KHOA HOC QUAN LY
PHAT TRIEN CAY XANH DO THI
pes, TS, KTS, BJ III LAM I
a
C
ay xanh l i mdt thdnh phin cd bin trong hd sinh thai tg nhien, v i ludn g&i liin vdi qud trinh phit triln dd thj, Td ldu con ngucfi dd dga cdy xanh nhu mdt Ihanh t l khdng Ihl thilu Irong dd thj, de tao sg cin bdng smh thii cho mdi trUdng dd thi. Tuy nhien, tai nhieu ndi, cay xanh chua dgpc quan tam mdt cich diy du vdi tu duy khoa hpc long hdp. bao gom khoa hpc ve mdi trUdng, xa hdi, kinh le, Ngay nay vdi sg phdt triln cda khoa hgc cdng nghd, vide quan ly cdy xanh cd sg Ung dgng edng nghd GIS, Vide phdt tnln cay xanh can ed quy hoaeh vd ke hoach thuc hiin va dp dgng cdng nghe smh hpc.Khoa hpc mdi tri/dng: Phdt triln nhieu cdy xanh do thi Id giai phdp cii thidn mw trudng do thi tit nhat, bdi nd giup giim nhidt dd thj, tilt kidm ndng lUdng.
Vai tro cua ciy xanh da cdsgthay doi cd bin ve chifc nang trong he sinh thii ddthi: trudc diy. cdy xanh chu ylu Id cho viec trang tri vd kiln true cinh quan, thi nay la dieu hod khi hdu va bdo vd mdi Inidng. Cdy xanh dd
XD 5^54 .2011
Ihl da Ird thdnh mdt chuydn nginh khoa hpc Ihgc sg - chuydn ngdnh Idm nghidp ddthj, Vdi quan dilm niy ddi hdi phdl xdy dgng mdt loat cdc giai phdp khoa hoc cdng nghd td vide quy hoach din vide chpn lodi cay Irlng, xay dghg he thing lidu chuin cdy trong, cac ky thudi Irong trpt, chdm sdc v i quin ly.„".
Khoa hpc xd hpi: Sg gan bd tinh cim eda eon ngUcfl vdi cay Irong Id mdt sU lidn kit trong hd sinh th^ cung nhU su phit Iriln trong mdi dilu kidn mJM trudng kinh t l xd hdi khic nhau. Nhilu ngudi cd t h i khdng hieu nhilu v l tie dgng cg the eua mdi tn/dng nhung do ydu thich tring ciy v i chdm sdc cdy hdng ngdy, ydu quy nhU khdng thi thilu dUdc. Khi eon ngudi thdn Ihidn vd ydu quy cay trong, gdn bd, chdm sdc cay sinh trudng tot. tgcon ngudi cung se cim nhdn dUdc tinh cim cua ciy khi ciy ddm troi niy Ide, eho hoa cho trdi. Nhdrig linh cim dd lao eho mdi trudng sing than thidn Irong cdng ding xd hdi.
Khoa hpc cinh quan dd thj: De tao cinh quan dd thj cd chit lupng cao ddi hdi nhdng kiln thdc tao hinh, tao
khli, phoi kit khdng gian, mau sdc, dnh sdng, mat nudc, nui di_ Cdy xanh canh quan dUpe tao dgng td nhdng khdng gian rat nhd nhU trong khudn vidn tilu cinh trong vudn nhd, edng vien, vudn hoa, cung ed the la nhCing dai Id, quang tn/dng Idn. Td hing nghin vd hang trdm nam xua nhilu dd Ihj Irdn t h i gidi dd ed nhdng cdng Irinh cdnh quan nil tiing nhu vudn treo Paviliion, vudn vesaise (Phap).
Trong nghe thuit tao cinh cda Tmng hoa cdng ed nhilu tuyet lac cua cac khu vUc vUdn thUdng uyin Irong kinh Ihdnh vd cdng vidn.
