cdng vide. Didu nay cd the dupc giai thich tir tinh chat dn dinh cua cdng vi$c trong hd thdng cdng vide nha nudc. Mdt khi da cd bidn che chinh thiic, ngudi lao dpng khdng lo ling tdi vide hi cat giam nhan su hay hi sa thai. Trong khi dd, ddi vdi khdi cac co quan/td chiic ngoai Nha nude thi dudng nhu lai khac. Ngudi Iao ddng lam vide trong cac td chiic nay dudng nhu khdng bi rang bupc qua nhidu vd cac quy dinh va didu luat. Cdng vide ddi khi cung chi mang tinh "thdi vu". Do vay, vide chuyen ddi co quan d nhdm khach the nay thudng xay ra nhidu hon so vdi nhdm khach the Iam vide trong co quan Nha nudc. Ndi mdt each khac, nu: Iao ddng tri thiic d cae co quan ngoai Nha nudc cd xu hudng gan kdt vdi td chiic thap hon so vdi nii tri thiic Iam vide trong cac ca quan Nha nudc.
Ly do khiin nir tri thu'c thieu gdn kit v&i to ch^c
45 00% - 10 00% - 35.00% - 30 00% ' 25.00% - 20 00'!'. • 15.00% - 10.00% - 5,00% -
0.00% -
n n
3 205iConfiviC'c B i e u k i ? n Hoan canh Kha nang C h e d p dai T a o quan khoiiRphu I a m v i ^ c t 6 t g i a d i n h thangtiSn n g O t o t h o n h | c 6 n g
hgrp h o n v i & c l o t h o n '
Biiu dd 6: Nhirng ly do khien nir tri thitc chuyen ca quan ldm viic
Khi tim hieu ve cac ly do khiln lire lugng lao ddng nO tri thilc thugc nhdm khach the nghien curu ciia de tai tUng chuyen ddi co quan lam vi6c, dir liSu thu dugc (bilu d l 6) cho thdy: Ly do diu tien khiln phin ddng nil tri thiic chuyin co quan la do "cong viec khong phd hap" (41,7%). Ly do thir hai dupc nhdm khach thi lira chgn la dl cd "diiu kien ldm viec tdt hon" (21,7%) va ly
94 TAP CHI TAM Lf HOC, sa'11 (200), 11-2015
do thil ba la do "hodn cdnh gia dinh" (20,3%). Cac ly do khac, nhu "khd nang thdng tiin" "chi dp ddi ngp tdt han" hay "tim kiem cdc moi quan hi cong viic tdt hem" chi dugc mgt ty le khdng dang kl nil fri thiic ding thuan, chilm tdng cdng la 16,4%.
Nhu vay, ro rang phSn ldn viec cac niJ tri thilc chuyen eg quan khong phai la do chl dd dai ngp cua ca quan cil khdng tdt ciing khong phai do mdi quan h$ edng viec khdng tdt, gay "can trd" ma dieu quan trgng nhat la hg can mdt cdng viec thuc su phii hgp vdi chuyen mdn, nghiep vu va tim kiem dieu ki6n dl Iam viec tdt nhat. Vi vay, nhu chiing tdi vira trinh bay d tren, van cd mgt bd phan khdng nhd nii tri thiic thupc nhdm khach the nghien ciiu khdng ngai phai ehuyen cdng tac du la 3 lan hay nhieu ban the niia (chiem 10,6%).
Do dd, song song vdi viec ehii trgng su dung ngudn nhan lire tri thiic theo diing chuyen mdn, nghiep vu ma hg da dugc dao tao thi viec tao dieu kien thuan Igi cho lire lugng lao ddng nO tri thiic lam viec cd thi dugc coi la nhdm giai phap quan trgng, "Thuc day sir phdt trien mpt loat nhiing phdm chdt cdn thiet lien quan din hoat dpng nghi nghiip cua tri thirc nhu niim tin vdo bdn thdn, himg thu nghe nghiip, dpng ca thdnh dgt, tinh thdn trdch nhipm, dgo dire nghi nghiip..".
