s6z\
KHni LUOC V€ Dno Gino \ i vn QunN Dflo Giflo d v i a NAM f3
(Tiep theo k^ tnioc)
^ ^ a o the ky 15, nhin tdng quat, chinh saeh
\ / c f l a nha Le Sd phan nao da can trd sy W phat then cfla Phat glao va Dao giao. Tuy vay, d dau thdi Le Sd. lai cd nhieu quan dupe tu bd, xay dung. Chang han, dUcri nien hieu Thieu Binh ttiupc dd' vua Le Thai Tdng, nhieu quan Dao dupe xay mdi nhU quan Huyen Thien (Ha Ndi)*^ oac biet ehung ta edn bidt bd van In kinh Dao giao sdm nhat hien cdn, dUdc khae vao khoang nam 1434-1443 d quan Linh Tien (Ha Ndi)". Cae Dao sT ehle h^n vin edn ddng dao.
Khi nghien eiiu eae tam van In kinh nay, GS.
Nguyin Tai Can eung da cho biet tren van in kinh ed ghi ten cfla ngUdi da ddng gdp cho viec 'giup quan khae van in kinh"*'.
The nhuhg, chi sau dd chflng vai chue nam.
vua Le Thanh Tdng da ban hanh nhieu dieu luat lien quan den hoat dpng cfla Dao giao.
Ngay khi mdi len ngdi vua, Le Thanh Tdng da
"Ra sle ehl cho cac xU, phfl. Id rang: Chua quan nao khdng cd ngach eu thi khdng dupc duac lam mdi""^, Luat Hong DCrc sau nay cung ed quy djnh ft nhieu han ehe sU phat trien dd, tuy nhien cung khdng h^n cd van de ddi lap gay gat giu^ Nho glao vdi Phat gtao va Dao giao, do dd khdng ed nhUhg xung dot glu^ Dao giao vdi cac tdn giao khae nhu d Tmng Qudc". Dieu 215 tiong Ludt Hong DUe quy ^nh "Nhuhg ngUdi dem sach Phat, Lao khae in de ban lly tien cfla
* c:pc TRDQNG c u e D I SAN VAN HOA
TS. NCUYtlN THE HUNG*
dan, lam rdi loan Idng dan, thi bj tdi dd; eae quan sd tai ttiay ma khdng bat va tau len thi bj biem. Neu da tau len va dupe phep I n hanh thi khdng phai tpi"**. Hoac viee ty tien xay chua quan, due tupng rieng bj xii phat (Dieu 289), viee a/ sal, Dao sT den tnj ngu d ehua quan hay nha dan qua 5 ngay ma khdng trinh bao cung bj Xlf phat (Dieu 301). Nhuhg ehuyen ve sd menh, ve S\em lanh hoae gd hoac tmyen quy than, lam bua chu deu bj bifng tii. "NhUhg tren thue te thi nha vua ching thu djch gi lam ddi vdi Dao giao"**. Tuy nhien, cung het siic thu vj, khi
€^eu 433 qui djnh "Ke lly trgm va pha nhiing tUdng than Thien tdn deu phai tdi nhU tdi an tt'dm h/dng Phat..."**. Phai chang, d thdi diem nay da cd su thay ddi thii bae efla Phat, Nho va Dao. Hay ndi each khae. thCf ty cd the hieu la Nho rdi den Phat va sau cflng la Dao. Dao giao da khdng edn giu' dupc anh hudng efla nd ttong xa hdi, nhit la dd'l vdi tang Idp thdng trj nhueac tiic^ ky tmdc. Vua Le Thanh Tdng cd lam mdt bai thd vinh gidi Dao sT khlc in trong tap Thap gidi eo hdn quoc ngU van. Ldi thd mia mai cho ttily, anh hudng cfla Oao giao trong gidi "qui tde" Le Sd da sut kem rat nhieu. Tuy nhien, nhUhg cau chuyen vua Le Thanh Tdng di chdi gap tien nii gan ehua Ngpc Hd va cho xay Vpng Tien lau, rdi chuyen vua tnjde khi dl danh Chiem Thanh dUOc tran Tu Uyen phfl trp thing giac nen da phong Tran Tu Uyen lam "An Qudc chan nhan" va quan Bich Cau la "An Qude ty,
rdi trong saeh Thanh Tdng di thao cd nhieu mau s l e Dao glao, eho t h i y Dao giao v i n cdn
*^ ' * cd vai ttd n h i t dinh d thdi Le Sd. Viee han che ' '• Dao giao khdng keo dai dupe lau "Vua nho dl
" ehua gap t i e n ' " , phai ehang de chi mdt trang E A I thai dung hpp cfla eae tdn glao d thdi Le so hay
—J ehl la eau ehuyen do nhiing ngUdi theo Dao giao dat ra nhu la mdt phUdng each de phan khang nhiing ap dat dpe tdn Nho giao.