Nhdl cd vudn cat nhd lao cinh theo nhdng Irilt ly phuong ddng sau sdc, Ap d i n g t^dng nghe tin hoc GIS d ^ q u ^ ly cay xanh d d thj He thong cay xanh dd thi Id hd thong vat the.
cd nguon goe. cd sinh trudng va thay doi, tuy nhien cd thi thing kd cu Ihl, ed vj tri chinh xic. Dd thj cing ngdy cing phit triln md rong, quy md Idn ddi hdi vide quin ly cd sg trp giLip eua cdng nghd tin hoc l i rat can thilt, Bd Xay dung dd h i trd d l Idi khoa hpc ve: Ap dgng GIS d l quin ly cay xanh dd thi dang dupc thi diem lai TP HCM, Mic du phan mIm cdn d mdc dp han chl trong khudn khi d l tai nghidn cdu, nhung ddy I i mot cdng cg thudn Ipi cho viic qudn ly ciy xanh d cic dd thj frong dilu kidn thgc l l hidn nay.
Vide Idp hd sd cho mdi cdy xanh hodc khdm cay trong do thi khdng ehi la ndm dae tfnh ndng cua mdi cay trong, ma cdn ed Ihl tnJ giup de tinh loan, dg bdo khi nang lang trudng eua cay. ddnh gia cae rui ro, dU bdo ve nhu cau chdm sdc, che dd chdm sdc cay, hd Ird bdo edo ve cay xanh, du bdo nhu cau dau tu, ddi chilu ehl tidu trong cdc pham vi khdc nhau,,.
Thanh pho Hue sddgng cong nghd GIS de quin ly cay xanh.
Khu vgc Dai Ndi, thdnh pho Hul hien ed khodng 1,500 cay xanh dUpe qudn ly bdng cdng nghd GIS. Nlu muon bill thdng tin v l edc cdy ndy, ddn vi quin ly chf cin diing cdng cu Info trin phan mem Microsoft se bill dUpe cay tdn gi, chu vi, chilu cao. khodng each gida hai ciy k l tiep nhau..
Sutidn ldi cua viec dng dgng md hinh niy gidp eho C ^ g ty edng vien cay xanh Hue trong vide quin ly he thong ciy xanh. linh toin mat dp cay xanh tren tdng tuyIn dudng va ldn ke hoaeh tla cdy trong mua mUa,., Quy hoach va thiic hien phat triSn cay xanh do t h |
Viec quy hoach cay xanh dd thi (Theo Dilu 8 chUdng 11 Nghj djnh 64/ ND-TTg) can phai:
• Phu hdp vdi ydu ciu vd muc tidu cua quy hoach dd thj vd phat triln dd thj, vdi dilu kien
tg nhien. khi hdu, tho nhudng, tinh chat, chdc nang, Iruyin thong, vdn hod vd bin sdc ciia ddthi.
• Kit hdp hdi hda vdi khdng gian mat nude, canh quan vd mdi tn/dng, nham dap ifng cdc ydu cau v l quan ly vd sd dgng.
• Tuan thu quy chuan ky Ihudt ve quy hoach, Ihilt ke cdy xanh dd thi.
Quy hoach cdy xanh dd thj id mdt ndi dung trong quy hoach dd lhi
• Trong quy hoach chung dd th[ phii xic dinh: chf tidu dat cdy xanh, ling dien lich dit ciy xanh eho todn dd thi vd tifng khu vgc dd lhi (khu vuc md; khu vue cu, eai tao va khu vgc dg kiln phdt triln), Didn lich dai d l phit tnen vUdn UOm va pham vi sd dgng dat cdy xanh dd thj.
• Trong quy hoach phdn khu do thj phai xdc djnh cu the: vj tri, quy md, tinh chat, ehdc ndng, pham vi sd dung dat cdy xanh dd thi;
cdc nguyen tac lga chon loai cay Irlng.
• Trong quy hoach chi lilt dd thj phii xdc djnh eg the: chung loai ciy, tieu chuan cdy trong, cic hinh thdc b l cge cdy xanh trong cie khu chdc nang; xic djnh vi trf cdy xanh trdn dudng phi.