Ndi mdt each khae, "Tgo diiu kiin ldm viic tot cho tri thirc con Id tgo dieu kiin thudn lpi cho nhiing thdnh qud ldm viic cua tri thuc duac img dung trong thuc tiin cupc song vd phdt trien ddt nu&c" (Le Thi Thanh Huang, 2014). Ben canh do, cac ca quan tuyen dung cung cSn cd che dp dai ngp phu hgp vol gia dinh cua dpi ngu tri thitc nay de hg cd the yen tam lam viee mgt each hieu qua nhat. Ket qua nghien ciiu nay dudng nhu lai di ngugc lai vdi nhiTng gi ma Cdng ty tuyin dung true tuyin VietaamWorks da edng bd trudc do ve Quan diim vi nhay viic cua nguai lao dpng Viet Nam. Theo ket qua dilu tra khao sat nay, cd tdi 57% ting s l ngudi dugc hdi (frgng ting sl 12.652 ngudi Iao ddng) eho bilt hp ehuyin viec la vi khong thdy co ca hpi thdng tiin cung nhu phat triln ban than frong cong viec hien tai; 55% sl ngudi lao dgng chg rang dd la do hg khong cdm thdy duac trdn trpng va 54% s l khach thi khing dinh lien luang thdp hogc khong tuang ximg vdi su ddng gdp cila ban than vdi cdng ty la ly do chinh khiln hg phai "nhay viec"™- Thilt nghi, cd le day la dieu khac biet giOa ngudn nhSn lire ehit lugng caa noi rieng va dgi ngO Iao ddng ndi chung. Do vay, dii vdi cac t l chile sil dung lao dgng, viec cd nhilng chinh sach cu thi, ro rang frong viec sii dung ngudn nhan lire chat lugng cao nay la dieu vd ciing quan frgng va cin thilt dl cd thi tag ra su gan ket d luc lugng Iao dgng nay vdi td chile.
Vay lieu cac rao can khiln nO tri thiic phai chuyin ca quan nay cd khac biet theo dp tudi cda ntt tri thiic cung nhu theo loai hinh co quan cdng tac?.
Trudc hit, kilm dinh Chi binh phuang eho phep ehung tdi khang dinh sir khac
TAP CHi TAM Vf HOC, S6' 11 (200), 11 - 2015 95
biet cd y n^hia thdng ke giua cac nhdm tri thiic d cac dp tuoi khac nhau vdi cac ly do chuydn co quan cdng tac ciia hp (X^(]o) = 76,234; p = 0,000). Cu the:
• 21-30 tuSi
• 31-40 tu6i t 41-60 tu6i
Ho^ canh gia Dilu kien \ian C&ng vi^c phd Kha nang Moi quan he Che dp dai dinh viec tot hem hop hon thang tiSn cong viec t6t ngo t6t han
Bieu do 7: Ly do chuyen ca quan theo cdc nhom tuoi khac nhau cua nU tri thuc
Sd lieu trong bidu dd 7 eho thay, su khac bidt kha ro net trong vide lira chpn cac ly do chuydn ddi co quan d cac nhdm nii tri thiic cd dp tudi khae nhau. De dang nhan thiy rang, lire luong nii tri thiic cd dp tudi tii 21 - 30 tudi khang dinh hp chuydn co quan khdng phai vi hoan canh gia dinh ciing chSng phai vi kha nang thang tidn hay quan he cdng vide ma ngupc lai, hp thay ddi chli yeu vi mudn cd "che dp dai ngp tot han" (54,5%), cd "cong viic phu hop han" (50%). Ket qua nay dat ra eho chiing tdi gia thuyet vd su dai ngd cung nhu cdng tac tuydn dung chua thue sir phu hpp ddi vdi lire lupng Iao dpng nii tri thiic nam trong dd tudi nay d nudc ta hidn nay.