Bude sang the ky 16, nhuhg cupe khflng hoang ehinh tti tutudng da day mdt bd phan ldn gldl tri ttiUe, nho sT vao cho be t i e . Nho va Phat vdn dupe eoi la hat he tutudng chinh thdng van khdng dfl etiu eanh eho eae tri thiic dUdng thdi.
Sau khi nha Mac lay ngdi tU nha Le, mdt bd phan Idn quan lai va tri thiic da tim tdi tutudng Lao- Trang, tdi Dao giao va mong rang cd mpt sy ket hop tdt dep giij^ eae he tU tudng nay.
Dieu nay da 6uac thien su HUdng Hai, mdt de t i i efla Phat giao. ttie hien tinh trang vUa neu qua bai tho Su iy dung thdng":
"Trong ndi danh glad ed ba Nho hay giup nude siia nha tri dan.
Dao thi dudng khi an than, Ttiudc t n i ta benh, an can luyen ddn.
Thfeh dp nhan khdi tam do khd Thoat eflu huyen t h i t to sieu phUdng"
Mdt sd tri thUe Idn nhU Nguyin Binh Khiem, Nguyin DU, Nguyin Hang, Phflng K h l c Khoan deu chju s y anh hudng cfla tutudng Lao- Trang va Dao giao. S i m Trang Trinh la mdt bleu hien rd yeu td Dao. Nguyen Du' vdi Truyen Ky man luc phan anh nhuhg anh hudng efla Dao giao phu thuy. Khuynh hudng ket hpp Nho vdi Lao- Trang, Nho vdi Dao giao hoac thuan Lao- Trang dUdc the hien rd trong tU tudng cfla t i n g Idp thdng trj va tri thdc dUdng thdi".
Vao giai doan cudi the ky 16, tang Idp qui tdc nha Mac rat ehu y tdi viec xay dyng, siifa chiia cac quan Dao giao. Ngay nay. ngUdi ta cdn t h i y rat nhieu vet tich vat ehat cd nien dai the ky 16 va 17 d nhieu quan Dao, Dac biet hdn, eae van bia d cac quan dupc tu tao, khi ndi ve viee nay, thudng bao gid eung neu s y bao trp cfla mdt vi "qui tdc" nha Mae nao dd.
Trong ttie ki 16 nay, ehung ta biet cd it nhat 8 quan Dao duqc tu siia hoac lam mdi. Dd la quan Thuy Cfng (Hung Yen)- nam 1562, Chan Thanh (Hung Yen)- nam 1566 va 1591, quan
Linh Tien (Ha Ndi>- nam 1584, quan Tien PhOc (Hai DUdng)- nSm 1589, quan Vien Dudng (Ha Ndi)- nam 1589, quan Hpi Linh (Ha Npi)- nSm 1590, quan De Thich (Hung Yen)- nam 1590 vd quan Huhg Thanh (Ha Npi)- cudi ttie ki 16. Cac ngdi quan nay deu cdn van bia (trii quan Hung Thanh) ghi nhan. Xin ddn cfl" vai vi d u " :
Quan Linh Tien (trUdc thupe Dan Phupng, nay thude huyen Hoai DClt. Ha Ndi) ed bia duhg nam 1586, ddi Mac Mau Hpp, eho biet kha cu the ve Ijch sii quan nay*'.
Quan Chan Thanh (MT Van, Hung Yen) c6 2 bia thdi Mac, vao nam Sung Khang 2 (1567) va nam Hdng Ninh 1 (1591) eho biet, quan nay da ed tU tn/6e, nhung bj h u hdng, den nam 1566 xay dung lai, td 3 pho tupng son son thiep vang'^
Quan Thuy Cfng (Phfl CCf, Huhg Yen) co van bia khae nam Thuan Phue 1 (1562) ddi Mae cho biet. quan nay thudng dUdc dung lam ndi cii hanh l l cau dao, rat linh Cmg, nen co ten nhu vay*^.