Trdn cd s6 quy hoaeh dUde duydt, can thiet Idp ke hoaeh phat tnen tdng giai doan, ding thdi thudng xuyen cap nhdt thgc t l . Cdy xanh thudng d l bj thay doi do eic tdc
II.XD SfiS4 2011
ddng, cd Ihl d l ddng tSng s i lupng theo dg dn dau lu, cung ed the h\ giim nhanh do thay doi cae ehdc ndng trong dd thi, hodc bj Ide ddng do rui ro siu bdnh, thtt lilt, bdo d l cdy gay canh
He thong cdy xanh do Ihj GOT dUdc bo sung Id viec phdl trien cay xanh d khu vgc co quan, tn/dng hoc, nhd d, cay xanh v i thim cd - vUdn hoa d cdng vidn. Tuy nhidn, ngoa didn tich cdy xanh dUdng phi Ihi didn tich cay xanh cdn lai thudng dUde sd dung han che do phuc vu eho mot nhdm dd'i tgong nhat dmh va hidn cd xu hudng giam do inh hudng eua qua trinh ehlnh trang va diu tu phdl Iriln dd thi Qua trinh quy hoach va k l hoach phdt tnln cay xanh can phdn tich nhdm chung loai cdy, cay truyin thong da Ihuan ehung lam chu luc phat triln vd cdy thd nghiem, d l dan din thuan chung. Vi dg d TP, Da Ndng da xdc dinhi
Cay bdng mdt chu ige: Sao den, vilt, xd cd, bdng lang, lim xpt, phUdng vT, sau, mulng tim, SLfa, dda dn trii v i cae loai cdy ho dda.
Thd nghiem: Ldc vdng, giang hupng, dau rdi, Idt hoa, mulng den, bdng, vdng mio g i , mudng hodng yin, sd do cam. bing biln Cd sd lia tang ky thuat do thj Thdnh phin tren hanh lang ha ting ky thudt dd thi: Cay xanh dUdng pho duoc bo trf trdn doc tuyen via he dudng phi, do dd cdy xanh dudng phi Id mdt ttiinh phan tren he thong hating ky thuat ddthi. Khi thiet k l v a thi edng phai dim bio cac ydu cau sau:
• Dim bao pham vi dien tfch vd dd sdu dat cho he thdng rd cay Irong
• Dim bio khdng tie ddng phi vd eic hd thong ha tang 1^ thuit khic trdn cdng hdnh lang ha ting ky Ihudt ngim.
• Dim bio phu hdp vdi he thong tuyIn ddy
didn (dli vdi cdc khu vgc dudng ddy nli) v i luyin c|l didn chilu sing,
Tao khu vgc hinh lang phin cdeh: Ciy xanh dupc Irlng tao nhdng hdnh lang phdn cich giCia khu vgc sin xudl cdng nghidp vdi khu ddn cu, cd Ihl lao hinh lang che chin nhOng khu vgc d nhilm.
Han ehl xdi mdn Id dat: Cay xanh trong ven sdng ho, biln vda tao cinh quan, ding thdi ed tdc dgng chong xdi Id, bio vd ddi bd Cong nghe sinh hoc
"Cdng nghe smh hoc Id mdi linh vge cdng nghd cao dga trdn nen ting khoa hoc v l sg scHig, kll hpp vdl quy trinh vd thilt bi ky Ihuat, nhim tao ra cdc cdng nghi khai thdc cdc hoat ddng song cua vi sinh vdt, t l bio thuc vat va ddng vdt de sin xuil d quy md edng nghidp cic sin phim sinh hpe cd chit lupng cao, phgc vg cho Ipi ich, nhu ciu cua con ngudi dong thdi phii tnln kmh t l • x i hdi v i bio vd mdi trUdng". Cdng nghd sinh hpc phdl trien nhanh chdng trong nhiJing thdp mdn gin ddy, bdng cic edng nghd ciy ghip zen, ciy md dd lai lao nhanh chdng nhilu lodi cdy.
hoa mdi. Cdng nghd sinh hpc cung h i trp vide thuin ehiing cdy xanh khi cd nhu ciu chuyen vdng. tao mdi trudng thich nghi trong thdi gian ngan.