Trong khi dd, diing nhu nhiing gi chiing tdi da nhan dinh a trdn, ddi vdi nii tri thiic cd dp tudi tir 31 - 40 tudi, hp chuydn ddi co quan chii yeu vi hodn cdnh gia dinh (44,6%) va vi khd nang thdng tien trong cong vi?c (47,6%). Do vay, de "giii chan" dupc luc lupng Iao ddng nii tri thiic d dp tudi nay, thiet nghT cac td ehiic su dung Iao ddng can cd ehinh sach dai ngd phii hpp ciing nhu trpng dung thidt thuc hon.
96 TAPCHfTAMLVHpC,S6ll (200), 11-2015
Cudi ciing, ddi vdi nhdm nii tri thiic trong dp tudi tir 41 - 60 tudi, dudng nhu didu kidn Iam vide hay che dp dai ngd khdng thuc sir la ydu td chi phdi tdi
•quydt dinh ehuydn co quan ciia ho. Sau nhidu nam lan Ion vdi nghe, nhdm khaeh thd nay cho biet, chinh moi quan he cong viic va khd ndng thdng tiin mdi la nhiing ydu td chinh chi phdi tdi viec chuyen co quan ciia hp. B8ii canh dd, hoan c^nh gia dinh ciing tac ddng khdng nhd tdi quydt dinh chuydn ddi co quan ciia luc lupng lao dpng nay.
Cac Iy do chuydn ddi co quan rieu trdn cGng dupc ghi nhan cd moi lidn he cd y nghTa thdng kd vdi loai hinh td chiic ma cac nii tri thiie dang lam vide (X^(5) = 34,958; p = 0,000).
Bdng 1: Moi lien hi giiea logi hinh td chuc vd ly do chuyen doi ca quan cua nit tri thiec
Ly do khien nir tri thii^
chuyen doi co quan
Cong viec phu hgp Hoan canh gia dinh Dieu kien lam viec Kha nang thang tien Che do dai ngo Moi quan he cong vice
Loai hinh to chirc Nha nir^c
So Iirffng 412 226 194 72 40 30
Ty If % 42,3 23,2 19,9 7,4 4,1 3,1
Ngoai Nh So lirong
124 32 82 30 26 12
a nirfrc Ty le %
40,5 10,5 26,8 9,8 8,5 3,9
Mdt each cu the, sd lieu d bang 1 chi ra rang, dii lam viec cho ca quan Nha nudc hay dan vi ngoai Nha nudc thi cac nO tri thiic trong mlu nghien ciiu cd xu hudng chuyen ddi ca quan vi ly do "cong viec phii hop" nhieu han ca (vdi ty le 42,3% sl nu tri thiic lam viec d co quan Nha nudc va 40,5% sd ntt tri thirc lam viec cho cac don vi ben ngoai chuyen ddi ca quan vi ly do nay). O nhirng ly do edn lai, chung ta cd the nhan ra su khac biet gitta nhirng nu tri thiic lam viec trong ca quan Nha nudc va nhirng nu tri thilc lam viec ben ngoai. Theo do, nlu "hodn cdnh gia dinh" khiln 23,2% sl nu tri thuc lam viec trong ca quan Nha nudc phai chuyin dii co quan thi dieu nay chi ddng vdi 10,5% sl ntt tri thilc lam viSc d eac don vi ngoai Nha nudc. Ngugc lai, "dieu kien ldm viec" la ly do thii hai khien nu tri thiic d cac dan vi ben ngoai chuyen ddi CO quan (chiem 26,8%) thi ty le nay d ngudi lao dgng ntt trong ca quan
TAP CHi TAM Vf HOC, Sd 11 (200), 11 - 2015 97
Nha nudc la 19,9%. Ddi vdi nhiing ly do khac, du ty le chuydn ddi ciia nii tri thiic la khdng dang ke nhung kdt qua van ghi nhan xu hudng thidn ve cac nii tri thiie lam vide d don vi ben ngoai nhidu hon so vdi nhiing nit tri thiic lam vide cho Nha nudc. Dieu nay mot Ian nira khang dinh nhiing gi ma chiing tdi da lap luan d tren. Theo do, nir tri thiic dupc hoi cho biet hp cd xu hudng gan kdt vdi cac td chiic thudc co quan Nha nudc hon la cac td chiic ngoai Nha nudc.