Quan Vien DUdng (tmdc ttiupc Dan Phupng, nay thupe Hoai DCfe, Ha Ndi) cd 2 bia hien con 1, khae nam Hung Trj 2 (1589) ddi Mac Mau Hpp va nam Quang Hung 16 (1593) ddi vua id The Tdng eho bidt, cae thien tin da edng dlJc siia thupng dien, td tupng Phat, lam nha hau dudng va mua 3 thiia mdng iam cfla Tam bao".
Them nu:a, ngUdi ta eung t h i y sU kdt hc^
giii^ Dao giao va Phat giao d nhieu di tieh. Phai chang day la mdt xu hudng tU tudng ehfl dao cfla giai doan nay. Chuyen dpc chtj, ve bua, me hoac ddng cdt, gia qui than lai trd nen phd bien".
The kl 17, 18 cOng cd kha nhieu ngdi quan dupc tnJng tu va xay mdi ma tU lieu van bia thcti ki nay phan anh kha sinh ddng.
v a n bia quan Thien Tdn (Hung Nguyen, Nghe An) khae nam Hoang Djnh 15 (1615) cho biet, Hoa Quan edng cijng vp diing ra taing tu quan nay, lam mdi hai ben hanh lang, td thifdng Phat Mdt van bia khae eung d quan nay khae nam Vinh To 9 (1627) ghi viec tmng tu gac chudng, eung Tam Thanh, quan Thien Tdn".
Quan Chan Vu hay T r i n VO (Ha Ndi) cd nript sd van bia dupe dung vao ttidi Le va Nguyin eho biet, quan ttid Huyen Thien Dai De diWc xay dyhg tU thdi Ly, den nien hieu VTnh Tri dS
Srfsr-
Le thi dije tupng ddng. Nam DCfe Long 5 (1633) khlc lai mudi iam thien kinh nhu Tii dong de qudn. Thai Thuang thuyet cam Ung, Vu Duang san thuy huan...". Ve ten quan, Dai Nam nhat thdng chi ghi: "Nguyen ten quan la Tran Vu, ban trieu nam Minh Menh thii 2, vua Bic tuan cho 50 lang bac; nam thCf 21 ddi ten hien nay..."**. Ten hien nay theo Dai Nam nhat thong chltiic la quan Chan Vu.
Quan Huyen Thien (quan Hoan Kiem, Ha Ndi) cd kha nhieu van bia, bia sdm nhat vao nam VTnh To 1 (1619) va nSm Canh Tri 6 (1668). van bia d day cho biet, quan nay dupe xdy dyhg kha quy md dudi nien hieu Thieu Binh thdi Le Thai Tdng, sau dupc lam mdi vao thdi Le- Trjnh do cac cung tan phfl chua Trjnh hung edng'^.
Quan Lam Duong (tmde thudc Thanh Oai, nay thudc Ha Ddng, Ha Ndi) cd bai van bia khae nam Vinh To 10 (1628) cho biet, vj Nam thien True qudc Sa di Dau Da tdn gia, Cao tang Hoa thUdng tu la Phap Tfn, hieu Oai DUc thien su hung edng tu bd quan, xay mdi toa thupng didn, tidn dUdng, thieu hUdng, hau dudng, ta hul) hanh lang, td tupng Phat, khae bia.
Nhu vay, da ed kha nhieu ngdi quan dUpc dyng tCf thdi Ly ddn thdi Le sp, song hau nhu deu bj hu hai, trai den ddi Mac cac quan nay dupe tu bd lai va lam mdi. Phai chang, trong lieh sii tdn tai efla Dao giao d Viet, cho den thdi ky nay, ed the thiy rd ti'nh chit "nguyen gde" efla nd, chua thiy nhieu yeu td ban dia hda nhu d thdi ky sau, tiat dau tii viec thd cung Mlu Lilu, Tam tda TU phfl va Ndi Dao trang ra ddi? Chung tdi nghT nhieu den kha nang nay Ndi each khae, ndu ta phan Ijeh sii Dao giao thanh hai thdi ky ldn thi thdi ky dau, khoang tUthe ky 2 eho den the ky 15, la thdi ky cOa Dao giao d dat Viet, hay ehtjng tdi tam gpi la Dao giao chinh thdng, edn thdi ky ti/ttie ky 16 trd ve sau, da xult hien loai Dao giao Viet, dung hdn la Dao giao Viet, vdi khuynh hu&ig can ban la su ket hpp giu'a nhiihg pha he than linh Dao glao kieu md hinh Tmng Qudc vfli nhiing than linh- than tien ndi dia, ket hc^ giu'a nhiihg phUdng phap tu tap Dao giao vdi nhUhg phUdng phap ma thuat, bua phep dja phUdng ma ta ed the thay kha nhieu trong nhiing ghi chep cfla thu tjch cu.