Cdng ngh^ sinh hpc hft trd c a c ydu c S u k h a c :
• Udm tring dim bio s6 lUdng vd chdng loai.
• Lga chpn phUdng i n dUdng sinh cho cdy trong hdp ly.
Trong thgc vdt hpc, sinh ly hoc thgc vdt Id sg nghidn cdu ehdc ning, hay sinh ly hpe cda cay trong, Dd la nhi/ng qud trinh ed bin nhU quang hpp, hd hap, dinh duSng, eic chdc nang hormon thUe vdt, tinh hUdng quang, hudng dia), tinh chu ky theo dnh sing (quang
chu ky), ndy mim cda hat gilng, chdc ning cua ngu nghi, ddng md khi khIng v i quan h^
vdl ehl dd nudc cua cdy tring, dUpe nghidn cUu bdi nhdng nhi nghidn cdu sinh ly hpc Ihgc vdl. Nd ed quan h$ gin gui vdi hda sinh v i sinh hpc phdn td.
Cdng ngh$ bAo duang cdy tnfdhg thdnh vd vdn c h u y ^ . Nhu ciu Irlng cdy dd ln/6ng Ihdnh d l tao Idp cinh quan dd thi dang ngdy mdt gia tdng, khoa hpe cdng nghi bio dudng v i ky thuat vdn ehuyin ciy ldn da vd dang dUpc nghien cdu dng dgng thinh cdng.
Ky thuit ham ciy: Ham cdy nhim chuin b|
cho ciy kip thich Ung vdi nhdng mit cdn bing sau khi dinh tring.
Ky thuit bdhg cSy: Tuy theo hinh dang, Itil trang, lull cdy ma cd cich bdtig eho phii hop, Ky Ihudt bdng nhim chu ylu lim cay khong bl vd biu dit, biu ldn II bi cit rl.
Van chuyin va bio v | ciy: Chpn ngay miia am hodc rdm mat d l ddnh tring cdy Cdng ngh6 sul dung hoa chat Hidn nay, d nude la dd nghidn cdu va ip dgng cdng nghd khoa hpc mdi de cd th4 nhin gilng, Udm Irong, tao dang cho ciy xanh dd thj, sd dgng cdng nghd smh hpc de cd I h l tao miu sdc eua l i vd hoa, cac bien phip kich thich cho hoa nd theo miia va trdi mua, ting dp bin cilia hoa,- Tuy ntiien, song song vdi nhdng thdnh igu da dat di/^c Id cic edng nghi sinh hoe ed sd dgng fioa chit thi chdng ta can phii quan tdm va tii^t edch kilm sodt inh hUdng den ylu tojnoi Irudng thdng qua cic chinh sdch, che tSi cua nhd nude v l vide quin ly vd sd dgng cdng nghd sinh hda hpc nhU hiin nay NhU viy, ciy xanh d l Ihi can dUdc quan t i m mdt cich thich ding lU nghidn cdu d^n thgc tiln. c i n ndng cao nhin thdc td ngilfli quin ly, thiet k l , trong cdy din edng d6ng ddn eu d l dim b i o ciy tring mil dl thi cang ngdy edng nang cao, dim bio tinh khoa hpe vd ludn dim b i o tinh bin viing, ddng gdp cho dd thi dep hdn, mdi trdSng sing tot hdn. Chung ta hay cung ctiung sUe ehung Idng d l b i o vd, phit huy ItJi f * sdn cd vd dong thdi phit Iriln mit cich b i n vOng d l hUdng tdi Vidl Nam c6 ckc thinh p h i ECO CITY.
B.XD StfU 2011