Ket luan
Ngay nay, viec giir chan cac nh^n vidn gidi d Iai lam viec vdi td chiic ngay cang trd ndn quan trpng. Su dn dinh ciia dpi ngQ nhdn su se giup cac td chiic tuyen dung va su dung Iao dpng tidt kidm cac chi phi (dao tao, tuyen dung) va lam giam eac sai sot nghiep vu cd thd xay ra, tao dung nidm tin va dinh hinh van hda td chiic cho cac thanh vidn. Trong khi lire lupng nii tri thiic gia nhap vao thi trudng lao dpng ngay cang ddng dao, kdt qua nghien cuu ciia dd tai da cho phep mang lai mpt eai nhin kha tdng quan ve su gan ket vdi cdng vide eiia lire lupng Iao dpng nay trong giai doan hien nay. Theo dd, dpng thai chuyen ddi co quan cua nii tri thiic cho thay hp chua thuc sy gan ket vdi td chiic su dung Iao ddng. Didu nay dupc nii tri thiic Iy gidi vi ba ly do chinh la cdng vide ehua thuc sir phu hpp, didu kidn Iam vide chua dap iing dupe nang luc cua hp va hoan canh gia dinh ehua thuan Ipi cho cdng vide. Chiing tdi eho rang day chinh la eo sd quan trpng dd cac td chiic tuyen dung Iao dpng ndi chung, lao ddng nii tri thiic noi rieng ed thd thidt lap cac chinh sach dai ngp phu hpp, phat huy dupc tdi da nang lire nghe nghiep eiia dpi ngu Iao ddng chdt lupng cao nay.
Chu thfch
1. Ky yeu Hpi thao "Gidi phdp ndng cao vi tri nie tri thicc trong hoal dpng khoa hpc vd cong nghi giai dogn 2015 - 2020", Ha Noi, 5/2014.
2. http://news.zing.vn/Nguoi-Viet-se-nhay-viec-khi-khong'CO'CO-hoi-thang-tien-post 527768.html, Truy cap ngdy 10/4/2015.
Tai lieu tham khao
1. Le Thi Thanh Hucmg, Mot so biin phdp ndng cao chdt luang nd tri thuc nuac ta ddp ung yeu cdu phdt Irien ddt nu&c. In trong Nguyen Thi Viet Thanh (Chu bien), NO"
tri thiic vdi sir nghiep phat trien dat nudc, NXB Dai hoc Quoc gia Ha Ngi, 2014.
2. Tran Van Ngpi, Thu hut vd giU chdn ngu&i tdi trong to chuc - Nghien cdu kinh nghiem thi gidi, htlp://isos.gov.vn/Thongtinchitiet/tabid/84/ArticleId/835/language/vi-VN/
Thu-hut-va-gi-chan-ng-i-tai-trong-t-ch-c-Nghien-c-u-kinh-nghi-m-Th-gi-i.aspx, Truy cap ngay 24.8.2015.
98 TAP CHI TAM L? HOC, Sd'II (200), 11-2015
3. Le Thai Thi Bang Tam, NU tri thiec vd gia dinh ngdy nay, hi trong Nguyin Thi Viet Thanh (Chii bidn), Nii txi thiic vdi sir nghiep phat trien dit nudc, NXB Dai hpc Qudc gia Ha Npi, 2014.
4. Biii Thi Hdng Thai & Trdn Thi Minh Diic, Xd hoi hoa to chuc vd xu huang hdnh vi nghi nghiip cua nU tri thuc tre tgi Hd Npi, hi trong Nguyen Thi Viet Thanh (Chti bien), Nii tri thiic vdi su nghiep phat trien dat nudc, NXB Dai hoc Qudc gia Ha Ndi, 2014.
5. Nwadei A.C., The relationships between perceived values congruence and organizational commitment in a multinational organization, USA, 2004.
TAP CHITAM LtHpC, Sd' 11 (200), 11 - 2015