That ra, Ijeh sflr Dao giao Vidt khdng hoan
toan raeh rdi giu^ hai thdi ky, bdi ngay d thdi ky sau, tuy da xult hien Dao giao Viet, song khdng h4n no da thay the cho Dao giao ehinh thdng cd d thdi ky tnide do. Bang ehiing la eae quan Dao vin tdn tai va dupe siia ehCia kha nhieu nhu ehung tdi da ndi tren. Tuy nhien, cd the thiy sy xult hien cfla Dao giao Viet phan nao ndi len sy suy giam dang ke cfla Dao giao chfnh thdng.
Va, quan trpng hdn nu'a, chtnh sUsuy giam dd da din den su bien ddi theo ehieu hudng Phat hda cac quan Dao d thdi ky thu* hai nay, ma ehung tdi se de cap den d dUdi day Vay cung cd the eoi the ky 16 la mdt the ky ban le ehuyen hudng npi dung Dao giao theo chieu hudng ban dja hda va Phat giao hda, tifc la Idp ao Phat giao da phfl len hau het cae quan Dao de ngay nay. dudng nhu da khdng edn thiy Dao giao nhu mdt tdn giao dpe lap.
St/xult hien cfla cac eau chuyen linh di, tien nhan trong cac tiiU tjch cu d thdi ky nay trong Unh Nam ehieh qudi, Taiyen ky man luc... cho ttily khuynh hudng tu tien trong Dao glao chinh thdng la khuynh hudng duac ua thieh trong xa hdi. nhit la vdi ting Idp tri thiie.
Nhu da trinh bay tren, tU giu'a the ky 16 sang the ky 17, chflng ta da thay bat diu xuat hien cae cau chuyen lien quan den viec thd cung Mlu Lilu Hanh va nhieu tien nu' khae, St/ kien nay cho thay, Dao giao ed anh hudng sau rdng trong dan gian, nhit la cae ddi tupng nuf gidi. Si;
xult hien cfla tien dng Pham Vien'" va sy xuat hien mdn phai Ndi Dao vdi ngudi sang lap la Tran Toan, nguyen la mdt ngUdi bd quan ve lang tu tien" ". Nha nghien ciiu Nguyin Van Huyen trong Tuc thd cung than tien d Viet Nam nhan dinh, sy phat trien nay la do "nhu eau tinh than efla cac the he da chju dau khd bdi cude dau tranh keo dai giu'a nha Mac va nha Le"'^.
Anh hung dan tpe Tran Hung Oao tiic Diife Thanh Tran, cung vdi Mlu Lilu Hanh dupc thd eung khap npi va ttd thanh hai nhan vat tdi eao cfla Dao giao dan gian V\et Nam" va "hinh ttianh the ddi ling efla Dao giao dan gian d ddng bang Bae bd..."". Hien nay cd mpt dien ttid Diic Thanh Tran va ehu vj Thanh Mlu dupe lap eudi the ky 18 cfla mpt ddng hp van cdn tdn tai va hoat ddng (cung elp cae dao bua trU ta, tran yem...)'*. Cd the ndi, den glai doan nay Dao giao d Viet Nam ed sy thay ddi manh me.
^^^'
L i m Duong ciuin, H^ N3i - Anh: Qn6c Vu cac yeu td ban dja, cac vj than ban dja dupe de
cao hon bao gid het.
Nhiing bten ddi xa hdi d t h e ky 17,18 da lam cho long tin vao Nho giao ngay cang di vao con dudng be tac. Cupe chien tranh Trjnh- N g u y i n keo dai da lam cho l i quan than, phu tflr ngay cang suy vi. Ngd Thi ST cho xay den Tam giao d Lang Sdn dfl dng het siie de eao Nho giao nhung hinh nhu dng thay v i n ehua dfl de cd mdt xa hdi yen binh va thjnh vupng". Dieu rat thfl vj la, trong lan dten da Lang Sdn gan day, chung tdi da ehiing kien mdt ehan dung Ngd Thi ST- Dao sT rat rd d ddng Tam Thanh. Cd the ndi, trong nghe thuat Dao giao Viet, day la biic chan dung phfl ^ e u duy nhit ngoai nhuhg pho tupng efla than linh Dao glao d cac quan Dao giao.
Ngd Thi ST, thay vi mac trieu phye, da dUde tac theo hinh efla Dao sT, mdc ao choang phfl tU vai xudng chan, dang trong tU the ngdi, tU each Dao sT rd nhat la d ehiee khan dpi dau, rat gidng tupng cac vj Thanh d chua Keo, chua Bdi Khe, Chfla Thay.. Hay nhat chinh la ten ddng Tam Thanh, tuy ed them dpng Nhj Thanh va Nhat Thanh. N h i t Nhj Tam (Thanh) trong tmdng hpp
nay khdng the cd nghTa gi khae hdn la Tam Thanh trong triet ly Dao giao. Vdi dieu kien san c6, cd the Ngd Thi ST da chpn ba hang dpng la ba dao trang hay ba ndi ngu tpa cfla ba vj than tdi thupng cfla Dao giao mdt each rieng re, ttiay cho mdt dien thd d cac quan Dao vung diau tho ma ba vj ngdi ehung vdi nhau. Sy ed mat cOa Tam Thanh d Lang Sdn eho thay, Dao giao ehinh thdng v i n cd vj tri trong ddi sdng tdn giao, v i n cdn siic thu hut ddi vdi ngUdi dUdng thdi, ft nhat trong tmdng hdp nay la Ngd Thi ST. Kh6ng la la sau dd, con dng, Ngd Thi Nham da t i ^ tuc ttuyen ttidng cfla cha, du t y menh danh la 6d tii to "Hilen phai Tmc Lam, thi s y say me Oao giao vdi nhuhg nguyen ly huyen bi va sieu hinh cOa nd van la mdt ndi dung can ban cfla c u ^ sadi True Ldm tdng ehl nguydn thanh do dng vilt,
6 the ky 18,19 v a t h e ky 20 sau nay, tuc thd eflng Thanh m l u L i l u Hanh ngay eang phat trien". Theo Nguyen Van Huyen, mdt tmng tam gan Ha Ndi ed tdi 30.000 tin 66''. Vao thd ky 19, khi t h i y Dao glao va cac Ud ddng bdng, boi toan phat trien qua manh me, rdi viec sfl dung ma thuat d eae vung ndng thdn de ehdng lai
5^3;/
djch benh vin la mdt each thiiC kha phd bien", trieu Nguyin da cd hanh dpng de han ehe eae hoat dpng nay (mac du thdi Thieu Tri ba ehua Lilu Hanh dupe phong la de nhit phflc than).
Trong Dieu le hUdng dang ban hanh tUthdi Gia Long cd nam dieu, nhung ed tdi ba dieu da pha va cam doan cac hoat dpng l l nghi tin ngudng cd tinh chit Dao giao, eang chting td Ifle nay Dao giao trong dan gian rat phd bien"'. The nhUhg, ed ttie hieu nhiing dieu khoan nay diing de cam doan dan gian tin theo Dao glao, cd nghTa la elm doan Dao giao dan gian. Cdn d trieu dinh thi ed tinh hinh ngupe lai, nam 1829 (Minh Mang thii 10) quan Linh Huu duac xay dUhg d kinh ttianh Hue, cae phap su, Oao sT dupc trieu dinh bd nhiem".
Mpt bang ehiing rd net ve sy sflng bai va thye hanh Dao glao efla cae vua nha Nguyin van edn tdn tai ngay trong hoang thanh cfla kinh dd Hue: tai vudn Cd Ha, ngay sat Tuf Cam th&nh, ta thay mdt Bao Quang Cdc hay cdn cd ten la Phtje Duyen Ddng nhu la ndi tu luyen efla Dao sT. Bao Quang Cdc nhin xa nhu mdt Id
gaeh hinh trdn, nam ben hd, dupe trd kha nhieu ciia, moi cfl'a deu cd ten rieng: hai ciia phfa Bae cd ten Phat Thien Quang va Sdn Huy Xuyen Mi, ciia phia Nam ed ten Tif That Hue Mdn, ciia phia Tay ed ten Khdng Dong, ciia phfa Ddng la Phuc Duyen Dpng. Nhuhg ten nay dupe cham tren nhuhg phien da hinh ehu'nhat, Nhiing chu' de ten ciia cd y nghTa Dao giao ket hdp v& Phat giao kha ro Chi ndi mdt Bao Quang cdc cung cd ttie khien ta ttily Dao giao kha dupc Idng tang Idp thdng tii ttieu Nguyin. Nhung khdng ehl ed Bao Quang Coc, trong Hoang thanh cdn mdt sd edng trinh dupe xay dyhg d hd Tjnh Tam dudi thdi Minh Mang da dupe dat ten bang nhOfng dta danh Dao giao: Cung Tn/dng Ninh sau ddi thanh cung Tnidng Sanh, lach Dao Nguyen, dao Bdng Lai, dao PhUdng Tmpng, dao Doanh Chau". Nhiing hdn dao, nfli, bien nay la the gidi cfla than tien, "Khdng gid ma sdng eao tram trudng, chlng the nao qua lai dupc. Chi cd bac phi tien mdi ed the ddn ehdn nay ma thdi"**.
Quan Linh Huu d kinh thanh Hue dUdc Dai
NgD diBu t i n h c^uin, L^m Ducffig c^uin, H^ N8i - Anh: Qu6c Vu
^^5^5fcl
Nam nhat thong chi chip: " d phi/dng Tan Thjnh ve phia Bac NgU Ha trong kinh thanh, ' • dimg tir nam Minh Menh Ihuf 10, giua la dien r Trung Tieu, phia ta la gac TO Van, phia hufu la r , gac Tuang Quang, phia tnJflc la cCta Tam Quan;
D
ial mat trU6c trong ra Ngu Ha dung cila linh Unh"". Quan Linh Huu chiem cho l<ha uy nghi.Vay ma viec dung quan Linh Huu duoc vua Tiiieu Trj cho la chiing lien quan gi den viec I<h6i phuc Dao giao thdi nha Han ma chi vi theo y dan", vay viec dung Bao Quang coc 6 trong Hoang thanh cung la theo y dan chang? Trieu dinh nha Nguyin va nong dan deu tin theo Dao giao nhung van dung theo nhiihg each l<hac nhau vi nhOng muc dich khae nhau. Mot bo phan khong nho cac nha Nho 6 thdi ky nay da CO nhan thdc, danh gia cao dao Lao- Trang va nhu the chac hSn cung phan nao thUa nhan vai tro cOa Dao giao trong ddi song xa hoi".
Cuoi the k^ 19, dau the k^ 20 cac hoat dong cau CO but, phung hy, phung co duoc kha nhieu ngudi ham mp. Day cung la mot hinh thai khae ciia Dao giao b Viet Nam giai doan nay*^ ^.
Thien dan vdi nhan vat Mlu Lilu Hanh va cae nhan vat Dao giao phuong Bae nay nd khap ndi. Theo thfing ke chi d cac tinh thuoc chau tho Bac bo con biet tdi 98 thien dan co in an va tuu tnjyen thd van giang but'". Hoat dong d eae thien dan va cau co but, phung hy. phung CO ed nhieu noi dung nham tuyen truyen tinh than yeu nude, keu goi nhan dan dEJfng day danh Phap dudi ngoai xam. Dao giao da "muon"
nhieu nhan vat Ijch sir ndi tieng ciia dan tpc vao cac budi cau co b u t " " ' " . Dao giao da phan nao phat huy nhiimg yeu td tich cup ciia nd trong thdi diem ma cac he tutudng khae trd nen bat IUc trude thdi cuoc. Mpt sd cupe khdi nghTa da nd ra ma phuong thdc hoat dpng eiia Dao giao da dupc nhiJfng ngudi khdi nghfa sU dung (vi du deo bua khi ra tran).
Tuu ehung lai cd the ndi, tU khi du nhap vao dat Viet cho tdi nay Dao giao v i n cd anh hudng d nhieu mirc dp khae nhau tdi mpi tang Idp trong xa hdi va nhiing anh hudng nay dupe bieu hien dudi nhieu sac thai cue ky phdc tap khien ngudi ta khd cd the tim dupe ngudn gde cDa no./.
N.T.I1
CM Thich:
49- Tran Anh Oao (1999). Tin ngudng Huyen TTwen Chan Vu qua mdt so quan thd d Ha Ndi, Tai lieu vlSt tay, Vien Nghien cliu Ton giao.
50- Nguyin Tai Can (1971), "Ve mot so van In dau thdi Le So (1434 -1443) Vila phat hien i Linh Ti6n quan', KCH, (11-12), tr. 123-138.
51- Nguyen Tai Can (1971), "Ve mdt sd van in dau thdi Le so (1434 -1443) vte phat hien d Linh Tien quan', KCH, (11-12), tr. 128.
52-Vien SU hoc (1998), Sa/Met sUky toan »«/, Bd, II, Nxb. KHXH, Ha Noi, tr 393; Xem them: Tran Qudc Vuang (2000), l/an hoa Viet Nam, tim tH vi suy ngim, Nxb. Van hoa Dan toe va Tap chi van hoa Nghe thuat, Ha Noi, tr. 788- 790.
53- Ha van Tan (1986), "Ve ba yeu tdcua Phat glao Viet Nam: Thien, Tjnh, Maf, May vSn 3e ve Pliat giao vci lich s^tutudng Vi$tNam, Vien Triet hoc, Ha Noi, tr 202.
54- Quoc Trieu Htnh Luat, Luat hinh trieu L§, Luat Hong BOc (1995), Bd., Nxb. Chinh trj Qudc gia.
55- Tran Van Giau (1973), Sir phat triin cfia lir tudng d Viet Nam tir the ^ XIX tfen Cach mang thang Tam, I. Nxb. KHXH, Ha Npi, tr 464.
56- Qudc Trieu Hinh LuSt, Luat hinh trieu L§, Luat Hong Bile (1995), Bd., I^xb. Chinh trj Quoc gia.
57- Tran Van giau (1973), Sl/ phat tiiSn da lit tudng d Viet Nam tit the k} XtX ^Sn Cacti mang thang Tam, I, Nxb. KHXH, Ha Noi, tr. 464; Xem them: Nguyin Khae Thuan (2001), "Mai mai c6n day... Vong Tien Lau", Nghi vS ThSng Long Hi N^, Nxb. T r i , Thanh phd Ho Chi Minh, tr. 106- 111.
58- Nguyin Tai Thu (chO bien) (1993), Uch situ tudng Vi6t Nam, Nxb. KHXH, Ha Noi, tr 348.
59- Nguyin Tai Thu (chU bien) (1993), iJch sita tudng Vlit Nam, Nxb. KHXH, Ha N6i, tr. 347.
60- Nguyin Thd Hung, Binh Khlc Thuan (2001),
"Vai net ve quan Dao d Viet Nam trong Ijch sil", KCH, (2), tr92 -100.'
61- Nguyin Quang Hdng (chu bISn) (1992), Van ft/rac Han N6m ViU Nam, Nxb. KHXH, Ha Noi, Ir.
594.
62- Dinh Khlc Thuan (1996), VSn hia thdi M?C Nxb. KHXH, Ha Noi, tr. 131.
63- Binh Khae Ttiuan (1996), VSn bia thdi Hac, Nxb. KHXH, Ha Noi, tr. 113.
64- Binh Khae Tiiuan (1996), VSn bia thdi Ifc, Nxb. KHXH, Ha Noi, tr. 113.
65- Vien SlJ hoc (1998), Bai Viit siil<f toan thil, Bd.
III. Nxi). KHXH, Ha Noi, tr. 83.
66- Nguyin Quang tiong (chD bien) (1992), W khlc Han Ndm Viet Nam, Nxb. KHXH, Ha Nai, It.
684- 685.
stf 30g5 - ^mxtMpmi
67- Nguyin Quang Hdng (chii bien) (1992), Van l(hSc Han Ndm Viet Nam, Nxb KHXH, Ha Noi, tr 616-617.
68- Quoc s^ quan trieu Nguyin (1997), Bai Nam nhat thong chi, Bd., I, Nxb. Thuan Hda, Hue, tr 219- 220
69- Nguyin Quang Hdng (chO bien) (1992), VSn khfc Han Ndm Viit Nam, Nxb. KHXH, Ha Noi, tr 607.
70- Phan Huy Le, Nguyin Binh Chien, Nguyin Quang Ngoc (1995), Gdm Bat Tring the k)> XiV- XtX, Nxb. The Gidi, Ha Noi, tr. 180; Xem them:
Nguyin VSn Huyen (1996), Gdp phSn nghien cOu van hda Viet Nam, II, Nxb. KHXH, Ha NOi, tr. 135.
71, 72- Nguyin VSn Huyen (1995), Gop phan nghiin ciiu van hda Viit Nam, I, Nxb. KHXH, Ha N6i; Tran Van giau (1973), Su phat triin cOa lu tudng d Viet Nam tir thS kf XIX gen Cach mang thing Tam, I, Nxb. KHXH, Ha N6i.
73- Nguyin Van Huyen (1996), Gdp phin nghiin ciiu van hia Viet Nam, II, Nxb. KHXH, Ha Noi, tr 246.
74- Tran Qudc Vupng (2001), "Tin ngudng thd Mlu va l l hoi Phii Giay: Thang Tam gio cha thang Ba gid Me", Bai tham luan tai Hd/ (/l^o tin ngudng thd Ii4iu vi IS hdi PhO Giay do Vien Nghien cifu VHDG td ch£rc tai Ha Ndi.
75- Trin Qudc VUpng (2000), Vin hda Viet Nam, tim tdi va suy ngham, Nxb. Van hda Dan tdc va Tap chi van hda Nghe thuat, Ha Npi, tr 888.
76- Nguyin Cong Viet (1998), "Vai net v l phu an cua Dao giao Viet Nam tCr cudi thd k^ XVlll qua sd I n g l mdi phat hidn". Tap chi Han /Vdm, (4), tr 42- 47.
77- Hoang Giap (1993), "Ngd Thi SI va den Tam giao d Lang Son", Tap chi Din tdc hgc, (1), tr 44- 46.
78- Ngd Birc Thinh (1996), Bao M l u d Viit Nam, Nxb. van hoa. Ha Ndi.
79- Nguyen Van Huyen (1996), Gdp phan nghiin oil/ vSn hda Viit Nam, II, Nxb. KHXH, Ha Ndi, tr.
246.
80- Cadiere, L. (1997), VS van hda va tin ngudng tnjyen thong ngudl Viit, Bd., Nxb. Van hda - Thdng tin. Ha Noi.
81- Tran VSn Giau (1973), SU phat triin cOa tU tudng d Viit Nam til the lif XiX din Cach mang thang Tam, I, Nxb. KHXH, Ha Ndi, tr. 465.
82- Than kinh nhj thap canh, Thd vin vua Thiiu Tti (2000), Nxb. Thuan Hda, Hue, tr. 187.
83- Qudc SUquan trieu Nguyin (1998), Kham djnh Vlit s& thdng giam cUdng muc, Bd., I, Nxb. Giao due. Ha Noi, tr. 225, 232, 309.
84- Lao Td- Thjnh L6 (chO bien) (2001) TildUn Nho Phit Bao, Nxb. Van hpc. Ha Npi.
85- Qudc suT quan trieu Nguyin (1997), Bai Nam nhat thong chi, Bd., I, Nxb. Thuan Hda, Hue.
86- Than kinh nhj thap canh, Thd van vua Thiiu Tri (2000), Nxb. Thuan Hoa, Hue, tr 183-184.
87- Tran Van Giau (1973), Su phit triin cOa tn tudng d Viet Nam tU the kf XIX den Cich mang thang Tim, I, Nxb. KHXH, Ha Npi, tr 472.
88, 89- Nguyin Xuan Diin (2000), Khao cOu budc diu ve Thien Bin va Giing Btit, Hpi Van nghi dan gian Viet Nam, Ha Npi; Nguyin Van Huyen (1996), Gdp phan ngtven cOu van hda Viit Nam, II, Nxb.
KHXH, Ha Npi, tr. 135- 250; Phan Ngpc (2001),
"Hlin tupng giang biit b Viet Nam", Bai tham luan tai Hd/ thio tin ngudng thd Miu vi le hdi PhCi Giiy do Viin Nghiin cdU VHDG td chirc tai Ha Npi.
90- Nguyin Xuan Dien (2000), Khao ciiu budc diu vi Thiin Bin vi Giing BUt, Hpi Van nghi dSn gian Viet Nam, Ha Npi.
91, 92, 93- Nguyin Xuan Dien (2000), Khao ciiu bade dau vi Thiin Bin vi Giing But, Hpi Van nghe dan gian Viet Nam, Ha N i l ; Trin VSn Giau (1973), Sil phit triSn dta tu tudng d Viet Nam tit the k} XiX den Cich mang thing Tim, I, Nxb KHXH, Ha Npi;
Nguyin Van Huyen (1996), Gdp phin nghiin CLIU van hda Viit Nam, II, Nxb. KHXH, Ha Npi.
N G U Y I N THE HUNG: A BRIEF ON TAOISM AND ITS SHRINES IN VIETNAM (CONTINUED)
The Ideology crisis in XVI century was seen as a background to develop nev^ style Taols shrines under Mac dynasty. However, the author also Informs that folk Taoism and its shrines had no clear difference with mainstream Taoism. From this viewpoint, the author discusses on the up and down of Vietnamese Taoism in later periods.
